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47-658: The papal legate William of Modena divided Terra Mariana into feudal principalities: the Duchy of Estonia ( dominum directum to the king of Denmark ); the Archbishopric of Riga ; the Bishopric of Courland ; the Bishopric of Dorpat ; the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek ; and territories under the military administration of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword . After the 1236 Battle of Saule ,

94-475: A free imperial city and the rest of the territory was split between two Polish-Lithuanian vassal states : the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Polish vassal) and the Duchy of Livonia (Lithuanian vassal). According to Henry of Livonia , Bishop Albert of Riga emphasized to Pope Innocent III the importance of his see as a crusading venue and its association with Mary , the Mother of Jesus when reporting to

141-550: A Swedish army landed in Reval and gained control over the northern part of Old Livonia. The Livonian Order was dissolved by the Treaty of Vilnius in 1561. The following year, the Livonian Diet decided to ask protection from Sigismund II Augustus (King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania ). With the end of government by the last Archbishop of Riga, William of Brandenburg , Riga became

188-579: Is an unconfirmed theory that the Semigallians were one of the first Baltic tribes to establish a monarchy , yet one weak in comparison to the power of the Semigallian nobles. One of the most notable Semigallian leaders was duke Viestards (Viesturs). Upon uniting hostile Semigallian clans into a single state in the early 13th century, Viestards formed an alliance with the German crusaders to defeat his enemies on

235-689: Is the apostolic nuncio , whose task it is to strengthen relations between the Holy See and the Catholic Church in a particular country and at the same time to act as the diplomatic representative of the Holy See to the government of that country. An apostolic nuncio is generally equivalent in rank to that of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary , although in Catholic countries the nuncio often ranks above ambassadors in diplomatic protocol. A nuncio performs

282-519: The Dictatus papae , a papal legate "presides over all bishops in a council, even if he is inferior in rank, and he can pronounce sentence of deposition against them". During the Middle Ages , a legatine council was the usual means that a papal legate imposed his directives. There are several ranks of papal legates in diplomacy, some of which are no longer used. The most common form of papal legate today

329-700: The Aizkraukle hillfort. In 1236, Semigallians attacked crusaders retreating to Riga after the Battle of Saule , killing many of them. After regular attacks, the Livonian Order partly subdued the Semigallians in 1254. In 1270, the Lithuanian Grand Duke Traidenis , together with Semigallians, attacked Livonia and Saaremaa . During the Battle of Karuse on the frozen gulf of Riga , the Livonian Order

376-574: The Baltic tribe that lived in the south central part of contemporary Latvia and northern Lithuania . They are noted for their long resistance (1219–1290) against the German crusaders and Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades . Semigallians had close linguistic and cultural ties with Samogitians . The name of Semigallia appears in contemporary records as Seimgala , Zimgola and Sem [ e ] gallen . The -gal[l] element means "border", while

423-700: The Battle of Grunwald in 1410, the Teutonic Order and the State of the Teutonic Order fell into decline, but the Livonian Order managed to maintain its independent existence. In 1561, during the Livonian War , Terra Mariana ceased to exist. Its northern parts were ceded to the King of Sweden and formed into the Duchy of Estonia , its southern territories became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania  – and thus eventually of

470-468: The Battle of Grunwald in 1410. The Livonian Order managed to maintain an independent existence, as it did not participate in the battle and suffered no casualties, having obtained a truce with Grand Duke Vytautas . In 1418, Pope Martin V nominated Johannes Ambundii to the position of Archbishop of Riga . He became known as the organizer of the Livonian confederation. Conflict commonly occurred between

517-519: The Cathars . The term legation is applied both to a legate's mandate and to the territory concerned (such as a state, or an ecclesiastical province). The relevant adjective is legatine . In the High Middle Ages , papal legates were often used to strengthen the links between Rome and the many parts of Christendom . More often than not, legates were learned men and skilled diplomats who were not from

