Misplaced Pages

#57942

86-541: The Incorporation of the City of Toronto on March 6, 1834, was a provincial legislative act creating the City of Toronto from the unincorporated town of York . The act severed Toronto from York County . This allowed for the creation of the local government or city council. The act was transferred to the succeeding governments of Canada West in 1840 and Ontario in 1867. The incorporation remained in effect throughout Toronto's mergers with other cities and towns of York County until

172-544: A "General Convention of Delegates" from each riding in which to establish a common political platform. This convention could then become the core of a "permanent convention" or political party - an innovation not yet seen in Upper Canada. The organization of this convention was a model for the "Constitutional Convention" Mackenzie organized for the Rebellion of 1837, where many of the same delegates were to attend. The convention

258-421: A capital near today's London, Ontario . Simcoe renamed the location York after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany , George III 's second son. Simcoe gave up his plan to build a capital at London, and York became the permanent capital of Upper Canada on February 1, 1796. That year Simcoe returned to Britain and was temporarily replaced by Peter Russell . The original townsite was a compact ten blocks near

344-584: A city in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, was built in 1799 to prevent French assistance for rebellious Boers in the short-lived republic of Graaff-Reinet . The Duke of York's Royal Military School is named in the duke's honour as he was largely responsible for the founding of the school by Royal Warrant in 1801 (it was originally called the Royal Military Asylum for the Children of Soldiers of

430-527: A hereditary nobility. In its place, senior members of Upper Canada bureaucracy, the Executive Council of Upper Canada and Legislative Council of Upper Canada , made up the elite of the Compact. These men sought to solidify their personal positions into family dynasties and acquire all the marks of gentility. They used their government positions to extend their business and speculative interests. The centre of

516-502: A little stone structure beside his home. Dr. Stuart's lectures were "curious, marked as it was with by unexpected elevations, and depressions of the voice and long closings of the eyes". In that same year, the first brick house in York was constructed, the home and store of Quetton St. George at King and Frederick. St. George imported the bricks from New York state. The Battle of York was fought on April 27, 1813. An American force supported by

602-468: A lower one for common councillors. Two aldermen and two councilmen would be elected from each city ward. This relatively broad electorate was offset by a much higher qualification for election to office, which essentially limited election to the wealthy much like the old Court of Quarter Sessions it replaced. The mayor was elected by the aldermen from among their number, and a clear barrier was erected between those of property who served as full magistrates, and

688-721: A member of the Privy Council . On his return to Great Britain, the Duke took his seat in the House of Lords , where, on 15 December 1788 during the Regency crisis , he opposed William Pitt 's Regency Bill in a speech which was supposed to have been influenced by the Prince of Wales . On 26 May 1789 he took part in a duel with Colonel Charles Lennox , who had insulted him; Lennox missed, and Prince Frederick refused to return fire. On 12 April 1793, Frederick

774-431: A new building was built in the new lands to the west. A permanent fort, Fort York , was built on the site of the garrison. Dundas Street was built to connect York to towns to the west. In the 1820s, the town experienced a surge of immigrants, expanding from 1,000 residents to over 9,000 by the time the town was incorporated as the City of Toronto in 1834. During its existence, the town did not have its own government; it

860-654: A new capital. Dorchester arranged for the Toronto Purchase with the Mississaugas of New Credit , thereby securing more than a 250,000 acres (1,000 km ) of land. The purchase was disputed in 1788, and a further agreement was made in 1805, but a final settlement of the purchase would only come 200 years later in 2010, for a total of CA$ 145 million . In 1791, Upper Canada was established, with Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake) its first capital. The first Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe arrived in 1792 and first visited

946-514: A new regional federation, named the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (commonly known as "Metro Toronto"). The act went into effect on April 15, 1953 and the Metropolitan council met thereafter. The federation's taxation and legislative powers took effect on January 1, 1954. The federation was governed by a council made up of representatives of the member municipalities and a chairman to oversee

