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80-486: In Hittite , melid or milit means "honey", offering a possible etymology for the name, which was mentioned in the contemporary sources of the time under several variations (e.g., Hittite : Malidiya and possibly also Midduwa ; Akkadian : Meliddu; Urar̩tian : Meliṭeia). Strabo says that the city was known "to the ancients" as Melitene ( Ancient Greek Μελιτηνή ), a name adopted by the Romans following Roman expansion into

160-533: A sister language to Proto-Indo-European , rather than as a daughter language . Their Indo-Hittite hypothesis is that the parent language (Indo-Hittite) lacked the features that are absent in Hittite as well, and that Proto-Indo-European later innovated them. Other linguists, however, prefer the Schwund ("loss") Hypothesis in which Hittite (or Anatolian) came from Proto-Indo-European, with its full range of features, but

240-558: A trolleybus line was under way in 2013, and the line opened in March 2015, operating under the name Trambus. It serves a route that is around 21.5 km (13.4 mi) in length and connects Maşti bus station (Maşti Otogar), in the west, with İnönü University (İnönü Üniversitesi), in the east. Malatya's airport, Erhaç Airport , is 26  km west of the city center. There are daily domestic flights from Istanbul , Ankara and İzmir . Since 2007 there have been international flights during

320-508: A verbal noun , a supine , and a participle . Rose (2006) lists 132 hi verbs and interprets the hi / mi oppositions as vestiges of a system of grammatical voice ("centripetal voice" vs. "centrifugal voice"). The mi -conjugation is similar to the general verbal conjugation paradigm in Sanskrit and can also be compared to the class of mi -verbs in Ancient Greek. The following example uses

400-562: A clear ethnic Turkish majority, and an Armenian population of 3,000, of whom 800 were Catholics . Of the five churches in the city, three belonged to the Armenians. In the spring of 1915, the vast majority of the Armenians of the town were rounded up by Ottoman authorities and deported on death marches as part of the Armenian genocide . According to reports of the governor of the Malatya district, of

480-490: A friend of the future king of Pergamon, Attalus II Philadelphus . In consequence of rejecting, at the wish of the Romans , a marriage with Laodice V , the sister of Demetrius I Soter , the latter made war upon Ariarathes, and brought forward Orophernes of Cappadocia , his brother and one of the supposed sons of the late king, as a claimant of the throne. Ariarathes was deprived of his kingdom, and fled to Rome in around 158 BC. He

560-444: A population of around 300,000 and covers 47 central neighbourhoods, three rural former municipalities and 28 villages. Yeşilyurt contains 36 central neighborhoods, three rural former municipalities and 16 villages, and has a population of around 250,000. The metropolitan municipality was won in 2014 by Ahmet Çakır of the ruling AK Party with 62.9% of the vote; the candidate of the CHP was in

640-652: A result of the Turkey–Syria earthquake . Arslantepe has been inhabited since the development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent , nearly 6,000 years ago. From the Bronze Age , the site became an administrative center of a larger region in the kingdom of Isuwa . The city was heavily fortified. The Hittites conquered the city in the fourteenth century B.C. In the Hittite language , melid or milit means "honey." The name

720-471: A rudimentary noun-class system that was based on an older animate–inanimate opposition. Hittite inflects for nine cases : nominative , vocative , accusative , genitive , dative - locative , ablative , ergative , allative , and instrumental ; two numbers : singular, and plural; and two animacy classes: animate (common), and inanimate (neuter). Adjectives and pronouns agree with nouns for animacy , number , and case . The distinction in animacy

800-409: A second he named "Ḫattuša Hittite" (or Hittite proper). The first is attested in clay tablets from Kaniš/Neša ( Kültepe ), and is dated earlier than the findings from Ḫattuša. Hittite was written in an adapted form of Peripheral Akkadian cuneiform orthography from Northern Syria. The predominantly syllabic nature of the script makes it difficult to ascertain the precise phonetic qualities of some of

880-448: A variety of stuffed specialties, including stuffed mulberry leaves, cabbage, chard, lettuce wraps with olive oil, vine leaves, cherry leaves, bean leaves, grape leaves, beets, onions, and zucchini flowers . The Malatya region is known for its apricot orchards. About 50% of the fresh apricot production and 95% of the dried apricot production in Turkey, the world's leading apricot producer,

