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49-402: Metropolitan State Hospital is the name of Metropolitan State Hospital (California) Metropolitan State Hospital (Massachusetts) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Metropolitan State Hospital . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

98-445: A Freedom of Information Act request fulfilled that confirmed that the use of psychoactive drugs during interrogation was a long-standing practice. Captives and former captives had been reporting medical staff collaborating with interrogators to drug captives with powerful psychoactive drugs prior to interrogation since the very first captives release. In May 2003 recently released Pakistani captive Sha Mohammed Alikhel described

147-554: A category of psychoactive drugs (substances) that are designed to mimic the effects of often illegal drugs, usually in efforts to circumvent existing drug laws. Psychoactive drugs are divided according to their pharmacological effects. Common subtypes include: The ways in which psychoactive substances are used vary widely between cultures. Some substances may have controlled or illegal uses, others may have shamanic purposes, and others are used medicinally. Examples would be social drinking, nootropic supplements, and sleep aids. Caffeine

196-702: A combination of psychotherapy , support groups, and other psychoactive substances. Conversely, certain psychoactive drugs may be so unpleasant that the person will never use the substance again. This is especially true of certain deliriants (e.g. Jimson weed ), powerful dissociatives (e.g. Salvia divinorum ), and classic psychedelics (e.g. LSD , psilocybin ), in the form of a " bad trip ". Psychoactive drug misuse, dependence, and addiction have resulted in legal measures and moral debate. Governmental controls on manufacture, supply, and prescription attempt to reduce problematic medical drug use; worldwide efforts to combat trafficking in psychoactive drugs are commonly termed

245-654: A drug overdose was the most common suicide method in females. In 2019 in males the percentage is 16%. Self-poisoning accounts for the highest number of non-fatal suicide attempts. In the United States about 60% of suicide attempts and 14% of suicide deaths involve drug overdoses. The risk of death in suicide attempts involving overdose is about 2%. Most people are under the influence of sedative-hypnotic drugs (such as alcohol or benzodiazepines) when they die by suicide, with alcoholism present in between 15% and 61% of cases. Countries that have higher rates of alcohol use and

294-465: A greater density of bars generally also have higher rates of suicide. About 2.2–3.4% of those who have been treated for alcoholism at some point in their life die by suicide. Alcoholics who attempt suicide are usually male, older, and have tried to take their own lives in the past. In adolescents who misuse alcohol, neurological and psychological dysfunctions may contribute to the increased risk of suicide. Overdose attempts using painkillers are among

343-443: A higher form of reality. It is, however, necessary to understand precisely what is meant by the use of drugs. We do not mean the purely physical craving ... That of which we speak is something much higher, namely the knowledge of the possibility of the soul to enter into a lighter being, and to catch a glimpse of deeper insights and more magnificent visions of the beauty, truth, and the divine than we are normally able to spy through

392-693: A means of decompression from combat to everyday life. However, this reliance on alcohol can have negative consequences for physical and mental health. The first documented case of a soldier overdosing on methamphetamine during combat, was the Finnish corporal Aimo Koivunen , a soldier who fought in the Winter War and the Continuation War . Psychoactive drugs have been used in military applications as non-lethal weapons . Psychoactive drugs are often prescribed to manage pain . The subjective experience of pain

441-719: A primary goal of reducing the adverse health effects of drug use. Psychoactive and psychotropic are often used interchangeably in general and academic sources, to describe substances that act on the brain to alter cognition and perception; some sources make a distinction between the terms. One narrower definition of psychotropic refers to drugs used to treat mental disorders, such as anxiolytic sedatives, antidepressants, antimanic agents, and neuroleptics. Another usage of psychotropic refers to substances determined to pose "high abuse liability", including stimulants, hallucinogens, opioids, and sedatives/hypnotics including alcohol. In international drug control, psychotropic substances refers to

490-470: A study by a group of Los Angeles County Psychiatrists who had projected a need for a Los Angeles area hospital, Governor Hiram Johnson signed Senate Bill No. 739 on June 7, 1913 appropriating authority and funds to create a second state hospital in Southern California for the reception and treatment of California's increasing population of persons with psychiatric disabilities. Three potential sites for