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564-703: The Duchy of Estonia from Christopher II , the Livonian Order controlled about 67,000 square kilometers of the Old Livonia and the Church about 41,000 km (16,000 sq mi). The lands of the Order were divided into about 40 districts governed by a Vogt . The largest ecclesiastical state was the Archbishopric of Riga (18,000 km, 6,900 sq mi) followed by the Bishopric of Courland (4,500 km, 1,700 sq mi), Bishopric of Dorpat , and Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek . The nominal head of Terra Mariana as well as

611-567: The Fourth Lateran Council in 1215: "Sicut", inquit, "pater sancte, terram sanctam Ierosolimitanum, que est terra filii, sanctitatis tue studio fovere non desinis, sic Lyvoniam, que est terra matris, [...] derelinquere non debes." "Holy Father", he said, "as you have not ceased to cherish the Holy Land of Jerusalem, the country of the Son, [...] so also you ought not to abandon Livonia, the land of

658-892: The Papal States in (mostly central) Italy were governed by a papal legate. This has been the case in Benevento , in Pontecorvo (of Campagna e Marittima/of Frosinone) and in Viterbo . In four cases, including Bologna , this post was awarded exclusively to cardinals ; the Velletri post was created for Bartolomeo Pacca . The title could be changed to Apostolic Delegate , as happened in Frosinone (for Pontecorvo) in 1827. Semigallians Semigallians ( Latvian : Zemgaļi ; Lithuanian : Žiemgaliai ; also Zemgalians , Semigalls or Semigalians ) were

705-566: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – as the Duchy of Livonia and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia . The island of Saaremaa became part of Denmark . Since the beginning of the 20th century Terra Mariana ( Estonian : Maarjamaa ) has been used as a poetic name or sobriquet for Estonia. In 1995 the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana , a state decoration , was instituted to honor

752-401: The deanship of that country's diplomatic corps to the nuncio regardless of seniority. Pro-nuncio was a term used from 1965 to 1991 for a papal diplomatic representative of full ambassadorial rank accredited to a country that did not accord him precedence over other ambassadors and ex officio deanship of the diplomatic corps. In those countries, the papal representative's precedence within

799-627: The (pope's) side", i.e. "intimately" trusted) is normally awarded to a priest of cardinal rank . It is an exceptional investiture and can either be focused or broad in scope. The legate a latere is the alter ego of the Pope, and as such, possesses full plenipotentiary powers. Literally "born legate", i.e. not nominated individually but ex officio , namely a bishop holding this rank as a privilege of his see, e.g. archbishops of Canterbury (pre- Reformation ), Prague , Esztergom , Udine , Salzburg , Gniezno and Cologne . The legatus natus would act as

846-668: The Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus wrote that the Viking Starkad crushed the Curonians , all the tribes of Estonia , and the peoples of Semgala. When the Rurikid successors of the Varangians tried to subjugate the Semigallians, the latter defeated the invading army of Polotsk led by Prince Rogvolod Vseslavich in 1106. Russian chronicles claim that 9,000 Russian soldiers were killed. At

893-564: The Franks and Charlemagne. However, this crusade was not officially announced until 1197 or 1198, but the first account of this crusade is in a letter by Pope Innocent III . At the start of the 13th century, German crusaders from Gotland and the northern Holy Roman Empire conquered the Livonian and Latgallian lands along the Daugava and Gauja rivers. The stronghold of Riga (capital of modern Latvia)

940-522: The Livonian Order's defeat in the Battle of Wiłkomierz , claiming the lives of the Master and several high-ranking knights, brought the order closer to its Livonian neighbours. The Livonian confederation agreement ( eiine fruntliche eyntracht ) was signed in Walk on 4 December 1435, by the archbishop of Riga, the bishops of Courland, Dorpat, Ösel-Wiek and Reval; the representatives of the Livonian Order and vassals, and

987-547: The Mother [...] "Terra Mariana" appears as an achievement in the historical strategy video game Europa Universalis IV . Papal legate A papal legate or apostolic legate (from the ancient Roman title legatus ) is a personal representative of the Pope to foreign nations, to some other part of the Catholic Church , or representatives of the state or monarchy. He is empowered on matters of Catholic faith and for