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960-427: Is a greek numeral and means 30th year of reign Ariarathes V Eusebes Philopator ( Ancient Greek : Ἀριαράθης Εὐσεβής Φιλοπάτωρ ; reigned 163–130 BC) was a son of the preceding king Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and queen Antiochis . He was distinguished by his contemporaries for the excellence of his character and his cultivation of philosophy and the liberal arts and is considered by some historians to have been

1040-495: Is also evidence for a length distinction. He points out that the word " e-ku-ud-du – [ɛ́kʷːtu]" does not show any voice assimilation. However, if the distinction were one of voice, agreement between the stops should be expected since the velar and the alveolar plosives are known to be adjacent since that word's "u" represents not a vowel but labialization . Hittite preserves some very archaic features lost in other Indo-European languages. For example, Hittite has retained two of

1120-522: Is an extinct Indo-European language that was spoken by the Hittites , a people of Bronze Age Anatolia who created an empire centred on Hattusa , as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia . The language, now long extinct, is attested in cuneiform , in records dating from the 17th ( Anitta text ) to the 13th centuries BC, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an Old Assyrian context from as early as

1200-497: Is at a key junction in Turkey's road and rail network. By rail, it serves as the junction for Aleppo through Syria – Samsun line. The bus terminal is 5 km west of the city center; there are regular intercity services to and from Ankara , Istanbul and Gaziantep . The railway station is 3 km west of the city center, and daily express trains run to Elazığ , Diyarbakır , Istanbul and Ankara. These stations are easily reached by taxis and dolmuş services. Construction of

1280-487: Is in the eastern part of Malatya. There are 162 high schools and some of the well-known, national high school entrance examination-based high schools in Malatya are; Fethi Gemuhluoglu High School of Science , Private Turgut Özal Anatolian High School , Malatya Science High School and Malatya Anatolian High School. By its relative advance in industrial growth , Malatya is a pole of attraction for its surrounding regions, in commercial and inward immigration. The city

1360-451: Is provided by Malatya. Overall, about 10–15% of the worldwide crop of fresh apricots, and about 65–80% of the worldwide production of dried apricots comes out of Malatya. Malatya apricots are often sun-dried by family-run orchards using traditional methods before export. Malatya Fair and Apricot Festivities has been held since 1978, every year in July, to promote Malatya and apricots and to convene

1440-410: Is rudimentary and generally occurs in the nominative case , and the same noun is sometimes attested in both animacy classes. There is a trend towards distinguishing fewer cases in the plural than in the singular. The ergative case is used when an inanimate noun is the subject of a transitive verb . Early Hittite texts have a vocative case for a few nouns with -u , but it ceased to be productive by

1520-638: The Byzantine Empire until Umar was defeated and killed at the Battle of Lalakaon in 863. The Byzantines attacked the city many times, but did not finally take it until the campaigns of John Kourkouas in 927–934. After successively accepting and renouncing vassal status, the city was finally taken in May 934, its Muslim inhabitants driven out or forced to convert, and replaced by Greek and Armenian settlers. The West Syrian diocese of Melitene has been established since

1600-477: The Hamidian Massacres of 1895–1896, 7,500 Armenian civilians were massacred and Armenian villages in the rural countryside of Malatya were destroyed. In the aftermath, a Red Cross team sent to Malatya and led by Julian B. Hubbell concluded that 1,500 Armenian houses had been pillaged and 375 burned to the ground. According to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia , Malatya city was inhabited by 30,000 people with

1680-531: The Hittite sound inventory . The syllabary distinguishes the following consonants (notably, the Akkadian s series is dropped), The Akkadian unvoiced/voiced series (k/g, p/b, t/d) do not express the voiced/unvoiced contrast in writing, but double spellings in intervocalic positions represent voiceless consonants in Indo-European ( Sturtevant's law ). The limitations of the syllabic script in helping to determine