539-1162: Is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception , mood , consciousness , cognition , or behavior . The term psychotropic drug is often used interchangeably, while some sources present narrower definitions . These substances may be used medically; recreationally ; to purposefully improve performance or alter consciousness ; as entheogens for ritual, spiritual, or shamanic purposes; or for research, including psychedelic therapy . Physicians and other healthcare practitioners prescribe psychoactive drugs from several categories for therapeutic purposes. These include anesthetics , analgesics , anticonvulsant and antiparkinsonian drugs as well as medications used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders , such as antidepressants , anxiolytics , antipsychotics , and stimulants . Some psychoactive substances may be used in detoxification and rehabilitation programs for persons dependent on or addicted to other psychoactive drugs. Psychoactive substances often bring about subjective changes in consciousness and mood (although these may be objectively observed) that

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588-620: Is a human behavior in which an individual uses a substance or any exogenous influence to self-administer treatment for physical or psychological conditions, for example headaches or fatigue . The substances most widely used in self-medication are over-the-counter drugs and dietary supplements, which are used to treat common health issues at home. These do not require a doctor's prescription to obtain and, in some countries, are available in supermarkets and convenience stores. Sex and drugs date back to ancient humans and have been interlocked throughout human history. Both legal and illegal,

637-1119: Is a GABA agonist, and ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist . Performance-enhancing substances , also known as performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), are substances that are used to improve any form of activity performance in humans. A well-known example of cheating in sports involves doping in sport , where banned physical performance-enhancing drugs are used by athletes and bodybuilders . Athletic performance-enhancing substances are sometimes referred as ergogenic aids. Cognitive performance-enhancing drugs, commonly called nootropics , are sometimes used by students to improve academic performance. Performance-enhancing substances are also used by military personnel to enhance combat performance. Many psychoactive substances are used for their mood and perception altering effects, including those with accepted uses in medicine and psychiatry. Examples of psychoactive substances include caffeine , alcohol , cocaine , LSD , nicotine , cannabis , and dextromethorphan . Classes of drugs frequently used recreationally include: In some modern and ancient cultures, drug usage

686-443: Is a less harmful, more ethical and a more effective public policy." In some countries, there has been a move toward harm reduction , where the use of illicit drugs is neither condoned nor promoted, but services and support are provided to ensure users have adequate factual information readily available, and that the negative effects of their use be minimized. Such is the case with Portugal's drug policy of decriminalization , with

735-465: Is a time to consume cannabis. Operation Overgrow is the name, given by cannabis activists, of an "operation" to spread marijuana seeds wildly "so it grows like weed". The thought behind the operation is to draw attention to the debate about legalization/decriminalization of marijuana. A drug overdose involves taking a dose of a drug that exceeds safe levels. In the UK (England and Wales) until 2013,

784-481: Is a useful model in dealing with the effects of psychoactive substances, especially in a controlled therapeutic setting as well as in recreational use. Dr. Timothy Leary , based on his own experiences and systematic observations on psychedelics, developed this theory along with his colleagues Ralph Metzner , and Richard Alpert ( Ram Dass ) in the 1960s. The first factor, dosage, has been a truism since ancient times, or at least since Paracelsus who said, "Dose makes

833-480: Is a violation of personal autonomy and freedom . In the United States, critics have noted that prohibition or regulation of recreational and spiritual drug use might be unconstitutional , and causing more harm than is prevented. Some people who take psychoactive drugs experience drug or substance induced psychosis. A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis by Murrie et al. found that the pooled proportion of transition from substance-induced psychosis to schizophrenia

882-838: Is accredited by the Joint Commission (formerly the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) and certified by the Healthcare Finance Administration. Accreditation is a voluntary process. Medical and psychiatric facilities across the country must request to be surveyed with results evaluated against nationally recognized standards of care. 33°55′40″N 118°04′21″W  /  33.9277°N 118.0725°W  / 33.9277; -118.0725 Psychoactive drug A psychoactive drug , mind-altering drug , or consciousness-altering drug

