ABDA Command : Netherlands
100-421: Medan Marelan ( colonial name: Maryland ) ( US : / ˈ m ɛr ɪ l ə n d / MERR -il-ənd ) is one of 21 administrative districts ( kecamatan ) in the city of Medan , North Sumatra , Indonesia . Boundaries of the district ( Indonesian : kecamatan): At the 2010 Census, it had a population of 140,414 inhabitants, while at the 2020 Census, it had a population of 182,515 inhabitants;
200-576: A bitter armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence. An attempted coup in 1965 led to a violent army-led anti-communist purge in which over half a million people were killed. General Suharto politically outmanoeuvred President Sukarno, and became president in March 1968. His New Order administration garnered
300-595: A battleship, an aircraft carrier, three cruisers and four destroyers. Initially, the Japanese launched air strikes on key areas and gained air superiority . Following the air strikes, landings were made at several locations, targeting airfields and other important points in the area. In addition to the landing at Miri, forces made landings at Seria , Kuching , Jesselton and Sandakan between 15 December 1941 and 19 January 1942. After these main objectives in Borneo were achieved,
400-662: A canal that changed the course of the Cakung River, and drained a coastal area for agriculture and settlement purpose. In his stone inscriptions, Purnawarman associated himself with Vishnu , and Brahmins ritually secured the hydraulic project. Around the same period, in the 6th to 7th centuries (501–700 CE), the Kalingga Kingdom was established in Central Java northern coast, mentioned in Chinese account. The name of this kingdom
500-456: A forward airbase by 17 January, and Balikpapan was captured a week later. However, the Dutch garrisons had destroyed the oil fields before they were captured by the Japanese in both cases. Several Japanese vessels were destroyed or damaged by Allied naval and air counterattacks, but the defending Dutch battalions were overrun. By 28 January, the Japanese had taken control of the airfields at Balikpapan, and their aircraft were operating from them. By
600-716: A kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram. The earliest archaeological relic discovered in Indonesia is from the Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java, where an early Hindu statue of Ganesha estimated from the 1st century CE was found on the summit of Mount Raksa in Panaitan island. There is also archaeological evidence of Sunda Kingdom in West Java dating from the 2nd-century, and Jiwa Temple in Batujaya , Karawang, West Java
700-556: A larger share of the commercial trade that passed through the archipelago. About the time Majapahit was founded, Muslim traders and proselytisers began entering the area. After its peak in the 14th century, Majapahit power began to decline and was unable to control the rising power of the Sultanate of Malacca . Dates for the end of the Majapahit Empire range from 1478 to 1520. A large number of courtiers, artisans, priests, and members of
800-461: A minimum age of 45,500 years old, which makes it the earliest known representational work of art in the world. On July 3, 2024, the journal Nature published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict anthropomorphic figures interacting with a pig and measure 36 by 15 inches (91 by 38 cm) in Leang Karampuang are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as
900-650: A nation with over 270 million people, is known for its diversity and multiculturalism, rooted in its rich history. Despite facing challenges such as political instability and economic crises, Indonesia has continued to develop its economy and plays a significant role in the Southeast Asian region. The country has also made notable contributions to global art, music, and cuisine. In 2007, an analysis of cut marks on two bovid bones found in Sangiran , showed them to have been made 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago by clamshell tools. This
1000-584: A number of Indonesian words which reflect Portuguese's role as the lingua franca of the archipelago alongside Malay ; and many family names in eastern Indonesia such as da Costa, Dias, de Fretes, Gonsalves, etc. The most significant impacts of the Portuguese arrival were the disruption and disorganisation of the trade network mostly as a result of their conquest of Malacca , and the first significant plantings of Christianity in Indonesia. There have continued to be Christian communities in eastern Indonesia through to
1100-465: A policy of war against America, Britain and the Netherlands, the Japanese government decided instead to "treat the Netherlands as a quasi enemy until actual hostilities ... occur." This was in the hope that the Dutch would not preemptively destroy oil installations before the Japanese were ready to invade. On 8 December 1941, in a public proclamation, the Netherlands declared war on Japan. By 07:00 on
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#17328518026151200-459: A regional autonomy program, the secession of East Timor , and the first direct presidential election in 2004 . Political instability, social unrest, corruption, natural disasters, and terrorism remained problems in the 2000s, but the economy has performed strongly since 2007. Although relations between different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas. Today, Indonesia,