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1760-463: The November 2015 election to 74.7% and 66.2% respectively. In both elections, CHP had the second place in both districts with its votes remaining in the range of 10–18%. İnönü University , one of the largest universities in eastern Turkey, is in Malatya. It was established on 28 January 1975 and has three institutions and nine faculties, with more than 2,500 faculty and 20,000 students. Its larger campus

1840-404: The proto-language . See #Classification above for more details. Hittite is the oldest attested Indo-European language, yet it lacks several grammatical features that are exhibited by other early-attested Indo-European languages such as Vedic , Classical Latin , Ancient Greek , Old Persian and Old Avestan . Notably, Hittite did not have a masculine–feminine gender system. Instead, it had

1920-501: The r / n alternation in some noun stems (the heteroclitics ) and vocalic ablaut , which are both seen in the alternation in the word for water between the nominative singular, wadar , and the genitive singular, wedenas . He also presented a set of regular sound correspondences. After a brief initial delay because of disruption during the First World War , Hrozný's decipherment, tentative grammatical analysis and demonstration of

2000-474: The 19th century, when a gradual move of the city to the present third location began. Battalgazi's official name was Eskimalatya ( Old Malatya ); until recently, it was a name used locally. In Turkey the city is renowned for its apricots , as up to 80% of the Turkish apricot production is provided by Malatya, giving Malatya the name kayısı diyarı ("apricot realm"). In February 2023, the city suffered huge damage as

2080-535: The 20th century BC, making it the earliest attested use of the Indo-European languages. By the Late Bronze Age , Hittite had started losing ground to its close relative Luwian . It appears that Luwian was the most widely spoken language in the Hittite capital, Hattusa, in the 13th century BC. After the collapse of the Hittite New Kingdom during the more general Late Bronze Age collapse , Luwian emerged in

2160-469: The 6,935 registered Armenians in Malatya, 197 were left in the town as artisans. In the early Republican era, Malatya became the centre of Malatya Province and enjoyed a substantial growth in terms of population as well as covered area. This development was further accelerated by the construction of the Adana-Fevzipaşa-Malatya railroad in 1931, and a few years later in 1937, by the construction of

2240-580: The Early Iron Age as the main language of the so-called Syro-Hittite states , in southwestern Anatolia and northern Syria . Hittite is the modern scholarly name for the language, based on the identification of the Hatti ( Ḫatti ) kingdom with the Biblical Hittites ( Biblical Hebrew : * חתים Ḥittim ), although that name appears to have been applied incorrectly: The term Hattian refers to

2320-659: The Hittite kings. The script formerly known as "Hieroglyphic Hittite" is now termed Hieroglyphic Luwian. The Anatolian branch also includes Cuneiform Luwian , Hieroglyphic Luwian , Palaic , Lycian , Milyan , Lydian , Carian , Pisidian , Sidetic and Isaurian . Unlike most other Indo-European languages, Hittite does not distinguish between masculine and feminine grammatical gender, and it lacks subjunctive and optative moods as well as aspect. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain these differences. Some linguists , most notably Edgar H. Sturtevant and Warren Cowgill , have argued that Hittite should be classified as

2400-504: The Hittite noun declension's most basic form: The verbal morphology is less complicated than for other early-attested Indo-European languages like Ancient Greek and Vedic . Hittite verbs inflect according to two general conjugations ( mi -conjugation and hi -conjugation), two voices ( active and medio-passive ), two moods ( indicative mood and imperative ), two aspects (perfective and imperfective), and two tenses ( present and preterite ). Verbs have two infinitive forms,

2480-518: The Indo-European affiliation of Hittite were rapidly accepted and more broadly substantiated by contemporary scholars such as Edgar H. Sturtevant , who authored the first scientifically acceptable Hittite grammar with a chrestomathy and a glossary. The most up-to-date grammar of the Hittite language is currently Hoffner and Melchert (2008). Hittite is one of the Anatolian languages and is known from cuneiform tablets and inscriptions that were erected by

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2560-503: The Kingdom's annexation by the Roman Empire in 17 AD, the settlement was re-established as Melitene in 72 AD on a different site, as the base camp of Legio XII Fulminata (which continued to be based there until at least the early 5th century according to Notitia Dignitatum ). The legionary base of Melitene controlled access to southern Armenia and the upper Tigris. It was the end point of