SECTION 10

#1732847506058

1032-648: A result of the Napoleonic wars, Frederick issued a Royal Warrant and laid the foundation stone in Chelsea to build the Royal Military Asylum (now known as the Duke of York's Headquarters ) for orphaned children. In 1892 the Royal Military Asylum was renamed the Duke of York's Royal Military School . The school relocated to Dover, Kent in 1909. On 14 September 1805 he was given the honorary title of Warden of Windsor Forest. Frederick resigned as Commander-in-Chief on 25 March 1809, as

1118-532: A result, there was a major landslide in the first city elections. The first mayor of the new City of Toronto was William Lyon Mackenzie. York's population was primarily from the British Isles (from Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland) with a few other European settlers (French, German and Dutch). York being a garrison town meant there were one or more regiments of Imperial troops stationed there. The officers were considered an acquisition to society, and, "many of

1204-644: A soldier in the Queen's Rangers, murdered Wabakinine , a Mississauga chief and one of the signers of the Toronto Purchase, on the waterfront. The murder of Wabakinine and his wife threatened to derail the peace between the British and the Mississaugas. The Mississaugas, already frustrated by the failed promises of the Toronto Purchase, considered a counterattack, either on the capital itself or on nearby pioneer farms. The York authorities brought McCuen to trial for murder but he

1290-442: A squadron consisting of a ship-rigged corvette , a brig and twelve schooners landed on the lake shore to the west of the garrison, defeating the British and capturing the fort, town and dockyard . The Americans suffered heavy casualties, including Brigadier General Zebulon Pike who was leading the troops when the retreating British blew up the fort's magazine . The American forces carried out several acts of arson and looting in

1376-451: A system known as "watch and ward". The first police office was opened in 1826, only open from 11 a.m to 2 p.m daily except Sunday, Christmas Day and Good Friday. The number of constables was eleven in 1810, twenty in 1820 and twelve in 1830. There was a major cholera epidemic in Upper Canada from 1832 to 1834. There were two outbreaks in York, in 1832 and 1834. About 1,000 persons died in the two outbreaks. The disease, poorly understood at

1462-427: Is credited with having done "more for the army than any one man has done for it in the whole of its history". Prince Frederick Augustus belonged to the House of Hanover . He was born on 16 August 1763, at St. James's Palace , London . His father was the reigning British monarch, King George III . His mother was Queen Charlotte (née Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz). On 27 February 1764, when Prince Frederick

1548-510: Is the result of land fill. The Toronto Islands were still connected to the mainland. It was wooded, with marshes in what is now Ashbridge's Bay and the then natural mouth of the Don ( Keating Channel did not exist yet). Other than Lake Ontario, other waterways into old town included the Don and several other small creeks, such as Garrison Creek , Russell Creek and Taddle Creek . Between 1710 and 1750, French traders established two trading posts on

1634-698: The Progressive Conservative government was able to move forward with the merger despite the referendum, which they did. The act took effect on January 1, 1998. On December 14, 2005, the first reading of Bill 53 was given in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Also known as the Stronger City of Toronto for a Stronger Ontario Act, 2006 , it enacted the new City of Toronto Act, 2006 , as well as amended and repealed various public acts related to Toronto, and repealed various private acts also related to

1720-528: The University of Göttingen . He was appointed colonel of the 2nd Horse Grenadier Guards (now 2nd Life Guards ) on 26 March 1782 before being promoted to major-general on 20 November 1782. Promoted to lieutenant general on 27 October 1784, he was appointed colonel of the Coldstream Guards on 28 October 1784. He was created Duke of York and Albany and Earl of Ulster on 27 November 1784 and became

1806-511: The Wyandot (Huron) tribes that had occupied the region for centuries before c.  1600 . By 1701, the Iroquoian villages that had been established along the north shore of Lake Ontario during the sixteenth century had been abandoned. The Algonkian Mississaugas then moved into the York region, created alliances with the former Iroquoian residents, and established their own settlements; one near