1300-496: A vital organ. No one arm attempted to meet the entire strength of the ABDA fleet. Each fastened on a small portion of the enemy and, by crippling him locally, finished by killing the entire animal. [...] The Japanese spread their tentacles cautiously, never extending beyond the range of land-based aircraft unless they had carrier support. The distance of each advance was determined by the radius of fighter planes under their control. This range
1400-605: A way to Asia to cut out Muslim merchants who, with their Venetian outlet in the Mediterranean , monopolised spice imports to Europe. Astronomically priced at the time, spices were highly coveted not only to preserve and make poorly preserved meat palatable, but also as medicines and magic potions. The arrival of Europeans in South East Asia is often regarded as the watershed moment in its history. Other scholars consider this view untenable, arguing that European influence during
1500-592: Is also known as the Kalijati treaty. On 9 March the Dutch Commander-in-Chief of Allied forces on Java, Lieutenant General Hein ter Poorten , surrendered along with Governor General Jonkheer A.W.L. Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer . Ter Poorten's surrender announcement was made without consulting the commanders of the British and US forces, who wanted to continue fighting but who had no choice but to comply with
1600-476: Is currently considered the earliest figurative artwork in the world. It portrays several figures hunting wild pigs and dwarf bovids. This rock art was dated to at least 43,900 years ago on the basis of uranium-series analysis of overlying speleothems . A painted hand stencil from Leang Timpuseng, which has a minimum age of 39,900 years, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world. Discoveries in 2021 revealed that another cave, Leang Tedongnge, has cave art with
1700-470: Is mentioned. Srivijaya ceased to exist by 1414, when Parameswara , the kingdom's last prince, fled to Temasik, then to Malacca. Later his son converted to Islam and founded the Sultanate of Malacca on the Malay peninsula. Majapahit was the most dominant of Indonesia's pre-Islamic states. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada it experienced what
1800-566: Is often referred to as a golden age in Indonesian history, when its influence extended to much of southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali from about 1293 to around 1500. The founder of the Majapahit Empire, Kertarajasa , was the son-in-law of the ruler of the Singhasari kingdom, also based in Java. After Singhasari drove Srivijaya out of Java in 1290, the rising power of Singhasari came to
1900-489: Is populated by peoples of various migrations, creating a diversity of cultures , ethnicities , and languages . The archipelago's landforms and climate significantly influenced agriculture and trade, and the formation of states. The boundaries of the state of Indonesia match the 20th-century borders of the Dutch East Indies . Fossilised remains of Homo erectus , popularly known as " Java Man ", and their tools suggest
2000-435: Is the oldest evidence for the presence of early humans in Indonesia. Fossilised remains of Homo erectus in Indonesia, popularly known as the " Java Man " were first discovered by the Dutch anatomist Eugène Dubois at Trinil in 1891, and are at least 700,000 years old. Other H. erectus fossils of a similar age were found at Sangiran in the 1930s by the anthropologist Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald , who in
2100-554: The Batak areas of Sumatra, Toraja in Sulawesi, and several islands in Nusa Tenggara . Early Indonesians were animists who honoured the spirits of the dead believing their souls or life force could still help the living. Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the 8th century BCE, allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by
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#17328518026152200-903: The Buddhist and Shivaist dynasties. Civil war was unavoidable and the outcome was Mataram Empire divided into two powerful kingdom based on region and religion. The Shivaist dynasty of Mataram kingdom in Java led by Rakai Pikatan and the Buddhist dynasty of Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra led by Balaputradewa . The hostility between them didn't end until in 1006 when the Sailendran based in Srivijaya kingdom incited rebellion by Wurawari, vassal of Mataram kingdom and sacked Shivaist dynasty's capital in Watugaluh , Java. Srivijaya kingdom rose into undisputed hegemonic Empire in
2300-580: The Chola Empire of south India was friendly during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I but during the reign of Rajendra Chola I the Chola Empire attacked Srivijaya cities. A series of Chola raids in the 11th century weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms based, like Kediri, on intensive agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade. Srivijayan influence waned by
2400-537: The Dutch East India Company (VOC) occurred under Krapyak. Dutch activities at the time were limited to trading from limited coastal settlements, so their interactions with the inland Mataram kingdom were limited, although they did form an alliance against Surabaya in 1613. Krapyak died that year. Krapyak was succeeded by his son, who is known simply as Sultan Agung ("Great Sultan ") in Javanese records. Agung
2500-514: The Dutch East Indies under government control. By the early 20th century, Dutch dominance extended to the current boundaries. The Japanese invasion and occupation in 1942–1945 during WWII ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, nationalist leader Sukarno declared independence and became president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish its rule, but
