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122-613: During the mid-1970s, the Soviets initiated the I-90 fighter project, Sh-90 attack aircraft project, B-90 bomber project and M-67 reconnaissance aircraft project. The I-90 consisted of a heavyweight fighter project (MFI) and a lightweight fighter project (LFI). The LFI was subsequently cancelled and replaced by the LFS during the early-mid-1990s. In the early 2000s, both the MFI and LFS projects were canceled in favor of

244-553: A glass cockpit with no analogue gauges; information is displayed on two 38 cm (15 in) main multi-functional LCD displays similar to the arrangement of the Su-35S. Supplementing the primary display is a smaller multi-functional display and digital control panel. The cockpit has a wide-angle (30° by 22°) head-up display (HUD). Primary controls are the joystick and a pair of throttles, with all major functions controlled with hands on throttle and stick ( HOTAS ). The aircraft uses

366-517: A delta wing and one engine. Mikoyan entered the MiG 4.12. MiG could not afford to develop both the MFI and LFI, so their LFI entry was eventually withdrawn. The focus of the LFS (Lyogkiy Frontovoy Samolyot, Light Frontline Aircraft) project shifted to creating a strike fighter with significant surface attack capability, while retaining respectable air combat abilities. Work on the project began around 1994, although

488-569: A design based on their S-54 trainer aircraft. The S-55 bore a strong resemblance to the Su-27, although it only had one engine. Sukhoi later proposed the S-56, a stealthy fighter design with canards and one engine. Mikoyan proposed the I-2000, an aircraft with an unusually large LERX which gave it an ability to sustain controlled flight at a very high angle of attack . The LFS project was cancelled in 2001 in favor of

610-472: A family of combat aircraft for the Russian Aerospace Forces, similar to the Su-27 family. Under the program name Megapolis (Russian: Мегаполис , lit.   'Megapolis'), the company is developing a new variant, designated Su-57M, that augments the base Su-57 design with improved mission systems, reliability and maintenance enhancements, incorporation of electromechanical drives, and

732-419: A forward-swept design, this causes a positive feedback loop that increases the angle of incidence at the tip, increasing lift and inducing further deflection, resulting in yet more lift and additional changes in wing shape. The effect of divergence increases with speed. The maximum safe speed below which this does not happen is the divergence speed of the aircraft. Such an increase in tip lift under load causes

854-416: A forward-swept design. This allows full aileron control despite loss of lift, and also means that drag-inducing leading edge slots or other devices are not required. At transonic speeds, shockwaves build up first at the root rather than the tip, again helping ensure effective aileron control. With the air flowing inwards, wingtip vortices and the accompanying drag are reduced. Instead, the fuselage acts as

976-588: A lightweight fighter with respectable air-to-ground capabilities. Yakovlev proposed the Yak-43 , an upgraded Yak-41 with a stealthier design and more powerful engines. After neglecting the MFI competition, Sukhoi decided to submit a design for the LFI called the S-37 (unrelated to the heavyweight forward-swept wing fighter). This S-37 resembled the Gripen in that it had canard foreplanes,

1098-576: A memorandum of understanding for the preliminary design was signed in December 2010, and the development of the FGFA was expected to take 8–10 years. By 2014, however, the Indian Air Force began voicing concerns over performance, cost, and workshare. India found that the aircraft does not meet its requirements and eventually left the partnership in 2018. Nevertheless, Sukhoi continued to develop and promote

1220-479: A next-generation fighter, eventually resulting in the forward-swept wing S-32 experimental aircraft, later redesignated S-37 and then Su-47 . Due to a lack of funds after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the MFI was repeatedly delayed and the first flight of the MiG 1.44/1.42 prototype did not occur until 2000, nine years behind schedule. Owing to the high costs, the MFI and LFI were eventually cancelled while

1342-415: A pair of Klimov VK-10M engines with 10–11 tonnes (98.1–108 kN, 22,000–24,300 lbf) of thrust each. In contrast, Sukhoi's T-50 would be comparatively larger and more capable, with normal takeoff weight goal of 22–23 tonnes (49,000–51,000 lb) and powered by a pair of Lyulka-Saturn AL-41F1 engines each with maximum thrust in the 14.5-tonne (142 kN, 32,000 lbf) class. In April 2002,

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1464-466: A refueling probe. Yakovlev's entry was visually similar to Mikoyan's entry - a canard-equipped fighter - although Yakovlev's design had only one engine and boxed air intakes on the sides. The Yak-MFI design never materialized and only remained a mockup. Sukhoi did not submit an entry, due to their confidence in the Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker design. Eventually, Mikoyan was awarded the development of

1586-521: A result of technical obstacles encountered during testing, India's unclear commitment to the partnership, and Russia's economic downturn due to international sanctions after its annexation of Crimea and the drop in oil prices. Russian Deputy Minister of Defence Yury Borisov stated in 2015 that the Russian Air Force would slow production, reduce its initial order to 12 fighters, and operate large fleets of upgraded fourth-generation fighters such as

1708-601: A separate one by India. According to HAL chairman A.K. Baweja (speaking shortly after the India-Russia Inter-Governmental Committee meeting on 18 September 2008), both the Russian and Indian versions of the aircraft will be single-seaters. The FGFA will be predominantly armed with weapons of Indian origin such as the Astra , a beyond-visual-range missile (BVR) being developed by India. Although in keeping with

1830-528: A significant aft movement of the main spar attachment point and carry-through structure. In 1954, Wocke returned to the German Democratic Republic, moving to West Germany shortly afterwards and joining Hamburger Flugzeugbau (HFB) as their chief designer. In Hamburg, Wocke completed work on the HFB 320 Hansa Jet business jet which flew in 1964. The forward sweep enabled the main spar to be moved aft behind

1952-415: A significant kinematic advantage and extends the effective range of missiles and bombs over previous generations of aircraft. Combined with a high fuel load, the fighter has a supersonic range of over 1,500 km (930 mi), more than twice that of the Su-27. An extendable refueling probe is available to further increase its range. The first aircraft in Russian military service to emphasize stealth,