SECTION 20

#1732847506058

1892-629: The 1794 campaign he gained a notable success at the Battle of Beaumont in April and another at the Battle of Willems in May but was defeated at the Battle of Tourcoing later that month. The British army was evacuated through Bremen in April 1795. After his return to Britain, his father George III promoted him to the rank of field marshal on 18 February 1795. On 3 April 1795, George appointed him effective Commander-in-Chief in succession to Lord Amherst although

1978-688: The Boulton family, builders of the Grange . Reform activity emerged in the 1830s when those suffering the abuses of the Family Compact began to emulate the organizational forms of the British Reform Movement, and organized Political Unions under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie . The British Political Unions had successfully petitioned for the Great Reform Act of 1832 that eliminated much of

2064-531: The Compact was York. Its most important member was the Rev. John Strachan ; many of the other members were his former students, or people who were related to him. Another prominent member of the Compact was Sir John Beverley Robinson who was the Chief Justice of Upper Canada for 34 years from 1829. The rest of the members were mostly descendants of United Empire Loyalists or recent upper-class British settlers such as

2150-527: The Court House at noon, when Sheriff William Botsford Jarvis granted the chair of the meeting to Dr. Dunlop, of the Canada Company , rather than Reform MPP Jesse Ketchum , the reformers' choice, despite a reform majority. The tories then made short order of the meeting, passing a resolution in favour of the colonial administration, and adjourning. Mackenzie's supporters had, in the meanwhile, reassembled to

2236-423: The Don. A path led from Angell's Bridge south to the peninsula and the lighthouse. The chief business part of the town was King and Front streets, the western limit being Yonge street, and the eastern limit the Don bridge. There were, however, many private residences west of York on Yonge, Front and Lot Streets, and as far west as the garrison. In comparison, the original town site itself was not fully developed by

2322-508: The Flanders campaign, had demonstrated the numerous weaknesses of the British army after years of neglect. Frederick as Commander-in-Chief of the British army carried through a massive programme of reform. He was the person most responsible for the reforms that created the force which served in the Peninsular War . He was also in charge of the preparations against Napoleon's planned invasion of

2408-585: The Humber River, Magasin Royale , and Fort Toronto. The success of Fort Toronto led the French to build Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750. It only lasted until 1759, abandoned after the fall of Fort Niagara , when the French retreated to Montreal. The British arrived the next year with an army to secure the location. The British claimed all of New France after the 1763 Treaty of Paris , and extended

2494-546: The Macaulay family estate between Yonge St and Osgoode Hall (now Toronto City Hall), which became a working-class neighbourhood known as Macaulaytown. The original townsite area is today known as the " Old Town ". On June 1, 1807, on the south east corner of King and George, a priest named Dr. G. Okill Stuart opened the Home District School, the first public school in York. The school taught both boys and girls and ran out of

2580-537: The Province of Quebec to present-day Ontario. After the American Revolutionary War , the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists arrived in numbers north of Lake Ontario, as the British offered free land to many. As plans were being made to create the new province of Upper Canada, British North America Governor-General Lord Dorchester selected the area north of Toronto Bay for

2666-528: The Toronto Purchase site in May 1793. Impressed by the site and harbour, he moved the capital to Toronto, on a "temporary" basis, while he worked on plans to build a capital in the vicinity of London, Ontario . Simcoe renamed the townsite York, rejecting the aboriginal name. The name of York was chosen to please King George, as a compliment to the Duke of York, his son. Simcoe founded York on August 27, 1793. Simcoe and his family took residence in July 1793. They found

City of Toronto Act - Misplaced Pages Continue

2752-646: The United Kingdom and Hanover , and his consort Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . A soldier by profession, from 1764 to 1803 he was Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück in the Holy Roman Empire . From the death of his father in 1820 until his own death in 1827, he was the heir presumptive to his elder brother, George IV , in both the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Hanover . Frederick