2640-670: The Mamluk army entered the city; this was followed by the looting of the city by the army. The Eretna Dynasty gained sovereignty over the city for some time, but from 1338 onwards the Mamluks secured its control. However, for the latter part of the 14th century, the control of the city fluctuated between the Mamluks and the Dulkadirids . The city was captured by the Ottoman army led by Yavuz Sultan Selim on 28 July 1516 and remained under Ottoman rule until

2720-658: The Seljuks did not gain full control until 1177. Under Danishmend and Seljuk rule, Malatya became a centre of knowledge as many Persian and Arabic scholars took residence in the city. The Seljuk Sultanate also undertook an extensive development of the city. After being ruled by the Ilkhanids for around 50 years at the end of the 13th century, the Muslim population of the city invited the Mamluk Sultanate to Malatya in 1315. On 28 April 1315,

2800-539: The Sivas-Malatya railroad. Until recently the city was home to departments of the Turkish Aeronautical Association , Turkish Hearths , and Turkish Red Crescent . In 2014 Malatya became a metropolitan municipality in Turkey , alongside 12 other cities, by a Turkish governmental law that was passed in 2012. Following the 2014 Turkish local elections the new municipality officially took office. Today

2880-548: The [speech] of the people of Kaneš". Although the Hittite New Kingdom had people from many diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, the Hittite language was used in most secular written texts. In spite of various arguments over the appropriateness of the term, Hittite remains the most current term because of convention and the strength of association with the Biblical Hittites . The endonymic term nešili , and its Anglicized variants ( Nesite , Nessite , Neshite ), have never caught on. The first substantive claim as to

2960-410: The affiliation of Hittite was made by Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon in 1902, in a book devoted to two letters between the king of Egypt and a Hittite ruler, found at El-Amarna , Egypt . Knudtzon argued that Hittite was Indo-European, largely because of its morphology . Although he had no bilingual texts, he was able to provide a partial interpretation of the two letters because of the formulaic nature of

3040-655: The aid of the Beylik of the Danishmends . After 1100, he sought to gain the favour of the commanders of the First Crusade , especially Bohemond I of Antioch and Baldwin of Boulogne . The Danishmends took over Malatya one year later in 1101 (see Battle of Melitene ). The Danishmends then fought repeatedly with the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate about the possession of the city and were able to hold it until 1152, though

3120-1757: The beginning of a sentence or clause is composed of either a sentence-connecting particle or otherwise a fronted or topicalized form, and a "chain" of fixed-order clitics is then appended. The transliteration and translation of the proclamation of Anitta : ne-pi-is-za-as-ta IŠKUR-un-ni a-as-su-us e-es-ta na-as-ta IŠKUR-un-ni-ma ma-a-an a-as-su-us e-es-ta Ne-e-sa-as LUGAL-us Ku-us-sa-ra-as LUGAL-i ... LUGAL Ku-us-sa-ra URU-az kat-ta pa-an-ga-ri-it ú-e-et nu Ne-e-sa-an is-pa-an-di na-ak-ki-it da-a-as Ne-e-sa-as LUGAL-un IṢ-BAT Ù DUMU Ne-e-sa-as i-da-a-lu na-at-ta ku-e-da-ni-ik-ki tak-ki-is-ta an-nu-us at-tu-us i-e-et nu Pi-it-ha-a-na-as at-ta-as-ma-as a-ap-pa-an sa-ni-ya ú-et-ti hu-ul-la-an-za-an hu-ul-la-nu-un UTU-az ut-ne-e ku-it ku-it-pat a-ra-is nu-us hu-u-ma-an-du-us-pat hu-ul-la-nu-un ka-ru-ú U-uh-na-as LUGAL Za-a-al-pu-wa Si-ú-sum-mi-in Ne-e-sa-az Za-a-al-pu-wa pe-e-da-as ap-pe-ez-zi-ya-na A-ni-it-ta-as LUGAL.GAL Si-ú-sum-mi-in Za-a-al-pu-wa-az a-ap-pa Ne-e-sa pe-e-tah-hu-un Hu-uz-zi-ya-na LUGAL Za-a-al-pu-wa hu-su-wa-an-ta-an Ne-e-sa ú-wa-te-nu-un Ha-at-tu-sa tak-ki-is-ta sa-an ta-a-la-ah-hu-un ma-a-na-as ap-pe-ez-zi-ya-na ki-is-ta-an-zi-at-ta-at sa-an Hal-ma-su-i-iz si-i-us-mi-is pa-ra-a pa-is sa-an is-pa-an-di na-ak-ki-it da-a-ah-hu-un pe-e-di-is-si-ma ZÀ.AH-LI-an a-ne-e-nu-un ku-is am-me-el a-ap-pa-an LUGAL-us ki-i-sa-ri nu Ha-at-tu-sa-an a-ap-pa a-sa-a-si na-an ne-pi-sa-as IŠKUR-as ha-az-zi-e-et-tu Ariarathes V of Cappadocia Λ in exergue