2600-592: The Dutch government-in-exile , at the urging of the Allies and with the support of Queen Wilhelmina , broke its economic treaty with Japan and joined the embargo in August. Japan's military and economic reserves included only a year and a half's worth of oil. As a U.S. declaration of war against Japan was feared if the latter took the East Indies, the Japanese planned to eliminate the U.S. Pacific Fleet , allowing them to take over
2700-504: The Javanese Mataram kingdom . In 1641, the Dutch captured Malacca from the Portuguese, thus weakened Portuguese position in Asia. The Dutch defeated the Sulawesi city of Makassar in 1667 thus bringing its trade under VOC control. Sumatran ports were also brought under VOC control and the last of the Portuguese were expelled in 1660. In return for monopoly control over the pepper trade and
2800-624: The Kutai Martadipura Kingdom located in present East Kalimantan Province, believed to be the oldest and first Hindu kingdom of Indonesia. One such early kingdom was Tarumanagara , which flourished between 358 and 669 CE. Located in West Java close to modern-day Jakarta , its 5th-century king, Purnawarman , established the earliest known inscriptions in Java , the Ciaruteun inscription located near Bogor . And other inscriptions called
2900-607: The Mahakam River known as the Yupa inscription or "Mulavarman Inscription" believed to be one of the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions of Indonesia , the plinths were written by Brahmins in the Sanskrit language using the Pallava script of India recalling of a generous king by the name of Mulavarman who donated a huge amount of alms to Brahmin priests in his kingdom, the kingdom was known as
3000-660: The Malay Peninsula . Dominating the Malacca and Sunda straits , the empire controlled both the Spice Route traffic and local trade. It remained a formidable sea power until the 13th century. This spread the ethnic Malay culture throughout Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and western Borneo . A stronghold of Mahayana Buddhism , Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from other parts of Asia. The relation between Srivijaya and
3100-585: The Pasir Awi inscription and the Muncul inscription . On this monument, King Purnawarman inscribed his name and made an imprint of his footprints, as well as his elephant's footprints. The accompanying inscription reads, "Here are the footprints of King Purnavarman, the heroic conqueror of the world". This inscription is written in Pallava script and in Sanskrit and is still clear after 1500 years. Purnawarman apparently built
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3200-587: The Srivijaya Empire may have caused the move. The first king of Mataram , Sri Sanjaya , left inscriptions in stone . The monumental Hindu temple of Prambanan in the vicinity of Yogyakarta was built by Pikatan . Dharmawangsa ordered the translation of the Mahabharata into Old Javanese in 996. In the period 750 CE – 850 CE, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture. A rapid increase in temple construction occurred across
3300-513: The U.S. Asiatic Fleet (fresh from the fall of the Philippines ), a few British and Australian surface ships, and Dutch units that had previously been stationed in the East Indies. Major forces included two seaplane tenders ( USS Langley and Childs ), two heavy cruisers ( USS Houston and HMS Exeter ), seven light cruisers ( HNLMS De Ruyter , Java and Tromp , USS Marblehead and Boise [though Boise
3400-469: The 11th century. The island was in frequent conflict with the Javanese kingdoms, first Singhasari and then Majapahit . Islam eventually made its way to the Aceh region of Sumatra, spreading its influence through contacts with Arabs and Indian traders. By the late 13th century, the kingdom of Pasai in northern Sumatra converted to Islam. The last inscription dates to 1374, where a crown prince, Ananggavarman,
3500-571: The 12th century, Indian culture spread across all of Southeast Asia. References to the Dvipantara or Yawadvipa , a Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra appear in Sanskrit writings from 200 BCE. In India 's earliest epic, the Ramayana , Sugriva , the chief of Rama 's army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita . According to the ancient Tamil text Manimekalai Java had
3600-507: The 14th and 15th centuries (1301–1500 CE) is not well known due to the scarcity of evidence. By the 15th century (1401–1500 CE), two major states dominated this period; Majapahit in East Java, the greatest of the pre-Islamic Indonesian states, and Malacca on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula , arguably one of the greatest of the Muslim trading empires, this marked the rise of Muslim states in
3700-612: The 1st century CE. These kingdoms (little more than collections of villages subservient to petty chieftains) evolved with their own ethnic and tribal religions. Java's hot and even temperature, abundant rain and volcanic soil, was perfect for wet rice cultivation. Such agriculture required a well-organized society, in contrast to the society based on dry-field rice , which is a much simpler form of cultivation that does not require an elaborate social structure to support it. Buni culture clay pottery flourished in coastal northern West Java and Banten around 400 BCE to 100 CE. The Buni culture