2838-471: The United Kingdom in 1803. In the opinion of Sir John Fortescue , Frederick did "more for the army than any one man has done for it in the whole of its history". In 1801 Frederick actively supported the foundation of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst , which promoted the professional, merit-based training of future commissioned officers. In 1801 touched by the plight of children orphaned as

2924-474: The allied expedition withdrew after giving up its prisoners. 1799 also saw Fort Frederick in South Africa named after him. Frederick's military setbacks of 1799 were inevitable given his lack of experience as a field commander, the poor state of the British army at the time, and the conflicting military objectives of the protagonists. After this ineffectual campaign, Frederick was mocked, perhaps unfairly, in

3010-696: The amalgamation of the Metro Toronto government and the governments of the municipalities within. In 1997, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario enacted a law to amalgamate the Metro Toronto government and the six municipalities within the Metro Toronto boundaries into an enlarged City of Toronto. A referendum in the six constituent municipalities showed residents opposed the merger by a ratio of more than three to one. However, municipal governments in Canada are subject to their respective provincial governments; thus,

3096-425: The bay to the burning building passed the buckets. In 1826, the first fire company was inaugurated and a fire hall was built on Church Street. Soldiers at nearby Fort York also assisted in fire fighting when needed. There was no official police force. Able-bodied male citizens were required to report for night duty as special constables for a fixed number of nights a year under the penalty of fine or imprisonment in

3182-524: The campus of King's College, today's University of Toronto , at the north end of the roads. Rougher conditions existed in several area. "Macaulaytown", (named after the Queen's Ranger who had been given the park lot) basically a shanty town, and the site of many poor immigrants, was north of Lot and west of Yonge. Squatters lived a meager existence along the Don River and the lakefront. Conditions were poor on both sides of Church Street in back lanes. The worst

3268-661: The city in 1836; and William O'Grady , publisher of the reform newspaper, The Correspondent. In 1826, in the "Types Riot", the printing press of William Lyon Mackenzie was destroyed by the young lawyers of the Juvenile Advocate's Society with the complicity of the Attorney General, the Solicitor General and the magistrates of Toronto. Mackenzie had published a series of satires under the pseudonym of "Patrick Swift, nephew of Jonathan Swift " in an attempt to humiliate

3354-844: The city was incorporated into Hanover in 1803 during the German mediatisation . He was invested as Knight of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath on 30 December 1767 and as a Knight of the Order of the Garter on 19 June 1771. George III decided that his second son would pursue an army career and had him gazetted colonel on 4 November 1780. From 1781 to 1787, Prince Frederick lived in Hanover, where he studied (along with his younger brothers, Prince Edward , Prince Ernest , Prince Augustus and Prince Adolphus ) at

3440-583: The city. The bill received its second reading on April 10, 2006, and was referred to the Standing Committee on General Government, which returned it to the legislature on May 30, 2006. On June 12, 2006, the bill received its third reading and royal assent after a 58–20 vote. This law permitted the Toronto government to enter into agreements with other governments and increased the scope for the city government to raise revenue. Tax powers in Canada are defined by

3526-426: The constitution and restrict certain powers of direct taxation only to the federal government. York, Upper Canada York was a town and the second capital of the colony of Upper Canada . It is the predecessor to the old city of Toronto (1834–1998) . It was established in 1793 by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe as a "temporary" location for the capital of Upper Canada, while he made plans to build

City of Toronto Act - Misplaced Pages Continue

3612-474: The convention and "he addressed the meeting with great force and effect". The convention nominated four Reform candidates, all of whom were ultimately successful in the election. The convention stopped short, however, of establishing a political party. Instead, they formed yet another Political Union. In 1833, several prominent reformers had petitioned the House to have the town incorporated, which would also have made

3698-501: The council. The first chairman was Fred Gardiner , appointed by the Ontario provincial government. Subsequent chairmen were selected by the council itself and later directly elected. On January 1, 1967, seven of the thirteen municipalities were absorbed into the remaining six federation members: Toronto, Etobicoke, North York, East York, York, and Scarborough. The Metropolitan Toronto Act was revised in 1990 and finally repealed in 1997 with