3200-403: The children were killed by their mother, so that she might obtain the government of the kingdom. After she had been put to death by the people on account of her cruelty, her only surviving son succeeded to the crown as Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia . Ariarathes was a strong philhellene ; he was honoured with Athenian citizenship. He refounded the two Cappadocian towns of Mazaca and Tyana with

3280-581: The city in 712 BC. At the same time, the Cimmerians and Scythians invaded Anatolia and the city declined. Some occupation continued on the site into the Hellenistic and Roman periods—a smithy with four ovens has been excavated from the Roman period. There was a long gap in occupation between the mid-7th century and renewed use of the site in the late 12th or early 13th century. Archeologists first began to excavate

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3360-426: The city is generally considered to be a notable trade and industrial hub, as well as a cultural centre point thanks to the İnönü University that was established on 28 January 1975. According to German geographers Georg Hassel and Adam Christian Gaspari, Malatya was composed of 1,200 to 1,500 houses in the early 19th century, inhabited by Ottomans, Turkmens, Armenians, and Greeks. William Harrison Ainsworth visited

3440-489: The city of Malatya in 1837, noting a population of 8,000 Muslims, chiefly Turkomans, and 3,000 Armenians. Malatya has a cold semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSk ) or a temperate continental climate ( Trewartha climate classification : Dca ), with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Highest recorded temperature:42.7 °C (108.9 °F) on 14 August 2019 Lowest recorded temperature:−22.2 °C (−8.0 °F) on 28 December 1953 The economy of

3520-407: The city of Malatya is dominated by agriculture , textile manufacturing , and construction. As with the general province, apricot production is important for subsistence in the central district. Malatya is the world leader in apricot production. The city has two organized industrial zones, where the chief industry is textile. Historically, Malatya produced opium . The British , in 1920, described

3600-487: The city's center. Malatya's other team is Yeni Malatyaspor (formerly Malatya Belediyespor) whose colors are black and yellow (formerly green and orange). They compete in Süper Lig . Malatya is administered by a metropolitan municipality , which covers the whole province. There are two central districts, each with their own municipalities, that make up the city of Malatya: these are Battalgazi and Yeşilyurt . Battalgazi has

3680-446: The diplomatic correspondence of the period. Knudtzon was definitively shown to have been correct when many tablets written in the familiar Akkadian cuneiform script but in an unknown language were discovered by Hugo Winckler in what is now the village of Boğazköy , Turkey, which was the former site of Hattusa , the capital of the Hittite state. Based on a study of this extensive material , Bedřich Hrozný succeeded in analyzing

3760-406: The discovery of laryngeals in Hittite was a remarkable confirmation of Saussure's hypothesis. Both the preservation of the laryngeals and the lack of evidence that Hittite shared certain grammatical features in the other early Indo-European languages have led some philologists to believe that the Anatolian languages split from the rest of Proto-Indo-European much earlier than the other divisions of

3840-410: The east. According to Strabo, the inhabitants of Melitene shared with the nearby Cappadocians and Cataonians the same language and culture. The site of ancient Melitene lies a few kilometres from the modern city in what is now the village of Arslantepe and near the district center of Battalgazi ( Byzantine to Ottoman Empire ). Present-day Battalgazi was the location of the city of Malatya until