3800-583: The British air chief marshal Sir Richard Peirse as the air commander. Although the forces were combined, they had differing priorities: the British believed the defense of the territory of Singapore and the eastern entrances to the Indian Ocean (the route to British Ceylon and British India ) to be paramount; the Americans and Australians did not want a total penetration of Southeast Asia that would deprive them of bases necessary for any serious counterattack; and
3900-415: The Dutch considered Java and Sumatra, their "second homeland where [they] had been trading and living for over three centuries", to be the most important place to defend. Even the combined forces could not stop or even slow the Japanese advance because of their much greater numbers; to face the attacking naval forces, the ABDA command had a conglomerate of ships drawn from any available units, which included
4000-453: The Dutch government in London at 04:00. The instructions were only received on the evening of the next day, and the declaration of war was finally handed to the Japanese foreign minister, Shigenori Tōgō , by the Dutch ambassador, J. C. Pabst, on the morning of 10 December. The Swedish ambassador agreed to handle Dutch interests for the duration of the conflict. The Dutch declaration did not alter
4100-416: The Dutch, would not have its greatest impact on Indonesia until the 18th and 19th centuries. Newfound Portuguese expertise in navigation, shipbuilding and weaponry allowed them to make daring expeditions of exploration and expansion. Starting with the first exploratory expeditions sent from newly conquered Malacca in 1512, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Indonesia, and sought to dominate
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4200-543: The Hindu Majapahit kingdom, flourished from the late 13th century, and its influence stretched over much of Indonesia. The earliest evidence of Islamised populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra ; other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam , which became the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences. Europeans such as
4300-585: The Indian Ocean. Access to oil was the main goal of the Japanese war effort, as Japan has no native source of oil; it could not even produce enough to meet even 10% of its needs, even with the extraction of oil shale in Manchuria using the Fushun process . Japan quickly lost 93% of its oil supply after President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order on 26 July 1941 which froze all of Japan's U.S. assets and embargoed all oil exports to Japan. In addition,
4400-516: The Indonesian archipelago was inhabited at least 1.5 million years ago. Austronesian people , who form the majority of the modern population, are thought to have originally been from Taiwan and arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE . From the 7th century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished, bringing Hindu and Buddhist influences with it. The agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties subsequently thrived in inland Java. The last significant non-Muslim kingdom,
4500-631: The Indonesian archipelago. Mataram Empire , sometimes referred to as Mataram Kingdom, was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java around modern-day Yogyakarta between the 8th and 10th centuries. The kingdom was ruled by the Sailendra dynasty, and later by the Sanjaya dynasty . The centre of the kingdom was moved from central Java to East Java by Mpu Sindok . An eruption of the volcano Mount Merapi in 929, and political pressure from Sailendrans based in
4600-451: The Islamic era, the spread of Islam among the inhabitants of the Indonesian archipelago dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra . Although it is known that the spread of Islam began in the west of the archipelago, the fragmentary evidence does not suggest a rolling wave of conversion through adjacent areas; rather, it suggests the process was complicated and slow. The spread of Islam
4700-534: The Japanese decision, and the latter's declaration of war did not come until 11 January 1942. When Japan was charged with waging a " war of aggression " before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in 1946, it was argued that her attitude towards the Netherlands proved otherwise, since the Dutch had declared war first. The tribunal rejected this, on the grounds that Japan's sole intention
4800-585: The Japanese planned a three-pronged assault southward using three forces named Eastern Force, Center Force and Western Force. The goal was to capture the oil resources of the East Indies. The Eastern Force was to advance from Jolo and Davao and move on to capture Celebes , Amboina and Timor , while protecting the Center Force's flank. The Center Force was to capture oil fields and airfields in Tarakan Island and Balikpapan . Both these forces would support
4900-515: The Portuguese arrived in Indonesia from the 16th century seeking to monopolise the sources of valuable nutmeg , cloves , and cubeb pepper in Maluku . In 1602, the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company ( Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) and became the dominant European power by 1610. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established
5000-473: The Portuguese presence in Indonesia was reduced to Solor, Flores and Timor in modern-day Nusa Tenggara, following defeat at the hands of indigenous Ternateans and the Dutch in Maluku, and a general failure to maintain control of trade in the region. In comparison with the original Portuguese ambition to dominate Asian trade, their influence on Indonesian culture was small: the romantic keroncong guitar ballads;