3784-818: The creation of Metropolitan Toronto in 1954. An Act to provide for the Federation of the Municipalities in the Toronto Metropolitan Area for Certain Financial and Other Purposes was a provincial act passed on April 2, 1953, to coordinate the services in the various municipalities of southern York County. The southern municipalities – East York , Etobicoke , Forest Hill , Leaside , Long Branch , Mimico , New Toronto , North York , Scarborough , Swansea , Toronto, Weston , and York  – were separated from York County and organized under

3870-407: The fair daughters of York formed marriages with these gallant fellows." The town saw a wave of English immigrants in the later 1820s. In 1826, the population was 1,700, in 1830, 2,860 and in 1834, 9,254. Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (Frederick Augustus; 16 August 1763 – 5 January 1827) was the second son of George III , King of

3956-617: The former Seneca village of Teiaiagon on the Humber River. The name Toronto is derived from indigenous sources. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail , led to widespread use of the name. The word "toronto", meaning "plenty" appears in a French lexicon of the Huron language in 1632, and it appeared on French maps referring to various locations, including Georgian Bay, Lake Simcoe, and several rivers. In Mohawk,

4042-467: The location to be an isolated wilderness, with dense forest right to the shore. A few families of Mississaugas were the only residents and "immense coveys of fowl." They lived in a tent that once belonged to Captain James Cook the explorer, at the foot of today's Bathurst Street. It would be the temporary capital until 1796, when Simcoe abandoned his plans to make London the capital. The first parliament in

4128-552: The members of the Family Compact running for the board of the Bank of Upper Canada , and Henry John Boulton the Solicitor General, in particular. Mackenzie's articles worked, and they lost control. In revenge they sacked Mackenzie's press, throwing the type into the lake. The 'juvenile advocates' were the students of the Attorney General and the Solicitor General, and the act was performed in broad daylight in front of William Allan , bank president and magistrate. They were never charged, and it

4214-599: The most signal and unequivocal defeat of the Yankee Republican party. The British constitutionalists carried every thing before them, and Mackenzie and his abettors are put down now and for ever. Buoyed by large public displays of support following his re-election in January 1832, Mackenzie called for a public meeting in York on March 23, in the face of an increasingly well organized opposition, and threats of violence. Both supporters and opponents of Mackenzie gathered in front of

4300-559: The mouth of the Don River and a garrison was built at the channel to Toronto Harbour . Government buildings and a law court were established. Yonge Street was built, connecting York to the Holland River to the north. To the east, Kingston Road was built to the mouth of the Trent River . In 1797, the town site was expanded to the west to allow for public buildings and expansion. One of

4386-458: The new area's public functions, a public market, was started in 1803. It continues today as St. Lawrence Market . The settlement was attacked by American troops during the War of 1812. As the British garrison retreated, they detonated their powder magazine, inflicting numerous casualties on the invading U.S. forces, who proceeded to loot and destroy the town. The victorious Americans chose not to occupy

SECTION 50

#1732847506058

4472-486: The new capital convened in June 1797, after Simcoe had returned to England and Peter Russell was named administrator of Upper Canada. The townsite was first surveyed in 1788, but Simcoe developed a new town plan. The Town of York was laid out in ten original blocks between today's Adelaide and Front streets (the latter following the shoreline) with the first church ( St James Anglican ), Town Hall and Wharf (named St Lawrence after

4558-582: The night. Mackenzie returned to Toronto from his London journey in the last week of August 1833, to find his appeals to the British Parliament had been ultimately ineffective. At an emergency meeting of Reformers, David Willson , leader of the Children of Peace , proposed extending the nomination process for members of the House of Assembly they had begun in their village of Hope north of Toronto to all four Ridings of York (now York Region), and to establish

