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45-543: McKeachie was born the son of a teacher in Clarkston, Michigan . He was awarded a scholarship to attend Michigan State Normal College , now Eastern Michigan University, where he majored in Math with History and English minors with the hopes to become a high school teacher in 1942. Simultaneous powerful educational experiences were his work on a General Motors assembly line and playing piano and singing with bands in bars. He briefly served

90-550: A densely populated neighbourhood with some buildings reaching six storeys high. There are theatres, schools, nurseries and local newspapers. In Argentina, shanty towns are known as villas miseria . As of 2011, there were 500,000 people living in 864 informal settlements in the metropolitan Buenos Aires area. In Peru, they are known as pueblos jóvenes ("young towns"), as campamentos in Chile , and as asentamientos in Guatemala. During

135-399: A long period of time and newer towns still lack basic services. Nevertheless, there has been a general trend whereby shanties undergo gradual improvements, rather than relocation to even more distant parts of a metropolis. In Africa, many shanty towns are starting to implement the use of composting toilets and solar panels . In India, people living in slums have access to cell phones and

180-604: A minister in rural Upper Peninsula Michigan after completing his bachelor's degree. He also married his wife Virginia (Ginny) Mack, whom he met in his senior year of college before he left for his service in the Navy during World War II. In 1945, following McKeachie's service in the war as a radar and communications officer on a destroyer in the Pacific, he enrolled in graduate school at the University of Michigan to study psychology. At Michigan,

225-495: A most crucial formative experience was his participation as a teaching fellow in introductory psychology under Harold Guetzkow. His interest in research in teaching was heightened by his role as coordinator for the introductory course's research projects and extended into his doctoral research exploring social-psychological factors in college classrooms. In 1949, McKeachie earned a PhD from the University of Michigan , where he joined

270-920: A shack, the term shanty is likely derived from French chantier (construction site and associated low-level workers' quarters), or alternatively from Scottish Gaelic sean ( pronounced [ʃɛn] ) meaning 'old' and taigh ( pronounced [tʰɤj] ) meaning 'house[hold]'. Globally, some of the largest shanty towns are Ciudad Neza in Mexico, Orangi in Pakistan and Dharavi in India. They are known by various names in different places, such as favela in Brazil, villa miseria in Argentina and gecekondu in Turkey. Shanty towns are mostly found in developing nations , but also in

315-504: A shanty town built on a former mangrove swamp in Mumbai . It is one of the most densely populated places on the globe. In 2011, there were at least four improvised settlements in Mumbai containing even more people. There are in total 3.4 million people living in the 5,000 informal settlements of Bangladesh's capital city Dhaka . Thailand has 5,500 informal settlements, one of the largest being

360-725: A shanty town in the Khlong Toei District of Bangkok . In China, 171 urban villages were demolished before the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. As of 2005, there were 346 shanty towns in Beijing, housing 1.5 million people. Author Robert Neuwirth wrote that around six million people, half the population of Istanbul lived in gecekondu areas. In Hong Kong, the Kowloon Walled City housed up to 50,000 people, with rooftop slums currently providing some additional housing . The world's largest shanty town

405-628: A suburb of the Central Coast ). Many films have been shot in shanty towns. Slumdog Millionaire centres on characters who spend most of their lives in Indian shanty towns. The Brazilian film City of God was set in Cidade de Deus and filmed in another favela, called Cidade Alta. White Elephant , a 2012 Argentinian movie, is set in a villa miseria in Buenos Aires. The South African film District 9

450-433: Is Ciudad Neza or Neza-Chalco-Itza, which is part of the city of Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, next to Mexico City. Estimates of its population range from 1.2 million to 4 million. Brazil has many favelas . In Rio de Janeiro , Brazil, it was calculated in 2000 that over 20% of its 6.5 million inhabitants were living in more than 600 favelas. For example, Rocinha is home to an estimated 80,000 inhabitants. It has developed into

495-512: Is Orangi in Karachi , Pakistan, which had an estimated 1.5 million inhabitants in 2011. The Orangi Pilot Project aims to lift local people out of poverty. It was begun by Akhtar Hameed Khan and run by Parveen Rehman until her murder in 2013. Residents laid sewage pipes themselves and almost all of Orangi's 8,000 streets are now connected. In India, an estimated one million people live in Dharavi ,