931-475: Is evidence of the chewing of coca leaves, for example, in Peruvian society 8,000 years ago. Psychoactive substances have been used medicinally and to alter consciousness. Consciousness altering may be a primary drive, akin to the need to satiate thirst, hunger, or sexual desire. This may be manifest in the long history of drug use, and even in children's desire for spinning, swinging, or sliding, suggesting that

980-561: Is not legally available outside clinical trials, with some exceptions. The aims and methods of psychonautics, when state-altering substances are involved, is commonly distinguished from recreational drug use by research sources. Psychonautics as a means of exploration need not involve drugs, and may take place in a religious context with an established history. Cohen considers psychonautics closer in association to wisdom traditions and other transpersonal and integral movements. Self-medication , sometime called do-it-yourself (DIY) medicine,

1029-472: Is operated by the California Department of State Hospitals. Currently it admits four different types of categories for patient intake. The four categories being; incompetent to stand trial (PC 1370), offender with a mental health disorder (PCS 2962/2972), not guilty by reason of insanity (PC 1026), and conservatorship Lanterman-Petris-Short (LPS) Act. The hospital is unique among state facilities serving

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1078-451: Is primarily regulated by endogenous opioid peptides . Thus, pain can often be managed using psychoactives that operate on this neurotransmitter system, also known as opioid receptor agonists . This class of drugs can be highly addictive, and includes opiate narcotics , like morphine and codeine . NSAIDs , such as aspirin and ibuprofen , are also analgesics. These agents also reduce eicosanoid -mediated inflammation by inhibiting

1127-680: Is protected only for members of the Native American Church , which is allowed to cultivate and distribute peyote . However, the genuine religious use of peyote, regardless of one's personal ancestry, is protected in Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Oregon. Psychedelic therapy (or psychedelic-assisted therapy ) refers to the proposed use of psychedelic drugs , such as psilocybin , MDMA , LSD , and ayahuasca , to treat mental disorders . As of 2021, psychedelic drugs are controlled substances in most countries and psychedelic therapy

1176-414: Is seen as a status symbol. Recreational drugs are seen as status symbols in settings such as at nightclubs and parties. For example, in ancient Egypt , gods were commonly pictured holding hallucinogenic plants. Because there is controversy about regulation of recreational drugs, there is an ongoing debate about drug prohibition . Critics of prohibition believe that regulation of recreational drug use

1225-597: Is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance, and is legal and unregulated in nearly all jurisdictions; in North America, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily. Psychiatric medications are psychoactive drugs prescribed for the management of mental and emotional disorders , or to aid in overcoming challenging behavior . There are six major classes of psychiatric medications: In addition, several psychoactive substances are currently employed to treat various addictions. These include acamprosate or naltrexone in

1274-508: The " war on drugs ". Ethical concerns have also been raised about the overuse of these drugs clinically and about their marketing by manufacturers. Popular campaigns to decriminalize or legalize the recreational use of certain drugs (e.g., cannabis ) are also ongoing. Psychoactive drug use can be traced to prehistory . Archaeological evidence of the use of psychoactive substances, mostly plants, dates back at least 10,000 years; historical evidence indicates cultural use 5,000 years ago. There

1323-511: The US, NORML ( National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws ) has led since the 1970s a movement to legalize cannabis nationally. The so-called " 420 movement " is the global association of the number 420 with cannabis consumption: April 20th – fourth month, twentieth day – has become an international counterculture holiday based on the celebration and consumption of cannabis; 4:20 pm on any day

1372-486: The United States , where early in the century alcohol was made illegal for 13 years. In recent decades, an emerging perspective among governments and law enforcement holds that illicit drug use cannot be stopped through prohibition. One organization holding that view, Law Enforcement Against Prohibition (LEAP), concluded that "[in] fighting a war on drugs the government has increased the problems of society and made them far worse. A system of regulation rather than prohibition

1421-410: The consumption of drugs and their effects on the human body encompasses all aspects of sex, including desire , performance , pleasure , conception , gestation , and disease . There are many different types of drugs that are commonly associated with their effects on sex, including alcohol , cannabis , cocaine , MDMA , GHB , amphetamines , opioids , antidepressants , and many others. In