2074-471: A time, while the ejection seat and the new PPK-7 flight suit allows safe ejection at altitudes from 0 to 20,000 m (66,000 ft) and instrument airspeeds from 0 to 1,300 km/h (810 mph); the system also includes a survival kit to assist the pilot after ejection. One of the main technical goals of the PAK FA programme is to achieve total integration of avionics systems, or sensor fusion, increase

2196-594: A two-piece canopy , with the aft section sliding forward and locking into place. The canopy is treated with metallized coatings to reduce the aircraft's radar signature. The Su-57 integrated computer system at Chip "1890VM8Ya" – FGU FSC NIISI (in Russian). The aircraft uses the NPP Zvezda K-36D-5 ejection seat and the SOZhE-50 life support system , which comprises the anti-g and oxygen generating system. The pilot

2318-428: A very large wing fence and, since wings are generally larger at the root, this raises the maximum lift coefficient allowing a smaller wing. As a result, maneuverability is improved, especially at high angles of attack . One problem with the forward-swept design is that when a swept wing yaws sideways (moves about its vertical axis), one wing retreats while the other advances. On a forward-swept design, this reduces

2440-521: Is a twin-engine stealth multirole fighter aircraft developed by Sukhoi . It is the product of the PAK FA ( Russian : ПАК ФА , prospective aeronautical complex of front-line aviation) programme, which was initiated in 1999 as a more modern and affordable alternative to the MFI ( Mikoyan Project 1.44/1.42 ). Sukhoi's internal designation for the aircraft is T-50 . The Su-57 is the first aircraft in Russian military service designed with stealth technology and

2562-506: Is a highly improved and uprated variant of the AL-31 and produces 9 tonnes (88.3  kN , 19,840  lbf ) of dry thrust, 14.5 tonnes (142.2 kN, 31,970 lbf) of thrust in afterburner, and 15 tonnes (147.1 kN, 33,070 lbf) of thrust in "special" emergency power. The engines have full authority digital engine control ( FADEC ) and are integrated into the flight control system to facilitate maneuverability and handling. The AL-41F1

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2684-703: Is being developed to eventually replace the R-74M2. For longer ranged applications, the Su-57 can carry the izdeliye 810 missile, a further development of the R-37M with shorter control surfaces and updated motor and seeker, with two in each main weapons bay; the R-37M could be carried externally. For striking surface targets, the aircraft can carry the 250 kg (550 lb) KAB-250 or 500 kg (1,100 lb) KAB-500 precision guided bombs in its main bays. Internal weapons also include

2806-546: Is closely related to the Lyulka-Saturn izdeliye 117S engine, or AL-41F1S, used by the Su-35S, with the latter's separate engine control system being the key difference. The aircraft employs thrust vector control (TVC) where the vectoring nozzles' rotational axes are each canted at an angle, similar to the nozzle arrangement first employed on the Su-30MKI and also used on Su-35S. The nozzles themselves vector in only one plane;

2928-521: Is designed with an estimated thrust of 11 tonnes (107.9 kN, 24,300 lbf) dry and 17 tonnes (167 kN, 37,500 lbf) in afterburner. In addition to improved performance, reliability, and costs compared to the AL-41F1, the AL-51F-1 will also reduce the aircraft's radar and infrared signature with glass-fibre plastic IGVs and a new nozzle with serrated flaps. In 2023, it was reported that UEC Saturn

3050-454: Is equipped with a ZSh-10B helmet which mounts the NSTsI-50 digital display system, which enhances pilot situational awareness through pupil tracking and allows engagement of targets at high angles off-boresight. The 30 kg (66 lb) oxygen generating system provides the pilot with unlimited oxygen supply. The life support system enables pilots to perform 9-g maneuvers for up to 30 seconds at

3172-505: Is intended to be the basis for a family of stealth combat aircraft. A multirole fighter capable of aerial combat as well as ground and maritime strike, the Su-57 incorporates stealth , supermaneuverability , supercruise , integrated avionics and large payload capacity. The aircraft is expected to succeed the MiG-29 and Su-27 in the Russian military service and has also been marketed for export. The first prototype aircraft flew in 2010, but

3294-547: Is planning a "sixth-generation" engine design for the Su-57. As of December 2023, all future Su-57 fighters delivered to the Russian Air Force by the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) will be powered by the advanced and more powerful Stage 2 engine, also called Izdeliye 30. The Su-57 has two tandem main internal weapon bays each approximately 4.4 m (14.4 ft) long and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) wide and two side weapon bays with triangular section fairings under

3416-403: Is sufficient, it can counteract this tendency by increasing the angle of attack at the wing tips to such an extent that the tips stall first and one of the main characteristics of the design is lost, on a conventional wing the tips always stall first. Such a tip stall can be unpredictable, especially where one tip stalls before the other. Composite materials allow aeroelastic tailoring, so that as

3538-621: Is yet unclear whether this airframe represents a Su-57M, as the "second-stage engine" (alluding to the Izdeliye 30) was reportedly not mounted. The flight was carried out by Russian test-pilot Sergey Bogdan. The Su-57 is a fifth-generation multirole fighter aircraft and the first operational stealth aircraft for the Russian armed forces. In addition to stealth, the fighter emphasizes supermaneuverability in all aircraft axes, capacious internal payload bays for multirole versatility, and advanced sensor systems such as active phased-array radar as well as

3660-554: The 101KS "Atoll" (Russian: 101КС "Атолл" ) electro-optical system. In a departure from prior Sukhoi aircraft, the IUS systems integration was performed by Sukhoi itself rather than RPKB of Ramenskoye. The integrated avionics suite, called IMA BK (Russian: ИМА БК , short for: Интегрированной модульной авионики боевых комплексов , lit.   'Integrated Modular Avionics Combat Systems'), uses fibre optic channels and runs on over 4 million lines of code . The Sh-121 consists of

3782-452: The Kh-38M air-to-ground missile, Kh-35U (AS-20 "Kayak") anti-ship missile, Kh-58UShK (AS-11 "Kilter") anti-radiation missile , and Kh-69 (originally designated Kh-59MK2) cruise missile. For missions that do not require stealth, the Su-57 can carry stores on its six external hardpoints which can use most Russian tactical fighter weapons. New hypersonic missile with characteristics similar to