5100-667: The Singhasari kingdom was destroyed, turned and forced his Mongol allies to withdraw in confusion. Gajah Mada , a Majapahit prime minister and regent from 1331 to 1364, extended the empire's rule to the surrounding islands. A few years after Gajah Mada's death, the Majapahit navy captured Palembang, putting an end to the Sriwijaya kingdom. Although the Majapahit rulers extended their power over other islands and destroyed neighbouring kingdoms, their focus seems to have been on controlling and gaining
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#17328518026155200-515: The Sultanate of Pajang. According to Javanese records, Kyai Gedhe Pamanahan became the ruler of the Mataram area in the 1570s with the support of the kingdom of Pajang to the east, near the current site of Surakarta (Solo). Pamanahan was often referred to as Kyai Gedhe Mataram after his ascension. Pamanahan's son, Panembahan Senapati , replaced his father on the throne around 1584. Under Senapati
5300-487: The Western Force contained five heavy cruisers and seven destroyers. In addition, four Japanese fleet carriers ( Akagi , Kaga , Hiryū and Sōryū ) and the four Kongō -class battleships were in the theater of operation. The manner of the Japanese advance resembled the insidious yet irresistible clutching of multiple tentacles. Like some vast octopus it relied on strangling many small points rather than concentration on
5400-594: The Western Force, which was to attack and capture the oil refineries and airfields in Palembang . The Japanese launched their assault on 11 January and landed at Tarakan. To coordinate the fight against the Japanese, the American, British, Dutch, and Australian forces combined all available land and sea forces under the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM or ABDA) banner. This command
5500-399: The attention of Kublai Khan in China and he sent emissaries demanding tribute. Kertanagara , ruler of the Singhasari kingdom, refused to pay tribute and the Khan sent a punitive expedition which arrived off the coast of Java in 1293. By that time, a rebel from Kediri , Jayakatwang, had killed Kertanagara. The Majapahit founder allied himself with the Mongols against Jayakatwang and, once
5600-401: The cave paintings is important within human cultural history, as it adds to the view that cave art was created simultaneously in Indonesia and Europe . Francesco d'Errico, an expert in prehistoric art at the University of Bordeaux , described the investigation as a "major archaeological discovery". On 11 December 2019, a team of researchers led by Dr. Maxime Aubert announced the discovery of
5700-406: The day of the attack, the East Indies government had warned merchantmen at sea to make for the nearest port. At that hour, the governor general made a public announcement over the radio that the Netherlands "accepts the challenge and takes up arms against the Japanese Empire." Instructions had been telegraphed to the embassy in Tokyo at 02:30, even before news of the attack on Pearl Harbor had reached
5800-685: The dissolution of the Batavian Republic , which was replaced by the Kingdom of Holland , a French puppet kingdom ruled by Napoleon's third brother Louis Bonaparte (Lodewijk Napoleon). The East Indies were treated as a proxy French colony, administered through a Dutch intermediary. Dutch East Indies campaign [REDACTED] United Kingdom [REDACTED] United States [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] New Zealand 148,000 2,384 killed 100,000+ captured 1941 1942 Second Sino-Japanese War 1942 18th century 19th century 20th century The Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–1942
5900-422: The end of January, Japanese forces had captured parts of the Celebes and Dutch Borneo, and by February they had landed on Sumatra and encouraged a revolt in Aceh . Most of the naval components of the Allied forces were crushed in the battles of Java Sea , Sunda Strait and Second Java Sea ; the only American ship larger than a destroyer to survive the battles was the old cruiser Marblehead . In addition,
6000-465: The era as the result. Yet the Shivaist dynasty survived and successfully reclaimed the east Java in 1019 then descended to Kahuripan kingdom led by Airlangga son of Udayana of Bali . Srivijaya was a kingdom on Sumatra which influenced much of the Maritime Southeast Asia . From the 7th century, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it. Srivijaya
6100-444: The expulsion of the English, the Dutch helped the son of the ruler of Banten overthrow his father in 1680. By the 18th century, the VOC has established themselves firmly in Indonesian archipelago, controlling inter-island trade as part of their Asian business which includes India, Ceylon, Formosa, and Japan. VOC has established their important bases in some ports in Java, Maluku, and parts of Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Malay Peninsula. After
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#17328518026156200-427: The fall of the Netherlands to the First French Empire and the dissolution of the Dutch East India Company in 1800, there were profound changes in the European colonial administration of the East Indies. The company's assets in East Indies were nationalised as the Dutch colony, the Dutch East Indies . Meanwhile, Europe was devastated by the Napoleonic Wars . In the Netherlands, Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806 oversaw