4644-470: The order of the province. The town grid was extended west and plots of land near New (Jarvis) and Church streets were set aside for public buildings. St. Lawrence Market, St. James' Cathedral and the Courthouse and Jail on King would be built on the public reserves. The Town was also extended in the east along King Street (then a part of Kingston Road) to the Don River . There, Angell's Bridge stretched across

4730-694: The political corruption in the English Parliamentary system. Prominent politicians in reform city politics included James Lesslie , a bookseller and founder of the Mechanics Institute, Bank of the People and House of Refuge & Industry; Jesse Ketchum , the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the city; Dr Thomas David Morrison , founder of the Upper Canada Political Union, and mayor of

4816-418: The position of magistrate elective. The Tory-controlled House of Assembly struggled to find a means of creating a legitimate electoral system that might, nonetheless, minimize the chances of reformers being elected. The bill passed on March 6, 1834, and proposed two different property qualifications for voting. There was a higher qualification for the election of aldermen (who would also serve as magistrates), and

4902-413: The rest. Only 230 of the city's 2,929 adult men met this stringent property qualification. However, the Family Compact - and their member for Parliament Sheriff William B. Jarvis in particular - alienated a large part of the city's construction tradesmen in late 1833. Left without pay, they held Toronto's first strike . Jarvis had them arrested, and obstructed legislation that would protect their pay. As

4988-415: The result of a scandal caused by the activities of his latest mistress, Mary Anne Clarke . Clarke was accused of illicitly selling army commissions under Frederick's aegis. A select committee of the House of Commons enquired into the matter. Parliament eventually acquitted Frederick of receiving bribes by 278 votes to 196. He nevertheless resigned because of the high tally against him. Two years later, it

5074-429: The rhyme " The Grand Old Duke of York ": The grand old Duke of York, He had ten thousand men. He marched them up to the top of the hill And he marched them down again. And when they were up, they were up. And when they were down, they were down. And when they were only halfway up, They were neither up nor down. Frederick's experience in the Dutch campaign made a strong impression on him. That campaign, and

5160-461: The river) on the west and the first parliament buildings, blockhouse and windmill on the east. Taddle Creek lay on the eastern boundary, the Don River and its wetland further to the east. Two main roads were laid out: Lot Street (today's Queen Street) and Yonge Street, which was built as far north as the Holland River. In 1797, a garrison was built east of modern-day Bathurst Street , on the east bank of Garrison Creek. In August 1796, Charles McCuen,

5246-408: The slum, its north end on King closed off first, and the area redeveloped around the new Colborne Street. March Street (Lombard today) was also noted as being rough and having a red-light district . As the town grew, fire prevention became more important. Starting in 1820, homes were required to have two leather buckets on the front of their houses. If a fire alarm was raised, a line of citizens from

SECTION 60

#1732847506058

5332-617: The soundness of the criminal administration of justice in Upper Canada. And lastly, he sees in the Types riot "the seed of the Rebellion" in a deeper sense than those earlier writers who viewed it simply as the start of a highly personal feud between Mackenzie and the Family Compact. Romney emphasizes that Mackenzie's personal harassment, the "outrage", served as a lightning rod of discontent because so many Upper Canadians had faced similar endemic abuses and hence identified their political fortunes with his. See also: Mackenzie' own account The great meeting took place yesterday, and has resulted in

5418-449: The throne, with a serious chance of inheriting it. In 1820, he became heir presumptive with the death of his father, George III. Frederick died of dropsy and apparent cardiovascular disease at the home of the Duke of Rutland on Arlington Street, London, in 1827. After lying in state at the Chapel Royal in London, Frederick's remains were interred in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle , following his funeral there. The chapel

5504-426: The time and caused by contaminated food or water, was acutely infectious. The number of patients overwhelmed the hospital and special sheds had to be built adjacent to house the patients. Upper Canada was established with a bicameral legislature. The upper chamber, the Executive Council of Upper Canada was appointed by, and served the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada . The lower chamber or Legislative Assembly ,