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1034-503: The North. The last to be subjugated and Christianised were Oeselians , Curonians and Semigallians . This crusade differed from many other crusades because, in this case, the Pope allowed people intending to go on a crusade to the Holy Land to go instead to crusade in Livonia. Members of this crusade were made to wear the insignia of the cross as well, which showed that they were legally bound to

1081-453: The Order, the bishops, and the powerful Hanseatic cities throughout the existence of medieval Livonia. To solve internal disputes, the Livonian Diet or Landtag gathered in 1419 at the initiative of Archbishop Ambundii. The city of Walk was chosen as the site of the Diet. The Diet comprised members of the Livonian Order, Livonian Bishops, vassals and city representatives. On 1 September 1435

1128-453: The Pope's representative in his province, with a legatus a latere only being sent in extraordinary circumstances. Although limited in their jurisdiction compared to legati a latere , a legatus natus was not subordinate to them. Literally "sent legate", possessing limited powers for the purpose of completing a specific mission. This commission is normally focused in scope and of short duration. Some administrative (temporal) provinces of

1175-2141: The Semigallians, which included burning their fields and thus causing famine. The Semigallians continued their resistance until 1290, when they burned their last castle in Sidrabene, and a large number of Semigallians. The Rhymed Chronicle claims 100,000 migrated to Lithuania and once there continued to fight against the Germans. Bauska district Čapāni, Drenģeri-Čunkāni, Dumpji, Jumpravmuiža, Lielbertuši, Mežotne hillfort, Podiņi, Siliņi, Zeltiņi, Ziedoņskola Dobele district Atvases, Auce , Bāļas-Šķērstaiņi, Cibēni, Dobele hillfort, Gailīši, Grīnerti, Guntiņas, Īles mežniecība, Jāņogānas, Kaijukrogs, Ķūri, Lielogļi, Lozberģi, Oši, Skare, Tērvete hillfort Jelgava district Ciemalde, Diduļi, Eži, Gaideļi-Viduči, Kakužēni, Kalnaplāteri, Kraujas, Ķēķi, Mazgrauži, Pudžas, Rijnieki, Vilces parks Saldus district Griezes dzirnavas, Kerkliņi, Priedīši, Rūsīši-Debeši Tukums district Mutstrauti, Zante Riga district Pļavniekkalns Pasvalys district Ąžuolpamūšė hillfort , Berklainiai, Daujėnai, Kyburtai, Meldiniai, Noriai, Pamiškiai, Pamūšė, Skrebotiškis, Smilgeliai, Šakarniai, Vaidžiūnai Akmenė district Balsiai, Papilė hillfort, Pavirvytė-Gudai, Šapnagiai, Viekšniai Joniškis district Budraičiai, Daugalaičiai, Daunorava, Dvareliškiai, Ivoškiai, Jauneikiai, Joniškis , Kalnelis ( Sidabrė hillfort), Lieporai, Linkaičiai , Linksmėnai, Martyniškiai, Rudiškiai , Rukuižiai, Slėpsniai, Spirakiai, Stungiai, Žagarė ( Raktuvė hillfort) Pakruojis district Aukštadvaris, Dargužiai, Degesiai, Diržiai, Dovainiškis, Karašilis, Karpiškiai, Kauksnujai, Lauksodis, Liesai, Linkavičiai, Linksmučiai, Linkuva , Pakruojis , Paliečiai, Pamūšis, Pašvitinys , Peleniškiai, Petroniai, Plaučiškai, Sakališkiai, Stačiūnai, Šukioniai, Vėbariai, Žeimelis Šiauliai district Daugėlaičiai, Gibaičiai, Jakštaičiai, Jurgaičiai hillfort ( Hill of Crosses ), Kaupriai, Kybartiškė, Mažeikiai, Norušaičiai, Norvaišiai, Račiai, Ringuvėnai, Valdomai, Visdergiai There