Post-PFI Soviet/Russian aircraft projects - Misplaced Pages Continue

3904-552: The Kh-47M2 Kinzhal ALBM is also being developed for the Su-57. The missile is to have intra-body accommodation and smaller dimensions to allow it to be carried inside the Su-57's main bays. The aircraft has a 9A1-4071K ( GSh-30-1 ) 30 mm autocannon with 150 cartridges mounted internally near the right LEVCON root. The weapon has an effective range of 800 m (870 yd) against aerial targets and 1,800 m (2,000 yd) against surface targets. The Su-57 has

4026-631: The LMFS (Russian: ЛМФС , short for: Лёгкий многофункциональный фронтовой самолёт , lit.   'Light Multifunctional Frontline Aircraft') at its own expense. The research and development programme of the PAK FA was called Stolitsa (Russian: Столица , lit.   'Capital city'). In 2002, Alexander Davidenko selected as the T-50's chief designer at Sukhoi. The Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association (NAPO) and Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association (KnAAZ) would manufacture

4148-673: The Lyogkiy Perspektivnyi Frontovoy Istrebitel , "Light Perspective Frontline Fighter" ( Лёгкий Перспективный Фронтовой Истребитель , LPFI). The goal of the TPFI project was to develop a fighter capable of long-range flight, primarily to intercept hostile aircraft, which resulted in the Sukhoi Su-27 "Flanker" series of aircraft. The LPFI was intended to develop a light multi-role fighter with short flight range, but capable of providing air-to-ground support when deployed close to

4270-475: The MFI (Russian: МФИ , short for: Многофункциональный фронтовой истребитель , lit.   'Multifunctional Frontline Fighter') and smaller LFI (Russian: ЛФИ , Russian: Л short for: Лёгкий , lit.   'Light'), with conceptual work beginning in 1983. Mikoyan was selected for the MFI and began developing its MiG 1.44/1.42 . Though not a participant in the MFI, Sukhoi started its own programme in 1983 to develop technologies for

4392-614: The N036 Byelka radar system and L402 Himalayas electronic countermeasures (ECM) system. Developed by Tikhomirov NIIP Institute, the N036 consists of the main nose-mounted N036-1-01 X band active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, or in Russian nomenclature, active phased array radar (Russian: АФАР , romanized:  AFAR , short for: Активная фазированная антенная решётка ), with 1,514 T/R modules and two side-looking N036B-1-01 X-band AESA radars with 404 T/R modules embedded in

4514-504: The Okhotnik UCAV in 2018. Additionally, work is underway to make a variant of the aircraft that can operate on aircraft carriers. Sukhoi has also used technology from the Su-57 to produce a mockup of a more affordable lightweight single-engine aircraft, designated as the LTS (Russian: ЛТС , short for: Лёгкий тактический самолёт , lit.   'Light Tactical Aircraft'). At

4636-605: The PAK FA program. The Sh-90, B-90 and M-67 projects were never realized, although Yakovlev 's and Mikoyan 's entries for the Sh-90 were based on the Yak-130 and MiG-AT , respectively. Both are trainer aircraft currently being offered for sale by the two companies, with the Yakovlev Yak-130 accepted into service and starting to replace Aero L-39 Albatros as the primary jet trainer of

4758-696: The Russian Air Force . Sukhoi , Mikoyan and Yakovlev were the major competitors in these projects, although Tupolev and Myasishchev may have also submitted entries for some projects. In 1969, the Soviet Union became aware of the existence of the United States ' "teen"-series of aircraft , including the Grumman F-14 Tomcat , McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle , General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon and McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet . In response,

4880-615: The Russian Ministry of Defence began work on a new next-generation fighter programme; in 1999, the ministry initiated the PAK FA or I-21 programme, with the competition announced in April 2001. Because of Russia's financial difficulties, the programme aimed to rein in costs by producing a single multirole fifth-generation fighter that would replace both the Su-27 and the MiG-29. Further cost-saving measures include an intended size in between that of

5002-745: The Schleicher ASK 13 and the Let Kunovice LET L-13 Blaník . Other examples include: The large angles of sweep necessary for high-speed flight remained impractical for many years. In the late 1970s, DARPA began investigating the use of newer composite materials to avoid the problem of reduced divergence speed through aeroelastic tailoring. Fly-by-wire technology allowed for the design to be dynamically unstable and improved maneuverability. Grumman built two X-29 technology demonstrators, first flying in 1984, with forward swept wings and canards . Maneuverable at high angles of attack ,

Post-PFI Soviet/Russian aircraft projects - Misplaced Pages Continue

5124-590: The integration of these systems to achieve high levels of automation. In the Su-57's design, Sukhoi cited the Lockheed Martin F-22 as the baseline for a supermaneuverable stealth fighter, but addressed what the bureau considered to be the limitations, such as the inability to use thrust vectoring to induce roll and yaw moments, a lack of space for weapons bays between the engines resulting in insufficient payload, and complications for post-stall recovery if thrust vectoring fails. In particular, Sukhoi considered

5246-423: The 1990s. The programme became the I-90 (Russian: И-90 , short for: Истребитель 1990–х годов , lit.   'Fighter of the 1990s') and required the fighter to be "multifunctional" (i.e. multirole) by having substantial ground attack capabilities, and would eventually replace the MiG-29 and Su-27 in frontline tactical aviation service. Two subsequent projects were designed to meet these requirements:

5368-635: The 2021 Moscow Air Show (MAKS-2021), Sukhoi revealed its LTS mockup, named Checkmate, which shares many systems with the Su-57, including radar, main weapons bay, vertical stabilizers, and wings. As of 2024 , international sanctions on Russia's defence industries has made it far more difficult for Russia to source the Western avionics and micro-electronics that have been essential components of its advanced fighter and attack aircraft cockpits. The United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) reported that an upgraded Su-57 aircraft made its first flight on 21 October 2022. It

5490-654: The Central Scientific Research Radio Engineering Institute in Moscow were selected for the development of the PAK FA's avionics suite. In April 2004, NPO Lyulka-Saturn (now NPO Saturn ) was signed as the contractor for the AL-41F1 engines with the development designation izdeliye 117. Sukhoi used existing airframes as testbeds for various subsystems and concepts; the Su-47 tested internal weapon bays, and Su-27M prototypes served as testbeds for