3920-566: The establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Under the Ottomans, the city lost the quality of being on the frontiers, as well as the allure it held in the Middle Ages. It was plagued between the 16th and 18th centuries by successive rebellions. The current city of Malatya was founded in 1838, with the old site of Militene now designated as Old Malatya. The reason behind the displacement of the city center

4000-516: The features became simplified in Hittite. According to Craig Melchert , the current tendency (as of 2012) is to suppose that Proto-Indo-European evolved and that the "prehistoric speakers" of Anatolian became isolated "from the rest of the PIE speech community, so as not to share in some common innovations". Hittite and the other Anatolian languages split off from Proto-Indo-European at an early stage. Hittite thus preserved archaisms that would be lost in

4080-436: The geminate series of plosives is the one descending from Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops , and the simple plosives come from both voiced and voiced aspirate stops, which is often referred as Sturtevant's law . Because of the typological implications of Sturtevant's law, the distinction between the two series is commonly regarded as one of voice. However, there is no agreement over the subject among scholars since some view

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4160-601: The greatest of the kings of Cappadocia. Ariarathes V was the son of the king Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia , and a noble Seleucid Greek woman, Antiochis , who was the daughter of the Seleucid King Antiochus III . According to Livy , he was educated in Rome ; but this account may perhaps refer to another Ariarathes. Rather, Ariarathes Eusebes probably spent his youth studying in Athens , where he seems to have become

4240-440: The important highway running east from Caesarea (modern Kayseri ). The camp attracted a civilian population and was probably granted city status by Trajan in the early 2nd century AD, with the rank of Municipium. It is known for being a prolific source of imperial coins minted from the 3rd to the early 5th centuries. Procopius wrote admiringly of the temples, agoras and theatres of Melitene, but no evidence of them now remains. It

4320-512: The indigenous people who preceded the Hittites, speaking a non-Indo-European Hattic language . In multilingual texts found in Hittite locations, passages written in Hittite are preceded by the adverb nesili (or nasili , nisili ), "in the [speech] of Neša (Kaneš)", an important city during the early stages of the Hittite Old Kingdom . In one case, the label is Kanisumnili , "in

4400-470: The language. He presented his argument that the language is Indo-European in a paper published in 1915 (Hrozný 1915), which was soon followed by a grammar of the language (Hrozný 1917). Hrozný's argument for the Indo-European affiliation of Hittite was thoroughly modern although poorly substantiated. He focused on the striking similarities in idiosyncratic aspects of the morphology that are unlikely to occur independently by chance or to be borrowed. They included

4480-476: The nature of Hittite phonology have been more or less overcome by means of comparative etymology and an examination of Hittite spelling conventions. Accordingly, scholars have surmised that Hittite possessed the following phonemes: Hittite had two series of consonants, one which was written always geminate in the original script, and another that was always simple. In cuneiform , all consonant sounds except for glides could be geminate. It has long been noticed that

4560-755: The norm for other writings. The Hittite language has traditionally been stratified into Old Hittite (OH), Middle Hittite (MH) and New Hittite or Neo-Hittite (NH, not to be confused with the polysemic use of " Neo-Hittite " label as a designation for the later period, which is actually post-Hittite), corresponding to the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms of the Hittite history ( c.  1750 –1500 BC, 1500–1430 BC and 1430–1180 BC, respectively). The stages are differentiated on both linguistic and paleographic grounds. Hittitologist Alwin Kloekhorst (2019) recognizes two dialectal variants of Hittite: one he calls "Kanišite Hittite", and

4640-406: The opium from Malatya as having "the highest percentage of morphia ". Köfte (meatballs) are used in many meals from kebabs (meat broiled or roasted in small pieces) to desserts. There are over 70 kinds of köfte, usually made with wheat and other ingredients. Kağıt kebabı is a local specialty – a dish made of lamb and vegetables broiled in a wrapper, usually oily paper. Other important dishes are

4720-532: The other Indo-European languages. Hittite has many loanwords, particularly religious vocabulary from the non-Indo-European Hurrian and Hattic languages. The latter was the language of the Hattians , the local inhabitants of the land of Hatti before they were absorbed or displaced by the Hittites . Sacred and magical texts from Hattusa were often written in Hattic, Hurrian and Luwian even after Hittite had become