1222-555: The beginning of the 14th century Denmark was no longer a powerful state and the local German nobility had effectively become the rulers of the territory. After the Estonians of Harju started a rebellion in 1343 ( St. George's Night Uprising ) the Teutonic order occupied the territories. The overthrow of Danish rule came two days after the Order had defeated the Estonian revolt. The Danish viceroy

1269-711: The christened Livonian chief Caupo conquer back his Turaida castle from pagan rebels. In 1219, the Semigallian-German alliance was canceled after a crusader invasion in Semigallia. Duke Viestards promptly formed an alliance with Lithuanians and Curonians. In 1228, Semigallians and Curonians attacked the Daugavgrīva monastery, the main crusader stronghold at the Daugava river delta. The crusaders took revenge and invaded Semigallia. The Semigallians, in turn, pillaged land around

1316-505: The city of Riga was the Archbishop of Riga as the apex of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. In 1240, Valdemar II created the Bishopric of Reval in the Duchy of Estonia by reserving (contrary to canon law) the right to appoint the bishops of Reval to himself and his successor kings of Denmark. The decision to simply nominate to the See of Reval was unique in the whole Catholic Church at the time and

1363-402: The corps is exactly on a par with that of the other members of ambassadorial rank, so that he becomes dean only on becoming the senior member of the corps. For countries with which the Holy See has no diplomatic relations, an apostolic delegate is sent to serve as a liaison with the Catholic Church in that country, though not accredited to its government. This highest rank (literally "from

1410-578: The country they were accredited to. For example, the Italian-born Guala Bicchieri served as papal legate to England in the early 13th century and played a major role in both the English government and church at the time. By the Late Middle Ages it had become more common to appoint native clerics to the position of legate within their own country, such as Cardinal Wolsey acting as legate to

1457-504: The court of Henry VIII of England . The reason for this switch in policy could be attributed to a change in attitude on the eve of the Reformation ; by this point, foreign men representing the papacy would be more likely to reinforce dissent than bring Christendom closer together. Papal legates often summoned legatine councils , which dealt with church government and other ecclesiastical issues. According to Pope Gregory VII , writing in

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1504-452: The crusade. After the success of the crusade, the German- and Danish-occupied territory was divided into feudal principalities by William of Modena. This division of medieval Livonia was created by Papal Legate William of Modena in 1228 as a compromise between the church and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword , both factions led by Germans, after the German knights had conquered and subdued

1551-576: The deputies of Riga, Reval and Dorpat city municipal councils. The states of the Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War of 1558–1582. In 1559, the Bishop of Ösel-Wiek and Courland Johannes V von Münchhausen (1542–1560) sold his lands to King Frederick II of Denmark for 30,000 thalers . The Danish king gave the territory to his younger brother Duke Magnus of Holstein who in 1560 landed with an army on Ösel . In 1561,

1598-502: The first syllable corresponds to ziem ("north") or zem ("low"). So the Semigallians were the "people of the northern borderlands" or "people of the low borderlands", i.e. the lower parts of the Mūša and Lielupe river valleys. During the Viking Age , the Semigallians were involved in battles with Swedish Vikings over control of the lower part of the Daugava waterway . In Gesta Danorum

1645-573: The independence of Estonia. Terra Mariana ( Latvian : Māras zeme) is also used as a poetic name for Latgale region. The lands on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea were the last part of Europe to be Christianized by the Roman Catholic Church . In 1193 Pope Celestine III called for a crusade against the pagans in Northern Europe . This crusade is often compared to the crusade of

1692-476: The master of the Livonian Order Willekin von Endorp , and an unknown number of crusader allies. It was the last Semigallian victory over the growing forces of the Livonian Order. In 1279, after the Battle of Aizkraukle , Grand Duke Traidenis of Lithuania supported a Semigallian revolt against the Livonian Order led by duke Nameisis . In the 1280s, the Livonian Order started a massive campaign against