5612-588: The F-22 and F-35 , likely as a result of cost reduction as well as the Russian doctrine of operating the aircraft within the umbrella of friendly integrated air defense systems . As with other stealth fighters, the Su-57's low observability measures are chiefly effective against super-high-frequency (between 3 and 30 GHz ) radars, usually found on other aircraft. The effects of Rayleigh scattering and resonance mean that low-frequency radars , employed by weather radars and early-warning radars are more likely to detect

5734-512: The F-22 design unsuitable as a multirole fighter required for PAK FA due to the limited payload that was too focused on air-to-air missiles. The aircraft has a wide blended wing body fuselage with two widely spaced engines and has all-moving horizontal and vertical stabilisers , with the vertical stabilisers canted for stealth; the trapezoid wings have leading edge flaps , ailerons , and flaperons . The aircraft incorporates thrust vectoring and large leading edge root extensions that shift

5856-416: The Indian Air Force openly expressed concerns over the reliability and performance of the AL-41F1; during the 2011 Moscow Air Show (MAKS-2011), a Su-57 suffered a compressor stall that forced the aircraft to abort takeoff. The planned Su-57M will be equipped with a new engine from NPO Saturn in the mid-2020s under the development designation izdeliye 30 and eventually designated AL-51F-1. The powerplant

5978-543: The LFI was cancelled in favor of the LFS, although both the LFS and MFI were subsequently canceled in favor of the PAK FA. The goal of the Mnogofunksionalni Frontovoy Istrebitel ("Multifunctional Frontline Fighter"; MFI) project was to create a heavy fighter with exceptional air-to-ground capabilities. Initially, Mikoyan worked on the project 512, which resembled the F-15 because of the boxed air intakes on

6100-540: The MFI and LFS programs in lieu of a newer, more affordable next-generation multirole fighter. Mikoyan, Sukhoi and Yakovlev submitted designs, but the PAK FA program was awarded to the Sukhoi T-50 (unrelated to the T-50 Golden Eagle ). Both Mikoyan and Yakovlev have a 15% share on development and production of the aircraft. The flight testing phase of the aircraft began in 2010, and the aircraft entered service in 2020 as

6222-531: The MFI project. However, as work on the MFI progressed, Sukhoi discovered that the MiG-MFI design was a major threat to the Su-27 design, and began a heavy fighter design of their own, although the MFI project was awarded to Mikoyan two years before. This design resulted in the S-32 forward-swept wing fighter with two engines and canard foreplanes. The design was later altered to add an elevator and modified canards. The design

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6344-615: The Ministry of Defence had planned on buying the first 10 aircraft for evaluation after 2012 and 60 production standard aircraft after 2015. These plans were refined under the State Armament Programme from 2011 to 2020 (GPV-2020), with serial production hoped to begin in 2016; the Ministry of Defence was planning to acquire 52 aircraft by 2020, and another 150–160 by 2025. Additionally, export orders for 250–300 FGFA were expected to begin in 2017. Plans were greatly cut down in 2015 as

6466-624: The Ministry of Defence selected Sukhoi over Mikoyan as the winner of the PAK FA competition and the lead design bureau of the new aircraft. In addition to the merits of the proposal, Sukhoi's experience in the 1990s was taken into account, with the successful development of various Su-27 derivatives and numerous exports ensuring its financial stability. According to the Russian Air Force Commander-in-Chief Vladimir Mikhaylov , flight tests were projected to begin in 2007. Mikoyan continued to develop its E-721 as

6588-469: The PAK FA program, although the I-2000 later influenced the design of the HESA Shafaq . The PAK FA ( Perspektivnyi Aviatsionnyi Kompleks Frontovoy Aviatsyi - "Perspective Aviation-Complex Frontline Aviation" [Perspective Multirole Frontline Aircraft]) is an ongoing program to develop a stealth -capable multirole fighter for the Russian Air Force . The program began in 2001, just after the cancellation of

6710-453: The Russian BVR doctrine of using a variety of different missiles for versatility and unpredictability to countermeasures, the aircraft is expected to have compatibility with various missile types. The FGFA may include systems developed by third parties. India withdrew from the program in 2018 due to concerns over performance and technology sharing. The Mikoyan LMFS ( Russian : Микоян ЛМФС )

6832-458: The S-111 system, developed by Polyot . The UOMZ 101KS "Atoll" electro-optical system consisted of the 101KS-V infrared search and track (IRST), 101KS-O directional infrared counter measures ( DIRCM ), 101KS-U ultraviolet missile approach warning sensors (MAWS), 101KS-P thermal imager for low altitude flight and landing, and 101KS-N navigation and targeting pod . The IRST turret is mounted on

6954-782: The Soviet Union created the Tsybin LL-3. The prototype would subsequently have a great impact on the Sukhoi SYB-A, which was completed in 1982. When the German research reached the United States after the war, a number of proposals were put forward. These included the Convair XB-53 supersonic bomber and forward-swept variants of the North American P-51 Mustang , Bell X-1 rocket plane and Douglas D-558-I . The Bell proposal reached

7076-564: The Soviets initiated the Perspektivnyi Frontovoy Istrebitel ( Перспективный Фронтовой Истребитель , ПФИ, PFI, "Perspective Frontline Fighter") project to develop a multirole fighter aircraft capable of countering the new generation of U.S. aircraft. The PFI project then branched into two projects, the Tyazholy Perspektivnyi Frontovoy Istrebitel , "Heavy Perspective Frontline Fighter" (TPFI) and

7198-453: The Su-27 and the MiG-29 and normal takeoff weight considerably smaller than the MiG MFI's 28.6 tonnes (63,000 lb) and the Su-47's 26.8 tonnes (59,000 lb). Sukhoi's approach to the PAK FA competition differed fundamentally from Mikoyan's; whereas Mikoyan proposed for the three design bureaus ( Mikoyan , Sukhoi , and Yakovlev ) to cooperate as a consortium with the winning team leading