6300-430: The favour of the West, whose investment in Indonesia was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. In the late 1990s, however, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the East Asian financial crisis , which led to popular protests and Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998. The Reformasi era following Suharto's resignation has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including
6400-417: The form of diagonal etchings made with the use of a shark's tooth, was detected in 2014 on a 500,000-year-old fossil of a clam found in Java in the 1890s, associated with H. erectus . In 2003, on the island of Flores , fossils of a 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall hominid dated between 74,000 and 13,000 years old were discovered, much to the surprise of the scientific community. This newly discovered hominid
6500-401: The internal politics of Java in this period, and fought in a number of wars involving the leaders of Mataram and Banten . The Dutch followed the Portuguese aspirations, courage, brutality, and strategies but brought better organisation, weapons, ships, and superior financial backing. Although they failed to gain complete control of the Indonesian spice trade, they had much more success than
6600-466: The islands enormously important to the Japanese, so they sought to secure the supply for themselves. They sent four fleet carriers ( Akagi , Kaga , Hiryū , and Sōryū ) and a light carrier along with the four fast battleships of the Kongō class , 13 heavy cruisers , and many light cruisers and destroyers to support their amphibious assaults in addition to conducting raids on cities, naval units and shipping in both that area and around
6700-427: The islands; this led to the attack on Pearl Harbor . In late November, the Netherlands government in the East Indies under the Dutch government-in-exile (already at war with Imperial Japan's Axis power ally Germany in Europe) began preparing for war against Japan itself: ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy were sent to sea and the KNIL Air Force was mobilised. On 4 December, three days after having decided on
6800-441: The kingdom grew substantially through regular military campaigns against Mataram's neighbours. Shortly after his accession, for example, he conquered his father's patrons in Pajang. The reign of Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak (Suhusunan Anyakrawati) ( c. 1601–1613), the son of Senapati, was dominated by further warfare, especially against powerful Surabaya , already a major centre in East Java. The first contact between Mataram and
6900-437: The land forces on the islands were quickly overwhelmed, and most major resistance was overcome within two months of the initial assaults, although a guerrilla campaign in Timor was successfully waged for a time. The ABDA command was dissolved 1 March, less than two months after its inception, by Admiral Conrad Helfrich . On 8 March 1942 the Dutch surrendered without condition to Japan in Kalijati, Subang , West Java . This
7000-441: The landscape of its heartland in Mataram ( Kedu and Kewu Plain ). The most notable temples constructed in Mataram are Kalasan , Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan . The Empire had become the supreme power not only in Java but also over Srivijayan Empire , Bali , southern Thailand , some Philippine kingdoms, and Khmer in Cambodia . Later in its history, the dynasty divided into two dynasties based on their own religion,
7100-416: The latest official estimate (for mid 2023) is 195,737 (comprising 99,069 males and 96,668 females). The total area is 29.94 km and the population density in 2023 was 6,538 inhabitants/km. The district is sub-divided into five urban communities ( kelurahan ), listed below with their areas and their populations as at mid 2023, together with their postcodes. Most residents in this district is the migrants whereas
7200-523: The local population. At its peak in the first half of the 17th century, the Sultanate lasted from 1526 to 1813 AD. The Sultanate left many archaeological remains and historical records. Beginning in the 16th century, successive waves of Europeans—the Portuguese , Spanish, Dutch and English—sought to dominate the spice trade at its sources in India and the 'Spice Islands' ( Maluku ) of Indonesia. This meant finding
7300-477: The oldest hunting scenes in prehistoric art in the world which is more than 44,000 years old from the limestone cave of Leang Bulu' Sipong 4. Archaeologists determined the age of the depiction of hunting a pig and buffalo thanks to the calcite 'popcorn', different isotope levels of radioactive uranium and thorium . An elaborate 4.5 m long rock art panel in a limestone cave at Leang Bulu' in Sulawesi
7400-791: The oldest known paintings in the world. Austronesian people form the majority of the modern population. They may have arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE and are thought to have originated in Taiwan. During this period, parts of Indonesia participated in the Maritime Jade Road , with outlets in Kalimantan which existed for 3,000 years between 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. Dong Son culture spread to Indonesia bringing with it techniques of wet-field rice cultivation , ritual buffalo sacrifice, bronze casting, megalithic practises, and ikat weaving methods. Some of these practices remain in areas including
7500-401: The predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java. Only Bali retained a Hindu majority. In the eastern archipelago, both Christian and Islamic missionaries were active in the 16th and 17th centuries, and, currently, there are large communities of both religions on these islands. The Sultanate of Mataram was the third Sultanate in Java, after the Sultanate of Demak Bintoro and