5590-465: The time of incorporation. The Parliament buildings, destroyed in 1813 by war and later by fire, were moved to the west, helping to draw persons to the west. The town became fully developed as far west as York Street, with some built-up areas west to Peter. North of Lot Street, Spadina Avenue was already laid out to the north, and the two north–south roadways that would become University Avenue. 150 acres (61 ha) of land had been purchased in 1825 to be

5676-471: The title was not confirmed until three years later. He was also colonel of the 60th Regiment of Foot from 19 August 1797. On appointment as Commander-in-Chief he immediately declared, reflecting on the Flanders Campaign of 1793–94, "that no officer should ever be subject to the same disadvantages under which he had laboured". His second field command was with the army sent for the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in August 1799. On 7 September 1799, he

5762-399: The town and the British eventually returned without conflict. A reprisal attack was made on the American capital of Washington, D.C. a year later. After the war was over, the town continued to grow, expanding to the west, leaving the original town site, a less desirable location, somewhat undeveloped. A new parliament building was erected, near the original location, but this burned down and

5848-406: The town before withdrawing. Although the Americans won a clear victory, it did not have decisive strategic results as York was a less important objective in military terms than Kingston , where the British armed vessels on Lake Ontario were based. The Town of York did not fill the small original blocks, instead development spread to the west; the area west to Peter Street had been annexed in 1797 on

5934-540: The towns of York and Albany were named after Prince Frederick. Albany was originally named "Frederick Town". The towering Duke of York Column on Waterloo Place, just off The Mall , London was completed in 1834 as a memorial to Prince Frederick. The 72nd Regiment of Foot was given the title Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders in 1823 and, in 1881, became 1st Battalion Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, The Duke of Albany's) . The first British fortification in southern Africa, Fort Frederick, Port Elizabeth ,

6020-439: The west end to cheer Lieut. Governor Colborne, before returning to the Market Square. As they re-passed the Court House, they were joined by a group carrying an effigy of Mackenzie, who made their way to the Advocate office on Church St., which they began to pelt with stones. After burning the effigy of Mackenzie, a general skirmish ensued when the terrified printers fired a warning shot over the mob's heads. A riot ensued that lasted

6106-401: The west in front of the jail, where they set about passing their own resolutions. Ketchum, Mackenzie, Morrison and others stood in a wagon to address the crowd, when twenty members of the Orange Order grabbed the wagon sending them flying. In an attempt to defuse the growing tension, Sheriff Jarvis assembled the government supporters into a parade of 1,200, which marched off to government house in

6192-410: The word tkaronto , meant "place where trees stand in the water". It refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe , where the Huron and preceding inhabitants had planted tree saplings to corral fish. The shoreline was likely sandy and parts sloping down to Lake Ontario (see Geography of Toronto ). The original shoreline followed what is now Front Street . Everything now south of Front Street

6278-566: Was elected from the various districts. York was situated in Home District and Home District Council was responsible for municipal matters for York. The Family Compact was a small closed group of men who exercised most of the political, economic and judicial power in Upper Canada from the 1810s to the 1840s. Several were members of the Executive Council. It was noted for its conservatism and opposition to democracy. Upper Canada did not have

6364-528: Was given the honorary title of Captain-General . Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell, in charge of the vanguard, had succeeded in capturing some Dutch warships in Den Helder . However, following the Duke's arrival with the main body of the army, a number of disasters befell the allied forces, including shortage of supplies. On 17 October 1799, the Duke signed the Convention of Alkmaar , by which

6450-634: Was governed by the province of Upper Canada, with a mix of elected officials and an aristocracy known as the Family Compact controlling the government. By 1830, this led to an ongoing political conflict, which would later lead to the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion . When Europeans first arrived at the site of York, the vicinity was inhabited by the Iroquoian Seneca tribe (from the Five Nations Iroquois of New York State), who by then had displaced