7320-416: The Su-27. Sukhoi's patent for the T-50 stealth features cites an intention to reduce average RCS to approximately 0.1 to 1 m , compared to the Su-27's RCS of approximately 10 to 15 m . The Su-57's design emphasizes frontal stealth, with RCS-reducing features most apparent in the forward hemisphere; the shaping of the aft fuselage is less optimized for radar stealth compared to American stealth designs such as

7442-585: The Su-35S and the Su-30SM . In 2017, Borisov stated that the PAK FA would most likely enter service in 2018 and be part of the new State Armament Programme from 2018 to 2027 (GPV-2027). On 30 June 2018, an order for 12 aircraft was agreed, while deliveries to the Russian Armed Forces was pushed back again to 2019 with the first aircraft planned to join fighter regiments at the Lipetsk Air Center . At

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7564-413: The Su-57 due to its size. Such radars are also large, susceptible to clutter and are less precise. The aircraft has been scrutinized for the rough production quality, particularly on test aircraft often used for flight and static displays; production aircraft generally have better quality. The Su-57 is powered by a pair of NPO Lyulka-Saturn izdeliye 117 , or AL-41F1, augmented turbofans. The engine

7686-454: The Su-57 employs a variety of methods to reduce its radar signature. Similar to other stealth fighters such as the F-22, the aircraft aligns the planform edges to reduce its radar cross-section (RCS); the leading and trailing edges of the wings and control surfaces and the serrated edges of skin panels are carefully angled to reduce the number of directions the radar waves can be reflected. Weapons are carried internally in weapons bays within

7808-489: The Su-57 for prospective export customers and marketed the aircraft during the 2019 Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition . The export variant, designated Su-57E, was officially unveiled at the MAKS-2019 air show on 28 August 2019. The T-50's maiden flight was repeatedly postponed from early 2007 after encountering unspecified technical problems. In August 2009, Alexander Zelin acknowledged that problems with

7930-477: The Su-57. FGFA was the earlier designation for the Indian version of the PAK FA, while the combined project is now called the Perspective Multi-Role Fighter (PMF). The completed joint Indian/Russian versions of the single-seat or two-seat PMF will differ from the current T-50 flying prototypes through the addition of stealth, supercruise, sensors, networking, and combat avionics for a total of 43 improvements. Two separate prototypes will be developed, one by Russia and

8052-613: The T-60S and the original Tu-22 Blinder , it featured twin engines above the fuselage, connected to the vertical stabilizer. A relatively large aircraft, 30–31m long, with a 19m wingspan (including a highly swept double delta wing plus canards). Maximum takeoff weight would have been around 70 tons. Projected top speed of 2.500 km/h, a supercruising speed of 2.100 km/h at 17.000m, range of 7.000 km supersonic – 11.000 km subsonic. Possible missiles would have been KS-172 . Sukhoi PAK FA The Sukhoi Su-57 ( Russian : Сухой Су-57 ; NATO reporting name : Felon )

8174-515: The X- and L-band signals by the N036YeVS and GRPZ Solo-21 computers enable the system's information to be significantly enhanced. The L402 Himalayas ECM suite made by the Kaluga Research Radio Engineering Institute uses both its own arrays and the N036 radar system, with one of its arrays mounted in the dorsal sting between the two engines. Redundant radio telephone communication and encrypted data exchange among various aircraft and also command centers (ground and sea-based and airborne) are provided by

8296-455: The X-29 remained controllable at a 67° angle of attack. Advances in thrust vectoring technology and a shift in air combat tactics toward medium range missile engagements decreased the relevance of a highly agile fighter aircraft. In 1997, Sukhoi introduced the Su-47 fighter prototype at the Paris Air Show . It did not enter production, although it underwent a series of flight tests and performed at several air shows . The KB SAT SR-10

8418-402: The Yak-133 and the MiG-AC, respectively. The Yak-133 was a modification of the Yak-130 , and the MiG-AC was a modification of the MiG-AT . The project was canceled in the early 1990s due to newer models of Su-25 proving to be sufficient in achieving this goal. The B-90 (Bombardirovshik, "Bomber") project was intended to develop a next generation bomber aircraft to replace Tu-22Ms , although

8540-418: The aerodynamic center forward, increasing static instability and maneuverability. These extensions have adjustable leading–edge vortex controllers (LEVCONs) designed to control the generated vortices and can provide trim and improve high angle of attack behaviour, including a quick stall recovery if the thrust vectoring system fails. To air-brake , the ailerons deflect up while the flaperons deflect down and

8662-421: The aircraft began in July 2019, with the first production aircraft scheduled to be delivered by the end of the year; following the crash of the first production aircraft, the Russian Aerospace Forces took delivery of the second Su-57 as its first aircraft in December 2020. By May 2022, four more aircraft were delivered, and production has progressed slower than planned with total of six aircraft delivered by end of

8784-504: The aircraft would likely make its first flight by January or February, adding that it would take five to ten years for commercial production. Flight testing was further delayed when Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov announced in December 2009 that the first trials would begin in 2010. The first taxi test was successfully completed on 24 December 2009, and the maiden flight of the first prototype aircraft, T-50-1, occurred on 29 January 2010. Piloted by Sukhoi test pilot Sergey Bogdan ,

8906-483: The aircraft's 47-minute maiden flight took place at KnAAPO 's Dzemgi Airport in the Russian Far East . Construction of the prototypes would progress slower than initially planned; by the end of October 2013, the test programme had amassed more than 450 flights across five aircraft. A total of ten flying and three non-flying T-50 prototypes would be built for preliminary flight tests and state trials. Initially,

9028-412: The airframe and antennas are recessed from the surface of the skin to preserve the aircraft's stealthy shape, while radar absorbent material (RAM) coatings absorb radar emissions and reduce the reflection back to the source. The infrared search-and-track sensor housing is turned backwards when not in use and its rear is also treated with RAM. To mask the significant RCS contribution of the engine face,

9150-687: The average chord of their wings being forward-sweeping. However, these designs almost always utilized a rearward-swept leading edge, which would technically render them as high aspect ratio trapezoidal wings . The American Cornelius Mallard flew on 18 August 1943. The Mallard was powered by a single engine, but it was followed by the Cornelius XFG-1 prototypes, which were flying fuel tanks, unpowered and designed for towing by larger aircraft. These Cornelius designs were unusual for being not only forward swept but also tailless. Meanwhile in Germany, Hans Wocke