7600-546: The present, which has contributed to a sense of shared interest with Europeans, particularly among the Ambonese. In 1602, the Dutch parliament awarded the VOC a monopoly on trade and colonial activities in the region at a time before the company controlled any territory in Java. In 1619, the VOC conquered the West Javan city of Jayakarta, where they founded the city of Batavia (present-day Jakarta ). The VOC became deeply involved in
7700-430: The previous Portuguese efforts. They exploited the factionalisation of the small kingdoms in Java that had replaced Majapahit, establishing a permanent foothold in Java, from which grew a land-based colonial empire which became one of the richest colonial possessions on earth. By the mid-17th century, Batavia, the headquarter of VOC in Asia, had become an important trade centre in the region. It had repelled attacks from
7800-536: The royal family moved east to the island of Bali at the end of Majapahit power. The earliest accounts of the Indonesian archipelago date from the Abbasid Caliphate , according to those early accounts the Indonesian archipelago were famous among early Muslim sailors mainly due to its abundance of precious spice trade commodities such as nutmeg , cloves , galangal and many other spices. Although Muslim traders first travelled through South East Asia early in
7900-432: The same time period also uncovered fossils at Ngandong alongside more advanced tools, re-dated in 2011 to between 550,000 and 143,000 years old. In 1977 another H. erectus skull was discovered at Sambungmacan. In 2010, stone tools were discovered on Flores, dating from 1 million years ago. These are the earliest remains implying human seafaring technology. The earliest evidence of artistic activity ever found, in
8000-585: The skeletal remains were from archaeological horizons ranging from 50,000 to 190,000 years ago. The Indonesian archipelago was formed during the thaw after the Last Glacial Maximum . Early humans travelled by sea and spread from mainland Asia eastward to New Guinea and Australia . Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago. In 2011, evidence was uncovered in neighbouring East Timor , showing that 42,000 years ago, these early settlers had high-level maritime skills, and by implication
8100-480: The sources of valuable spices and to extend the Catholic Church's missionary efforts. The Portuguese turned east to Maluku and through both military conquest and alliance with local rulers, they established trading posts, forts, and missions on the islands of Ternate , Ambon , and Solor among others. The height of Portuguese missionary activities, however, came in the latter half of the 16th century. Ultimately,
8200-644: The surrender on radio, 9 March 1942. Allied forces did not attempt to retake the islands of Java, Sumatra, Timor, or Bali during the war. Japanese forces on those islands surrendered at the conclusion of World War II. Most of the Japanese military personnel and civilian colonial administrators were repatriated to Japan following the war, except for several hundred who were detained for investigations of war crimes , for which some were later put on trial. About 1,000 Japanese soldiers deserted from their units and assimilated into local communities. Many of these soldiers provided assistance to Indonesian Republican forces during
8300-475: The surrender. The military power of the Netherlands Indies was never calculated to wage war single-handed against the Japanese empire. For such purposes it is, to begin with, entirely inadequate... Our troops have suffered heavy losses, because of the impossibility of protecting them against the enemy's air attacks; they are exhausted... May God be with us. Long live the queen! Ter Poorten announcing
8400-439: The technology needed to make ocean crossings to reach Australia and other islands, as they were catching and consuming large numbers of big deep sea fish such as tuna. In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo . The discovery of
8500-565: The times of the early arrivals of the 16th and 17th centuries was limited in both area and depth. This is in part due to Europe not being the most advanced or dynamic area of the world in the early 15th century. Rather, the major expansionist force of this time was Islam; in 1453, for example, the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople , while Islam continued to spread through Indonesia and the Philippines . European influence, particularly that of
8600-636: The tribal ethnic Malays Deli 30% only. History of Indonesia#Colonial era The history of Indonesia has been shaped by its geographic position, natural resources, a series of human migrations and contacts, wars and conquests, as well as by trade, economics and politics. Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17,000 to 18,000 islands stretching along the equator in Southeast Asia . The country's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade; trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. The area of Indonesia
8700-525: Was "to give less time to the Netherlands for destroying oil wells." They found that the Netherlands' declaration was in self-defence. General Hisaichi Terauchi , commander of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group , began the campaign by sending the 16th Army under command of General Hitoshi Imamura to attack Borneo . On 17 December 1941 Japanese forces landed at Miri , an oil production centre in northern Sarawak , with support from