6536-468: Was held in the old Court House on February 27, 1834, with delegates from all four of the York ridings. The week before, Mackenzie published Willson's call for a "standing convention" (political party). The day of the convention, the Children of Peace led a "Grand Procession" with their choir and band (the first civilian band in the province) to the Old Court House. David Willson was the main speaker before

6622-469: Was left to Mackenzie to launch a civil lawsuit instead. There are three implications of the Types riot according to historian Paul Romney. First, he argues the riot illustrates how the elite's self-justifications regularly skirted the rule of law they held out as their Loyalist mission. Second, he demonstrated that the significant damages Mackenzie received in his civil lawsuit against the vandals did not reflect

6708-575: Was not a happy one and the couple soon separated. Frederica retired to Oatlands, where she lived until her death in 1820. His honours were as follows: Fredericton , the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick , was named after Prince Frederick. The city was originally named "Frederick's Town". Also in Canada , Duke of York Bay was named in his honour, since it was discovered on his birthday, 16 August. In Western Australia , York County and

6794-565: Was promoted to full general. That year, he was sent to Flanders in command of the British contingent of Coburg 's army destined for the invasion of France . Frederick and his command fought in the Flanders campaign under extremely trying conditions. He won several notable engagements, such as the Siege of Valenciennes in July 1793, but was defeated at the Battle of Hondschoote in September 1793. In

6880-467: Was reputed to be Henrietta Lane, off King, west of Church, south to Market (Wellington today), which in 1832 was a center of a cholera epidemic. Pearson recalls the muddy and filthy lane as being the site of a few shanties inhabited by widows, who kept cows. The cows would be led to the garrison common each day to graze. Two stables were also nearby, making the neighbourhood "odiferous" in his opinion. The area around Henrietta would eventually be cleared of

6966-506: Was revealed that Clarke had received payment for furniture from Frederick's disgraced chief accuser, Gwyllym Wardle , and the Prince Regent reappointed the exonerated Frederick as Commander-in-Chief on 29 May 1811. The Duke's relationship with Mary Anne Clarke is used by Mary Anne's descendant, Daphne du Maurier , in her historical novel Mary Anne . Frederick maintained a country residence at Oatlands near Weybridge , Surrey but he

7052-454: Was seldom there, preferring to immerse himself in his administrative work at Horse Guards (the British army's headquarters) and, after hours, in London's high life, with its gaming tables: Frederick was perpetually in debt because of his excessive gambling on cards and racehorses. Following the unexpected death of his niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales , in 1817, Frederick became second in line to

7138-462: Was six months old, he became Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück upon the death of Clemens August of Bavaria . The Peace of Westphalia stipulated that the city of Osnabrück would alternate between Catholic and Protestant rulers, with the Protestant bishops to be elected from the cadets of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg . The bishopric of Osnabrück came with a substantial income, which he retained until

7224-650: Was so cold during the funeral, held at night, that the Foreign Secretary, George Canning , contracted rheumatic fever , becoming so ill that he thought he might not recover; Canning died on 8 August the same year. Frederick married his third cousin Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia , the daughter of King Frederick William II of Prussia and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg , at Charlottenburg, Berlin, on 29 September 1791 and again on 23 November 1791 at Buckingham Palace . The marriage

7310-793: Was thrust into the British Army at a very early age and was appointed to high command at the age of thirty, when he was given command of a notoriously ineffectual campaign during the War of the First Coalition , a continental war following the French Revolution . Later, as Commander-in-Chief during the Napoleonic Wars , he oversaw the reorganisation of the British Army, establishing vital structural, administrative and recruiting reforms for which he

7396-687: Was ultimately acquitted due to lack of evidence. An uprising was averted through the efforts of Joseph Brant , a First Nations interpreter, guide and diplomat. All land south of Lot Street was reserved for expansion of the Town or Fort by the government as 'the Commons'. North of Lot Street was the "Liberties", the eventual rural Township of York. It was divided into large 'park lots' where the city's moneyed elite built their estates, such as 'the Grange' and 'Moss park.' With time, some of these estate lots were subdivided, like

#57942