9272-434: The cabin so that the spar did not need to project into the cabin. Moderate forward sweep has been used for similar reasons in many designs, mainly sailplanes and light aircraft . Many high-wing training gliders with two seats in tandem have slightly forward-swept wings in order to enable the wing root to be located further aft to prevent the wing from obscuring the rear occupant's lateral visibility. Typical examples are

9394-433: The canting allows roll and yaw moments by vectoring each nozzle differentially, thus enabling the aircraft to produce thrust vectoring moments about all three aircraft axes, pitch, yaw and roll . The engine inlet incorporates variable intake ramps for supersonic efficiency and retractable mesh screens to prevent engine damage from foreign object debris ingestion especially when operating in short, austere runways. In 2014,

9516-410: The carriage of multiple large air-to-surface ordnance. Weapons are housed in two tandem main weapons bays in the large ventral volume between the widely spaced engine nacelles and smaller side bays with bulged triangular-section fairings near the wing root. Internal weapons carriage eliminates drag from external stores and enables higher performance compared to external carriage, as well as preserving

9638-554: The cheeks of the forward fuselage for increased angular coverage. The nose antenna is tilted backwards for stealth. Moreover, the side-looking radar could enable the Su-57 to employ beaming tactics while still able to guide its own missile. The suite also has two N036L-1-01 L band transceivers on the wing's leading edge flaps that are not only used to handle the N036Sh Pokosnik (Reaper) friend-or-foe identification (IFF) system but also for electronic warfare purposes. Processing of

9760-459: The design effort, Sukhoi's proposal had itself as the lead designer from the beginning and included a joint work agreement that covered the entire development and production cycle, from propulsion and avionics suppliers to research facilities. Additionally, the two companies had differing design philosophies for the aircraft. Mikoyan's E-721 was smaller and more affordable, with normal takeoff weight of 16–17 tonnes (35,000–37,000 lb) and powered by

9882-724: The development of the Su-32 and the Tu-22M5 models as well as the Russian PAK DA . Myasishchev responded with a derivative of the Myasishchev M-67 high altitude reconnaissance aircraft, the M-6LK-M. The program was later canceled due to lack of funds. «MDP» (Multifunctional Distant Interceptor), was to be a very long-range replacement for the MiG-31. Izdeliye 701 (or Project 7.01) concept was similar to

10004-560: The engine and in technical research remained unsolved. On 28 February 2009, Sukhoi general director Mikhail Pogosyan announced that the airframe was almost finished and that the first prototype should be ready by August 2009. On 20 August 2009, Pogosyan said that the first flight would be by year's end. Konstantin Makiyenko, deputy head of the Moscow-based Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies said that "even with delays",

10126-502: The first contract for delivery of two serial Su-57 fighters scheduled for 2019 and 2020 respectively. In January 2019, the Ministry of Defence announced they hoped to conclude a second contract for 13 more aircraft in 2020. However, on 15 May 2019, the acquisition plan drastically changed when Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that 76 aircraft would be purchased and delivered to the Aerospace Forces by 2028. This came after

10248-489: The flight control system and engines. To reduce developmental risk and spread out associated costs, as well as to bridge the gap with extant fourth generation fighters, Sukhoi implemented some of the T-50's technology and features, such as propulsion and certain avionics, in an advanced derivative of the Su-27 called the T-10BM (Russian: БМ , short for: большая модернизация , lit.   'Major Modernization'), which

10370-518: The frontlines, which resulted in the Mikoyan MiG-29 "Fulcrum" series of aircraft. After successfully developing fighters for these two projects, the Soviets initiated a project to develop a next-generation aircraft in response to potentially new American aircraft. These projects included fighters, attack aircraft, and bombers. The I-90 (Istrebitel, Fighter) project consisted of the MFI (heavyweight fighter) and LFI (lightweight fighter). Eventually,

10492-580: The fuselage near the wing root. The main bays have two types of ejection launchers made by Vympel , the UVKU-50L for missiles weighing up to 300 kg (660 lb), and the UVKU-50U for ordnance weighing up to 700 kg (1,500 lb); the side bays use the VPU-50 launch rails. For air-to-air combat, the Su-57 carries four beyond-visual-range missiles in its two main weapons bays and two short-range missiles in

10614-469: The low-speed advantages but also soon revealed the expected problems, preventing high-speed trials. Wocke and the incomplete Ju 287 V3 prototype were captured and, in 1946, taken to Moscow where the aircraft was completed and flown the next year as the OKB-1 EF 131 . The later OKB-1 EF 140 was essentially the same airframe re-engined with a pair of Mikulin-design Soviet jet engines of greater thrust. In 1948,

10736-437: The main wing spar would lead to a more efficient interior arrangement with more usable space. Air flowing over any swept wing tends to move spanwise towards the aftmost end of the wing. On a rearward-swept wing this is outwards towards the tip, while on a forward-swept wing it is inwards towards the root. As a result, the dangerous tip stall condition of a rearward-swept design becomes a safer and more controllable root stall on

10858-417: The nature of deformation to a more favorable shape, impacting stall and other characteristics. Any swept wing tends to be unstable in the stall , since the wing tips stalls first causing a pitch-up force worsening the stall and making recovery difficult. This effect is less significant with forward sweep because the rearward end carries greater lift and provides stability. However, if the aeroelastic bending

10980-516: The negotiations were able to lower the price of the Su-57 and equipment by 20%. The contract for the 76 aircraft was formally signed on 27 June 2019 at the International Military-Technical Forum «ARMY-2019». The same month, General Director of Tactical Missiles Corporation (KRTV) Boris Obnosov reported, a contract for serial production of ammunition for Su-57 fighters was signed, and is being inducted. Serial production of

11102-414: The new NPO Saturn izdeliye 30, or AL-51F-1 engines. The formal contract was signed in 2018, although preliminary work had begun earlier. In 2020, flight test of the improved variant was planned to begin in 2022, with serial production in the mid-2020s. The second flying T-50 prototype was used to test the new izdeliye 30 engine starting in 2017; the third prototype was configured for teaming tests with