4800-644: The producers to meet one another. During the festivities, sports activities, concerts and apricot contests are organized. Near the Apricot Festivities, there are other annual activities in summer. Cherry Festivities at Yeşilyurt District of Malatya and Grape Festivities at Arapgir District are organized annually. Malatya's initial team is Malatyaspor whose colors are red and yellow. Malatyaspor competes in Malatya First Amateur League. Malatyaspor plays their home games in Malatya İnönü Stadium in

4880-666: The second place with 16.7% of the vote. Battalgazi was won by Selahattin Gürkan of the AK Party with 63.1% of the vote and Yeşilyurt was won Hacı Uğur Polat of the AK Party with 62.4% of the vote. The two central districts voted overwhelmingly in favour of the AK Party in the June 2015 election with AK Party winning 66.2% of the vote in Battalgazi and 56.9% in Yeşilyurt. These percentages further increased in

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4960-428: The series as if they were differenced by length , which a literal interpretation of the cuneiform orthography would suggest. Supporters of a length distinction usually point to the fact that Akkadian , the language from which the Hittites borrowed the cuneiform script, had voicing, but Hittite scribes used voiced and voiceless signs interchangeably. Alwin Kloekhorst also argues that the absence of assimilatory voicing

5040-532: The site of Arslantepe in the 1930s, led by French archaeologist Louis Delaporte . Since 1961 an Italian team of archaeologists, led by Marcella Frangipane in the early 21st century, has been working at the site. From the 6th century BC, Melid was ruled by the Armenian Orontid Dynasty , who were subjects of the Achaemenid Empire . After periods of Achaemenid and Macedonian rule, Melid (Malatya)

5120-619: The sixth century and was as well surrounded by other bishoprics belonging to nearby towns. In the tenth century the Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas convinced the Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch to move the head of the patriarchate into the region of Melitene. The city was attacked and devastated by the Seljuks in 1058. Around 1061/62 the city was refortified by Constantine X Doukas and enclosed an area of 35 ha, which means that it

5200-514: The summer months. These flights are especially from German cities to Malatya, and most of the passengers are Turkish citizens or their descendants who are living and working in Germany. Hittite language Hittite (natively: 𒌷𒉌𒅆𒇷 , romanized:  nešili , lit.   'the language of Neša ', or nešumnili lit.   ' the language of the people of Neša ' ), also known as Nesite (Nešite/Neshite, Nessite),

5280-450: The three laryngeals ( * h₂ and * h₃ word-initially). Those sounds, whose existence had been hypothesized in 1879 by Ferdinand de Saussure , on the basis of vowel quality in other Indo-European languages, were not preserved as separate sounds in any attested Indo-European language until the discovery of Hittite. In Hittite, the phoneme is written as ḫ . In that respect, Hittite is unlike any other attested Indo-European language and so

5360-487: The time of the earliest discovered sources and was subsumed by the nominative in most documents. The allative was subsumed in the later stages of the language by the dative - locative . An archaic genitive plural -an is found irregularly in earlier texts, as is an instrumental plural in -it . A few nouns also form a distinct locative , which had no case ending at all. The examples of pišna- ("man") for animate and pēda- ("place") for inanimate are used here to show

5440-443: The verb ēš-/aš- "to be". Hittite is a head-final language: it has subject-object-verb word order , a split ergative alignment , and is a synthetic language ; adpositions follow their complement , adjectives and genitives precede the nouns that they modify, adverbs precede verbs, and subordinate clauses precede main clauses . Hittite syntax shows one noteworthy feature that is typical of Anatolian languages: commonly,

5520-579: Was a major center in the province of Armenia Minor ( Armenian : Փոքր Հայք Pokr Hayk ,) created by Diocletian from territory separated from the province of Cappadocia . In 392 A.D., emperor Theodosius I divided Armenia Minor into two new provinces: First Armenia , with its capital at Sebasteia (modern Sivas ); and Second Armenia , with its capital at Melitene. During the reign of the Emperor Justinian I (527–565), administrative reforms were carried out in this region: The province of Second Armenia