1739-630: The order, the secular nobles of German descent who ruled the fiefs and the citizens of the Hanseatic town of Riga. Two major civil wars were fought in 1296–1330, 1313–1330, and in 1343–1345 the Estonian revolt resulted in the annexation of the Danish Duchy of Estonia within the Teutonic Ordensstaat. The most important ally of the Livonian Order was the German nobility in the Danish Duchy of Estonia. In

1786-661: The outside. After the crusaders broke the treaty and invaded his lands, he allied with Lithuanians , resulting in the near annihilation of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the Battle of Saule in 1236. Duke Nameisis (Namejs, Nameitis), another renowned Semigallian leader, united Semigallian and Lithuanian tribes for a retaliatory counterattack on Teutonic Knights at Riga in 1279 and in Prussia after 1281. Main sources for his activities are Livländische Reimchronik and Das Zeugenverhör des Franciscus de Moliano (1312). What

1833-401: The same functions as an ambassador and has the same diplomatic privileges. Under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations , to which the Holy See is a party, a nuncio is an ambassador like those from any other country. The Vienna Convention allows the host state to grant seniority of precedence to the nuncio over others of ambassadorial rank accredited to the same country, and may grant

1880-465: The settlement of ecclesiastical matters. The legate is appointed directly by the Pope—the Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. Hence a legate is usually sent to a government, a sovereign or to a large body of believers (such as a national church) or to take charge of a major religious effort, such as an ecumenical council , a crusade to the Holy Land, or even against a heresy such as

1927-555: The start of German conquests Semigallian lands were divided in Upmale, Dobele, Spārnene, Dobe, Rakte, Silene and Tērvete chieftaincies. According to the Livonian Chronicle of Henry , Semigallians formed an alliance with bishop Albert of Riga against rebellious Livonians before 1203, and received military support to hold back Lithuanian attacks in 1205. In 1207, the Semigallian duke Viestards ( Latin : dux Semigallorum ) helped

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1974-667: The surviving members of the Brothers merged in 1237 with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as the Livonian Order . In 1346 the Livonian Order bought the Duchy of Estonia from Denmark. Throughout the existence of medieval Livonia there was a constant struggle over supremacy, between the lands ruled by the Church, the Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the Hanseatic towns of Riga and Reval . Following its defeat in

2021-410: The territories of several indigenous tribes : Finnic -speaking Estonians and Livs , and Baltic -speaking Latgalians , Selonians , Semigallians and Curonians . Medieval Livonia was intermittently ruled first by the Brothers of the Sword, since 1237 by the semi-autonomous branch of Teutonic knights called Livonian Order and the Roman Catholic Church . By the mid 14th century, after buying

2068-404: Was defeated, and its master Otto von Lutterberg killed. In 1287, around 1400 Semigallians attacked a crusader stronghold in Ikšķile and plundered nearby lands. As they returned to Semigallia they were caught by the Order's forces, and the great battle began near the Garoza river ( Battle of Garoza ). The crusader forces were besieged and badly defeated. More than 40 knights were killed, including

2115-406: Was disputed by bishops and the Pope. During this era, the election of bishops was never established in Reval, and the royal rights to the bishopric and to nominate the bishops were even included in the treaty when the territories were sold to the Teutonic Order in 1346. Throughout the existence of medieval Livonia there was a constant struggle for superiority in the rule over the lands by the Church,

2162-402: Was established in 1201, and in 1202 the Livonian Brothers of the Sword was formed. In 1218 Pope Honorius III gave Valdemar II of Denmark free rein to annex as much land as he could conquer in Estonia. Additionally Albert of Riga , leader of the crusaders fighting the Estonians from the south, paid a visit to the German King Philip of Swabia and asked permission to attack the Estonians from

2209-515: Was imprisoned in cooperation with the pro-German vassals. The castles in Reval and Wesenberg were handed over to the Order by the German nobility party on 16 May 1343 and the castle at Narva in 1345. In 1346, the Estonian territories (Harria and Vironia) were sold by the king of Denmark for 19,000 Köln marks to the Teutonic Order . The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346. The Teutonic Order fell into decline after Poland and Lithuania defeated it in

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