11224-776: The new multi-role fighter, with KnAAZ performing final assembly at Komsomol'sk-on-Amur . Following a competition held in 2003, the Tekhnokompleks Scientific and Production Center, Ramenskoye Instrument Building Design Bureau, the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP), the Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant (UOMZ) in Yekaterinburg , the Polet firm in Nizhny Novgorod and

11346-477: The pilot's situational awareness and reduce workload. Integration of the Su-57's onboard systems is controlled by an IUS (Russian: ИУС , short for: Информационно-управляющая система , lit.   'Information Management System'), with its computer system developed by GRPZ from Ryazan . The main avionics systems are the Sh-121 (Russian: Ш-121 ) multifunctional integrated radio electronic system (MIRES) and

11468-599: The prewar period, were developed during World War II, independently in Germany, the Soviet Union, Japan, and the United States. An early example to fly, in 1940, was the Soviet Belyayev DB-LK , a twin-boom design with forward-swept outer wing sections and backwards-swept tips. It reportedly flew well. Belyayev's proposed Babochka research aircraft was cancelled following the German invasion. Throughout World War II, numerous fighter, bomber, and other military aircraft can be described as having forward-swept wings, due to

11590-513: The program experienced a protracted development due to various structural and technical issues that emerged during trials, including the destruction of the first production aircraft in a crash before its delivery. After repeated delays, the first Su-57 entered service with the Russian Aerospace Forces (VKS) in December 2020. In 1979, the Soviet Union outlined a need for next-generation fighter aircraft intended to enter service in

11712-694: The program was officially initiated in 1999. Yakovlev's entry resembled the JSF entry from BAE, as the JSF program purchased information from the Yakovlev design bureau. Initially, Sukhoi's entry was the S-52, a lightweight version of the S-32, retaining the Forward-swept wing and canards, but with only one thrust vectoring engine and boxed air intakes to the side. Sukhoi later proposed the S-55,

11834-472: The program was planned to have up to six prototypes before the start of serial production; however testing would reveal that the initial prototypes did not have adequate fatigue life, with early structural cracks forming in the airframe. The aircraft subsequently underwent a structural redesign, with changes including increased composite material usage, reinforced airframe to meet full life cycle requirements, elongated tail "sting", and slightly greater wingspan;

11956-594: The project seems to have been cancelled before much work was accomplished. It is believed that the main competitors were Myasishchev and Sukhoi. Sukhoi submitted the T-60 design, which had a variable-geometry wing on the lower fuselage, two 2D thrust vectoring engines, a flat lifting fuselage, stealth capability, the ability to store ALCMs within its bay and Mach 2+ speed. There were at least three different designs named T-60 and T-60S. They resulted in final T-54 design, submitted around 1993. The B-90 project seems to have halted with

12078-501: The project to increase funding for its development and also secure large export orders. On 18 October 2007, Russia and India signed a contract for Sukhoi and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) to jointly develop a derivative of the PAK FA called the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) . In September 2010, India and Russia agreed on a preliminary design contract where each country was to invest $ 6 billion;

12200-412: The radar return of the cockpit by 30% and protect the pilot from the impact of ultraviolet and thermal radiation. The production tolerances are significantly tighter than previous Russian fighters in order to improve stealth characteristics. The combined effect of airframe shape and RAM of the production aircraft is estimated to have reduced the aircraft's RCS to a value thirty times smaller than that of

12322-491: The same time, Borisov praised the Su-35S, stating that it was comparable to the Su-57 except for the stealth features while being more affordable. Due to the substantially higher cost of the Su-57 compared to the Su-35S and Su-30SM, the design was placed on hold for mass production until the need arises. On 22 August 2018, during the International Military-Technical Forum «ARMY-2018», the Defence Ministry and Sukhoi signed

12444-436: The side bays. The primary medium-range missile is the active radar-homing K/R-77M ( izdeliye 180), an upgraded R-77 variant with AESA seeker, dual-pulse motor, and conventional rear fins. The short-range missile is the infrared-homing ("heat seeking") R-74M2 ( izdeliye 760), an upgraded R-74 variant with reduced cross-section for internal carriage. A clean-sheet design short-range missile designated K-MD ( izdeliye 300)

12566-555: The side of the fuselage, although the wing was placed lower and the fuselage design was slightly altered. However, Mikoyan's proposed design was the MiG 1.42, an aircraft with two 2D thrust vectoring engines, canards , wedged air intakes on the bottom (much like the Eurofighter Typhoon ) and 16 flight control surfaces. A design was later upgraded to the MiG 1.44 , which has a modified radome, 3D thrust-vectoring engines, modified wings and

12688-423: The sixth flyable prototype was the first of the redesigned "second stage" aircraft, with the five initial prototypes consequently considered "first stage" vehicles and requiring additional structural reinforcements in order to continue flight tests. The last two flying prototypes were test articles of production Su-57 aircraft with full mission systems on board. While the "second stage" structural redesign reduced

12810-541: The starboard side in front of the cockpit and can track multiple targets simultaneously. When not in use, the receiver is turned backwards and its rear is treated with RAM to preserve stealth. Additionally, the Su-57 is the first fighter to mount a DIRCM system, with one turret mounted behind the canopy and another mounted under the cockpit. The aircraft is capable of deploying countermeasures such as flares and radar decoys, as well as single-use programmable ECM transmitters. The dispensers for these countermeasures are mounted in

12932-650: The stealth shaping. The high degree of static instability (or relaxed stability ) in both pitch and yaw, advanced KSU-50 flight control system , and canted thrust vectoring nozzles make the Su-57 departure-resistant and highly maneuverable in all axes and enables the aircraft to perform very high angles of attack maneuvers such as the Pugachev's Cobra and the bell maneuver , along with doing flat rotations with little altitude loss. The aerodynamics and engines enable it to achieve speeds of Mach 2 and fly supersonic without afterburners, or supercruise , at Mach 1.3, giving