1470-550: The cracks in our prison cell. But there are not many drugs which have the power of stilling such craving. The entire catalog, at least to the extent that research has thus far written it, may include only opium, hashish, and in rarer cases alcohol , which has enlightening effects only upon very particular characters. During the 20th century, the majority of countries initially responded to the use of recreational drugs by prohibiting production, distribution, or use through criminalization. A notable example occurred with Prohibition in

1519-407: The drive to alter one's state of mind is universal. In The Hasheesh Eater (1857), American author Fitz Hugh Ludlow was one of the first to describe in modern terms the desire to change one's consciousness through drug use: [D]rugs are able to bring humans into the neighborhood of divine experience and can thus carry us up from our personal fate and the everyday circumstances of our life into

Metropolitan State Hospital - Misplaced Pages Continue

1568-464: The enzyme cyclooxygenase . General anesthetics are a class of psychoactive drug used on people to block physical pain and other sensations. Most anesthetics induce unconsciousness , allowing the person to undergo medical procedures like surgery , without the feelings of physical pain or emotional trauma . To induce unconsciousness, anesthetics affect the GABA and NMDA systems. For example, Propofol

1617-508: The hospital was the subject of a black-and-white documentary from film makers Richard Cohen and Kevin Rafferty titled Hurry Tomorrow , which alleged coercive drugging of patients with the sedatives Chlorpromazine and Prolixin . In December, 1976 The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite ran a story about patient deaths at Metropolitan and Camarillo State Hospitals, and the story featured scenes from Hurry Tomorrow. Metropolitan State Hospital

1666-784: The length of properly followed treatment regimens (that is, relapse rate substantially declines over time), and to a much greater degree than placebo. Militaries worldwide have used or are using various psychoactive drugs to treat pain and to improve performance of soldiers by suppressing hunger, increasing the ability to sustain effort without food, increasing and lengthening wakefulness and concentration, suppressing fear , reducing empathy, and improving reflexes and memory-recall among other things. Both military and civilian American intelligence officials are known to have used psychoactive drugs while interrogating captives apprehended in its " war on terror " . In July 2012 Jason Leopold and Jeffrey Kaye , psychologists and human rights workers, had

1715-421: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_State_Hospital&oldid=932991510 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Metropolitan State Hospital (California) The hospital

1764-520: The mental health patients in that it admits a large proportion of acutely ill psychiatric patients resulting in a rapid turnover rate and a shorter length of stay. From the 1980s to 1990's, the facility had an Intensive Treatment and Research Unit, which was a male inpatient facility for chronically ill persons with mental disabilities, and was co-sponsored by Metropolitan State Hospital and the University of California, Irvine School of Medicine . The program

1813-873: The most common, due to their easy availability over-the-counter. Psychoactive drugs are administered via oral ingestion as a tablet, capsule, powder, liquid, and beverage; via injection by subcutaneous , intramuscular , and intravenous route; via rectum by suppository and enema ; and via inhalation by smoking , vaporizing , and snorting. The efficiency of each method of administration varies from drug to drug. The psychiatric drugs fluoxetine , quetiapine , and lorazepam are ingested orally in tablet or capsule form. Alcohol and caffeine are ingested in beverage form; nicotine and cannabis are smoked or vaporized ; peyote and psilocybin mushrooms are ingested in botanical form or dried; and crystalline drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine are usually inhaled or snorted. The theory of dosage, set, and setting

1862-482: The new facility were considered: Beverly Hills , Signal Hill , and Norwalk. The decision to place the hospital in Norwalk was prompted primarily because of its location, with easy access to good roads and railroad service. At its largest, the hospital had a total of 392.30 acres. The hospital was self-sufficient in its early days. A dairy , garden, pigs , and cows produced income and food products that could be used by

1911-408: The poison." Some compounds are beneficial or pleasurable when consumed in small amounts, but harmful, deadly, or evoke discomfort in higher doses. The set is the internal attitudes and constitution of the person, including their expectations, wishes, fears, and sensitivity to the drug. This factor is especially important for the hallucinogens, which have the ability to make conscious experiences out of