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540-638: Is a settlement of improvised buildings known as shanties or shacks , typically made of materials such as mud and wood, or from cheap building materials such as corrugated tin sheets. A typical shanty town is squatted and in the beginning lacks adequate infrastructure, including proper sanitation, safe water supply, electricity and street drainage. Over time, shanty towns can develop their infrastructure and even change into middle class neighbourhoods. They can be small informal settlements or they can house millions of people. First used in North America to designate

585-621: Is in nearby Independence Township . This list includes people from the area (Clarkston and Independence Township ). Romig, Walter (October 1, 1986) [1973]. Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities (Paperback). Great Lakes Books Series. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press . ISBN   081431838X . Shanty town A shanty town , squatter area, squatter settlement , or squatter camp

630-452: Is land and 0.07 square miles (0.18 km ) (13.73%) is water. Clarkston is the smallest city by land area in the state of Michigan. However, the city of Petersburg has a larger land area at 0.48 square miles (1.24 km ) but a smaller total area (when water area is included). Clarkston has a total area of 0.51 square miles (1.32 km ), while Petersburg contains no water and a total area of 0.48 square miles (1.24 km ). As of

675-472: Is largely set in a township called Chiawelo, from which people had been forcibly resettled. The 2016 Chinese TV series Housing tells the story of shantytown clearance in Beiliang, Baotou, Inner Mongolia. A 2023 Nigerian crime thriller titled Shanty Town was released on Netflix on January 20, 2023. It is a six-part series that tells the story of a ruthless leader named Scar ( Chidi Mokeme ) who handles

720-415: Is mainly due to the generally poor economic situation found. While most shanty towns begin as precarious establishments haphazardly thrown together without basic social and civil services, over time, some have undergone a certain amount of development. Often the residents themselves are responsible for the major improvements. Community organizations sometimes working alongside NGOs , private companies, and

765-472: Is surrounded by Independence Township , but administered independently since its incorporation in 1992. At the 2020 census , the city had a population of 928. With a total land area of 0.44 square miles (1.14 km ), Clarkston is the smallest city by land area in the state of Michigan. Squatter Linux Jacox from New York built the first house, a Shanty , in Clarkston in 1830. In 1832, Butler Holcomb built

810-681: The Afrikaans word for squatter camps, often starts and grows rapidly on vacant land or public spaces within or close to cities and towns, where there may be nearby work opportunities, without the cost of transport. Shanty towns tend to begin as improvised shelters on squatted land. People build shacks from whatever materials are easy to acquire, for example wood or mud. There are no facilities such as electricity, gas, sewage or running water. The squatters choose areas such as railway sidings, preservation areas or disputed building projects. Swiss journalist Georg Gerster has noted (with specific reference to

855-485: The Catholic Church 's Council for Justice and Peace have emphasised the need for information, involvement and choice being offered to people being moved on. Shanty towns are present in a number of developing countries . In Francophone countries, shanty towns are referred to as bidonvilles (French for "can town"); such countries include Haiti , where Cité Soleil houses between 200,000 and 300,000 people on

900-438: The invasões of Brasilia ) that "squatter settlements [as opposed to slums ], despite their unattractive building materials, may also be places of hope, scenes of a counter-culture, with an encouraging potential for change and a strong upward impetus". Stewart Brand has observed that shanty towns are green , with people recycling as much as possible and tending to travel by foot, bicycle, rickshaw or shared taxi , though this

945-730: The 1930s Great Depression , shanty towns nicknamed Hoovervilles sprang up across the United States. Following the Great Depression, squatters lived in shacks on landfill sites beside the Martin Pena canal in Puerto Rico and were still there in 2010. More recently, cities such as Newark and Oakland have witnessed the creation of tent cities . The Umoja Village shanty town was squatted in 2006 in Miami, Florida. There are also colonias near

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990-772: The APF's Arthur W. Staats Lecture for Unifying Psychology in 2011. He also chaired divisions of the American Association of University Professors , the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Center for Social Gerontology. McKeachie was an editorial board member for twenty journals. His career was recognized by a number of awards and many honorary degrees from the University of Cincinnati , Denison University , Eastern Michigan University , Hope College , and Northwestern University . Dr. McKeachie continued to teach until