13054-399: The sweep of the rearward wing, increasing its drag and pushing it further back, increasing the amount of yaw and leading to directional instability. This can lead to a Dutch roll in reverse. One of the drawbacks of forward swept wings is the increased chance of divergence, an aeroelastic consequence of the lift force on forward swept wings twisting the tip upwards under increased lift. On

13176-404: The tail boom between the engines. Forward-swept wing A forward-swept wing or reverse-swept wing is an aircraft wing configuration in which the quarter-chord line of the wing has a forward sweep. Typically, the leading edge also sweeps forward. The forward-swept configuration has a number of characteristics which increase as the angle of sweep increases. The aft location of

13298-452: The vertical stabilisers toe inward to increase drag. Although the majority of the structural materials are alloys with 40.5–44.5% aluminum alloys and 18.6% titanium alloys , the aircraft makes extensive use of composites , with the material comprising 22–26% of the structural weight and approximately 70% of the outer surface. Designed from the outset as a multirole aircraft, the Su-57 has substantial internal payload capacity that allows

13420-599: The walls of the inlet ducts are coated with RAM and the partial serpentine ducts obscure most of the engines' compressor face and inlet guide-vanes (IGV); the remaining exposed engine face is masked by a slanted blocker grid placed in front of the IGV at a distance of 0.7–1.2 times the diameter of the duct, similar in principle to the method on the Boeing F/A-18E/F . The aircraft canopy is coated with 70–90 nm thick metal oxide layers with enhanced radar wave absorbing to reduce

13542-451: The weight growth from the required strengthening of the "first stage" design, the normal takeoff weight still increased to approximately 25 tonnes (55,000 lb). Issues and accidents during the testing resulted in repeated delays to the programme, with the delivery of the first production aircraft pushed back from 2015 to 2020. The procurement plans for the PAK FA have been considerably scaled back and delayed from original plans. In 2011,

13664-649: The wind tunnel testing stage, where the problems of aeroelasticity were confirmed. The structural problems confirmed by the Ju 287 series and the Bell X-1 studies proved so severe that the materials available at the time could not make a wing strong and stiff enough without also making it too heavy to be practical. As a result, forward sweep for high-speed designs was abandoned, until many years later when new structural materials would become available. Small amounts of sweep do not cause serious problems and even moderate forward sweep allows

13786-569: The wing approaches the stall it twists as it bends, so as to reduce the angle of attack at the tips. This ensures that the stall occurs at the wing root, making it more predictable and allowing the ailerons to retain full control. Belyaev, the author of the below mentioned DB-LK project, tested forward-swept wing gliders BP-2 and BP-3 in 1934 and 1935. Other prewar design studies included the Polish PWS Z-17, Z-18 and Z-47 "Sęp" series. Forward-swept wings designs, some whose design had begun during

13908-464: The wing to tighten into turns and may result in a spiral dive from which recovery is not possible. In the worst case, the wing structure can be stressed to the point of failure. At large angles of sweep and high speeds, in order to build a structure stiff enough to resist deforming yet light enough to be practicable, advanced materials such as carbon fiber composites are required. Composites also allow aeroelastic tailoring by aligning fibers to influence

14030-448: The year. However, with the opening of new production line in 2022, production of Su-57 increased and in total 12 new aircraft were delivered to Russian Air Force by end of 2023. According to Yuri Slyusar, another 20 aircraft are expected to be built in 2024 what would make the Su-57 the most produced jet fighter in Russia. In 2004, Sukhoi anticipated that the Su-57 could become the basis for

14152-549: Was a proposed Russian stealth , single-engine fighter aircraft, loosely based on the canceled Mikoyan Project 1.44 . Images revealed a fighter design with substantially larger internal weapons bays. It was designed to replace the Mikoyan MiG-29 . The Sh-90 (Shturmovik, Attack Aircraft) project intended to develop an attack aircraft to replace the Su-25 . The main entries consisted of modified trainer designs from MiG and Yakovlev, and an unusual two-cockpit design from Sukhoi. The project

14274-452: Was an unusual aircraft with two cockpits, a v-tail and a large fuselage. The left fuselage was to contain the piloting equipment and radar sensors, whereas the right fuselage was to accommodate the weapons systems and a fire-control system . The aircraft was to be powered by one or two non-afterburning engines, and payload was to be stored within two large internal bays. Yakovlev and Mikoyan's design were based on their modified trainer models,

14396-526: Was eventually procured by the Russian Ministry of Defence in 2009 and entered service as the Su-35S in 2014. In December 2004, the T-50's conceptual design and shape was complete and approved by the Ministry of Defence; government funding of the programme began in 2005 and drastically increased in 2006 when detailed design was underway. On 8 August 2007, Russian Air Force Commander-in-Chief Alexander Zelin

14518-599: Was later cancelled due to the emergence of modernized Su-25 variants, such as the Su-25T, Su-25TM (Su-39) and Su-25KM. Instead, the creation of the Su-34 may replace the Su-25 for future strike missions and fulfill similar combat roles. The LUS (Lyogkiy Udarnyi Samolyot, "Light Strike Aircraft") project's goal was to develop an attack aircraft to succeed the Sukhoi Su-25 . Sukhoi's design

14640-466: Was once again modified to have 2D thrust-vectoring nozzles. Instability in the design resulted in a further upgraded fighter named the S-37, later redesignated the Sukhoi Su-47 . A 1.44 prototype was eventually built and flown in early 2000, although the project was cancelled in 1997 in favor of the PAK FA. The LFI (Lyogkiy Frontovoy Istrebitel, Light Frontline Fighter) project was intended to develop

14762-463: Was quoted by Russian news agencies that the programme's development stage was complete and construction of the first aircraft for flight testing would begin, with three flyable T-50 prototypes planned to be built by 2009. In 2009, the aircraft's design was officially approved. The T-50 was named Su-57 in July 2017. Since the early stages of the PAK FA programme, Russia sought after foreign partnerships on

14884-484: Was studying the problems of swept wings at the near-sonic speeds of which the new jet engines were capable. He recognised many of the advantages that forward sweep offered over the backwards-swept designs then being developed, and also understood the implications of aeroelastic bending and yaw instability. His first such design to fly was the Junkers Ju 287 , on 16 August 1944. Flight tests on this and later variants confirmed

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