8800-496: Was activated on 15 January 1942, commanded by British field marshal Sir Archibald Wavell . The command structure had the American Army Air Force lieutenant general George Brett as deputy commander, the British lieutenant general Henry Royds Pownall as chief of staff; under them were the American admiral Thomas C. Hart as naval commander, the Dutch lieutenant general Hein ter Poorten as ground forces commander, and
8900-405: Was also a major factor in the end of Dutch colonial rule in the region. The East Indies was one of Japan's primary targets if and when it went to war because the colony possessed abundant valuable resources, the most important of which were its rubber plantations and oil fields; the colony was the fourth-largest exporter of oil in the world, behind the U.S., Iran , and Romania . The oil made
9000-418: Was centred in the coastal trading centre of present-day Palembang . Srivijaya was not a "state" in the modern sense with defined boundaries and a centralised government to which the citizens own allegiance. Rather Srivijaya was a confederacy form of society centred on a royal heartland. It was a thalassocracy and did not extend its influence far beyond the coastal areas of the islands of Southeast Asia. Trade
9100-469: Was derived from ancient Indian kingdom of Kalinga , which suggest the ancient link between India and Indonesia. The political history of Indonesian archipelago during the 7th to 11th (601–1100 CE) around centuries was dominated by Srivijaya based in Sumatra and Sailendra that dominated southeast Asia based in Java and constructed Borobudur , the largest Buddhist monument in the world. The history prior of
9200-414: Was driven by increasing trade links outside of the archipelago; in general, traders and the royalty of major kingdoms were the first to adopt the new religion. Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, making it the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 7th until 13th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped
9300-488: Was forced to leave the area after striking a shoal on January 21], HMAS Hobart and Perth ), 22 destroyers, and, perhaps their greatest strength, 25 American and 16 Dutch submarines. Being based on Java, these ships had to take on the central and western prongs of the three-headed Japanese assault. The Central Force's combat ships included the light carrier Ryūjō , the seaplane tenders Sanyo Maru and Sanuki Maru , three light cruisers, and 16 destroyers, while
9400-490: Was generally less than 400 miles, but the Japanese made these short hops in surprisingly rapid succession. Amphibious operations, preceded by air strikes and covered by air power developed with terrifying regularity. Before the Allies had consolidated a new position, they were confronted with a system of air bases from which enemy aircraft operated on their front, flanks and even rear. The Japanese were using Tarakan airfield as
9500-413: Was named the " Flores Man ", or Homo floresiensis . A phylogenetic analysis published in 2017 suggests that H. floresiensis was descended from the same ancestor as Homo habilis . H. floresiensis would thus represent a previously unknown and very early migration out of Africa . The Homo floresiensis skeletal material is dated from 60,000 to 100,000 years ago; stone tools recovered alongside
9600-509: Was probably built around this time. South Indian culture was spread to Southeast Asia by the south Indian Pallava dynasty in the 4th and 5th centuries. and by the 5th century, stone inscriptions written in Pallava scripts were found in Java and Borneo. A number of Hindu and Buddhist states flourished and then declined across Indonesia. Seven rough plinths dating from the beginning of the 4th century CE were found in Kutai , East Kalimantan , near
9700-524: Was probably the predecessor of the Tarumanagara kingdom, one of the earliest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia, producing numerous inscriptions and marking the beginning of the historical period in Java. Much of Indonesia, like much of Southeast Asia, were influenced by Indian culture . From the 2nd century, through the Indian dynasties like the Pallava , Gupta , Pala and Chola in the succeeding centuries up to
9800-467: Was responsible for the great expansion and lasting historical legacy of Mataram due to the extensive military conquests of his long reign from 1613 to 1646. In 1524–25, Sunan Gunung Jati from Cirebon, together with the armies of Demak Sultanate , seized the port of Banten from the Sunda kingdom , and established The Sultanate of Banten . This was accompanied by Muslim preachers and the adoption of Islam amongst
9900-523: Was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia ) by forces of the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific campaign of World War II . Allied forces attempted unsuccessfully to defend the islands. The East Indies were targeted by the Japanese for their rich oil resources which would become a vital asset during the war. The campaign and subsequent three-and-a-half-year Japanese occupation
10000-509: Was the driving force of Srivijaya just as it is for most societies throughout history. The Srivijayan navy controlled the trade that made its way through the Strait of Malacca . By the 7th century, the harbours of various vassal states of Srivijaya lined both coasts of the Straits of Melaka. Around this time, Srivijaya had established suzerainty over large areas of Sumatra, western Java, and much of
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