5600-522: Was destroyed by emperor Constantine V . The Abbasid al-Mansur then established it as a substantial outpost from which raids deep into the Byzantine Empire were conducted. Throughout the Dark Ages, the area between Melitene and Caeserea became a no-man's land of independent lords and villages. In the 9th century, under its semi-independent emir Umar al-Aqta , Malatya rose to become a major opponent of

5680-462: Was erected with monumental stone sculptures of lions and the ruler. Kammanu was a vassal state of Urartu between 804 and 743. According to Igor Diakonoff and John Greppin , there was likely an Armenian presence in Melid by 1200 BCE. The Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I (1115–1077 B.C.) forced the kingdom of Malidiya to pay tribute to Assyria. The Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II (722–705) sacked

5760-405: Was killed in 130, during the war of the Romans against Aristonicus of Pergamon. In return for the assistance and support Ariarathes has provided to the Romans on that occasion, Lycaonia and Cilicia were added by the Romans to the dominions of his family. By Ariarathes' wife Nysa of Cappadocia (who was the daughter of King Pharnaces I of Pontus ) he had six children. However, all but one of

5840-574: Was made in 591 the capital of Armenia Prima by emperor Maurice . The town contained many shrines to martyrs, including that of the widely venerated local saint Polyeuctus . The city was captured by the Rashidun forces under Iyad ibn Ghanm , but the Byzantines quickly retook it until Mu'awiya I established a garrison in the town. The Arab colony was abandoned at some point during the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan until Hisham restored it, though it

5920-531: Was mentioned in the contemporary sources under several variations (e.g., Hittite: Malidiya and possibly also Midduwa ; Akkadian : Meliddu; Urartian : Meliṭeia). After the end of the Hittite Empire, the city became the center of the Neo-Hittite state of Kammanu . The city continued old Hittite traditions and styles. Researchers have discovered a palace inside the city walls with statues and reliefs. A palace

6000-507: Was part of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia . Diodorus Siculus wrote that Ptolemaeus of Commagene attacked and captured Melitene from the Kingdom of Cappadocia , but couldn't keep it for long since Ariarathes V of Cappadocia marched against him with a strong army, and Ptolemaeus withdrew. The Kingdom of Cappadocia, ruled by the House of Ariobarzanes (95–36 BC), became a Roman client in 63 BC. After

6080-507: Was possibly home to 10-12,000 people and had possibly a territorial population of an additional 80,000. In the period that followed the Turkish advance into the Byzantine Empire after the defeat at the Battle of Manzikert , Gabriel of Melitene , a Greek Orthodox Armenian who had risen from the ranks of the Byzantine army, governed the city. From 1086 to 1100 he preserved his independence with

6160-541: Was renamed Third Armenia ( Armenia Tertia ), with its territory unchanged and its capital still at Melitene. Melitene's city walls were constructed in the 6th century by the emperors Anastasius and Justinian. Those that still stand mostly date from the Arab period, perhaps of the 8th century, though retaining the layout of and some remnants from earlier building phases. The city was sacked by the Sassanids in 575, but it recovered and

6240-453: Was restored to his throne by the Romans, who, however, allowed Orophernes to reign jointly with him, as is expressly stated by Appian , and implied by Polybius . The joint government, however, did not last long; for, shortly afterwards, Ariarathes was named as sole king. In 154, Ariarathes assisted the king of Pergamon , Attalus II , in his war against Prusias II of Bithynia , and sent his son Demetrius in command of his forces. Ariarathes

6320-416: Was struck by two large fires that destroyed thousands of shops. The city was then hit by the 1893 Malatya earthquake , which killed 1300, destroying 1200 houses and four mosques. A cholera outbreak that subsequently took place in 1893 killed 896 people. The destroyed buildings were rebuilt in 1894. Malatya was the scene of anti-Armenian violence during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During

6400-590: Was that the Ottoman army settled and stayed, probably by seizing from its settlers, in the previous city center, in the winter of 1838–39, before taking the road for Battle of Nezib in 1849. Because of this, citizens of the Malatya established the new city based on a near town called Aspuzu. The city saw rapid expansion in the 19th century, and by the end of the century it had around 5000 households, 50 mosques, six madrasas , nine inns and five Turkish baths . Ottoman sources also recorded ten churches. In 1889 and 1890, Malatya

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