1960-415: The present Code of Canon Law (1983) states: §3 The wine must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. Certain psychoactives, particularly hallucinogens, have been used for religious purposes since prehistoric times. Native Americans have used peyote cacti containing mescaline for religious ceremonies for as long as 5700 years. The muscimol -containing Amanita muscaria mushroom

2009-432: The routine use of psychoactive drugs. He said that Jihan Wali , a captive kept in a nearby cell, was rendered catatonic through the use of these drugs. Alcohol has a long association of military use, and has been called " liquid courage " for its role in preparing troops for battle, anaesthetize injured soldiers, and celebrate military victories . It has also served as a coping mechanism for combat stress reactions and

Metropolitan State Hospital - Misplaced Pages Continue

2058-626: The staff and patients. The farm also kept food costs at a minimum, at a time when milk prices alone had increased from 17 cents per gallon in 1916 to 32 cents in 1918 due to the ongoing war. As the area around the hospital became developed after World War II and the city of Norwalk grew around it, many changes have taken place. The biggest change in patient care has come from the development of psychotropic medications, increased therapies and new community standards. The hospital has since consolidated its grounds and facilities of tudor styled dormitories into its present 162 acres (66 ha). In 1975,

2107-508: The study, hospital or community location, urban or rural setting, diagnostic methods, or duration of follow-up. Alcohol and tobacco (nicotine) have been and are used as offerings in various religions and spiritual practices. Coca leaves have been used as offerings in rituals. According to the Catholic Church , the sacramental wine used in the Eucharist must contain alcohol. Canon 924 of

2156-481: The substances specified in the Convention on Psychotropic Substances , which does not include narcotics. The term "drug" has become a skunked term . "Drugs" can have a negative connotation, often associated with illegal substances like cocaine or heroin, despite the fact that the terms "drug" and "medicine" are sometimes used interchangeably. Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) , also known as " designer drugs " are

2205-401: The treatment of alcoholism, or methadone or buprenorphine maintenance therapy in the case of opioid addiction . Exposure to psychoactive drugs can cause changes to the brain that counteract or augment some of their effects; these changes may be beneficial or harmful. However, there is a significant amount of evidence that the relapse rate of mental disorders negatively corresponds with

2254-651: The user may find rewarding and pleasant (e.g., euphoria or a sense of relaxation) or advantageous in an objectively observable or measurable way (e.g. increased alertness), thus the effects are reinforcing to varying degrees. Substances which are rewarding and thus positively reinforcing have the potential to induce a state of addiction  – compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. In addition, sustained use of some substances may produce physical or psychological dependence or both, associated with physical or psychological withdrawal symptoms respectively. Drug rehabilitation attempts to reduce addiction through

2303-578: Was 25% (95% CI 18%–35%), compared with 36% (95% CI 30%–43%) for brief, atypical and not otherwise specified psychoses. Type of substance was the primary predictor of transition from drug-induced psychosis to schizophrenia, with highest rates associated with cannabis (6 studies, 34%, CI 25%–46%), hallucinogens (3 studies, 26%, CI 14%–43%) and amphetamines (5 studies, 22%, CI 14%–34%). Lower rates were reported for opioid (12%), alcohol (10%) and sedative (9%) induced psychoses. Transition rates were slightly lower in older cohorts but were not affected by sex, country of

2352-545: Was a major component of research conducted by the two institutions with the treatment focus directed toward the chronically refractory and treatment-resistant patient. Specific patient programming utilizes individual and group therapy, occupational and rehabilitation therapies and the management of social and financial problems by developing linkages back to the community. Basic treatment services include psychiatry, psychology, social services, rehabilitation therapies, medical, nursing, pharmacy, dietary, etc. In June 1913, based on

2401-470: Was used for ritual purposes throughout prehistoric Europe. The use of entheogens for religious purposes resurfaced in the West during the counterculture movements of the 1960s and 70s. Under the leadership of Timothy Leary , new spiritual and intention-based movements began to use LSD and other hallucinogens as tools to access deeper inner exploration. In the United States, the use of peyote for ritual purposes

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