1035-786: The Combined Program in Education and Psychology and establishment of the Center for Research on Learning and Teaching at the university. McKeachie served as the 1976 president of the American Psychological Association (APA). He had been the president of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology (APA Division 2) in 1955–1956. McKeachie was president of the American Psychological Foundation (APF) and he delivered

1080-563: The Wilbert J. McKeachie Teaching Excellence Award in 1980. Through 2004, it was awarded to an early career teacher or a graduate student. The award has recognized graduate students since 2005, as a separate award honors early career teaching. Clarkston, Michigan Clarkston is a city in Oakland County, Michigan , United States. A northern suburb of Detroit , located about 34 mi (55 km) northwest of downtown Detroit, Clarkston

1125-465: The age of 85, when he had his hips and shoulder replaced. He said that the surgeries were a result of a 50-year career as a fast-pitch softball pitcher; he cited his three softball no-hitters in 1976, the year of his APA presidency, as proud moments. He had two daughters as well as a granddaughter and a great-granddaughter. He died in June 2019 at the age of 97. The Society for the Teaching of Psychology created

1170-401: The average family size was 3.01. In the city the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 28.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.3 males. The median income for a household in the city

1215-687: The border with Mexico. Although shanty towns are now generally less common in developed countries in Europe, they still exist. The growing influx of migrants has fuelled shantytowns in cities commonly used as a point of entry into the European Union, including Athens and Patras in Greece. The Calais Jungle in France had grown to over 8,000 people by the time of its clearance in October 2016. Bidonvilles exist in

1260-504: The capital of Kenya , Kibera has between 200,000 and 1 million residents. There is no running water and inhabitants use a flying toilet in which faeces are collected in a plastic bag then thrown away. Mathare is a collection of slums which contain around 500,000 people. In Zambia, the informal housing areas are known as kombonis and approximately 80% of the people in the capital Lusaka are living in them. The largest shanty town in Asia

1305-483: The census of 2010, there were 882 people, 402 households, and 248 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,004.5 inhabitants per square mile (773.9/km ). There were 440 housing units at an average density of 1,000.0 per square mile (386.1/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 97.7% White , 0.2% African American , 0.1% Native American , 0.6% Asian , 0.5% from other races , and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of

1350-472: The cities of developed nations , such as Athens , Los Angeles and Madrid . Cañada Real is considered the largest informal settlement in Europe, and Skid Row is an infamous shanty town in Los Angeles. Shanty towns are sometimes found on places such as railway sidings , swampland or disputed building projects. In South Africa , squatter camps, often referred to as "plakkerskampe", directly translated from

1395-425: The city. The population density was 2,106.0 inhabitants per square mile (813.1/km ). There were 424 housing units at an average density of 928.2 per square mile (358.4/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 96.78% White , 0.31% African American , 0.10% Native American , 0.42% Asian , 0.10% Pacific Islander , 0.10% from other races , and 2.18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.04% of

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1440-427: The close proximity they are built in. They often cause a great deal of damage to naturally occurring ecosystems, both directly, and indirectly. An example of severe indirect damage is the use of washing detergents, and refuse disposal in the nearby water source, which can often be seen for hundreds of kilometers down stream. Due to the lack of infrastructure, and the cost of basic services, such as water and electricity,

1485-531: The edge of Port-au-Prince . In 2016, 62% of Africa's population was living in shanty towns. Squatter camps in South Africa typically use cheap, and easily acquired building materials such as corrugated tin sheets to build shacks. Offering very little protection against extreme weather conditions, these squatter camps, often built near streams or rivers due to the steady water supply, are often subjected to flash floods. They are also prone to runaway fires due to

1530-460: The faculty for the rest of his career. During his time at the university, he served 10 years as Chair of the Department of Psychology, authored numerous books, monographs, chapters, and articles. In 1950, McKeachie distributed a manual to his teaching assistants that covered educational strategies. The manual evolved into McKeachie’s Teaching Tips . He was also involved in the collaborative founding of

1575-490: The government, set up connections to the municipal water supply, pave roads, and build local schools. Some of these shanties have become middle class suburbs . One such example is the Los Olivos neighbourhood of Lima , Peru, which now contains gated communities , casinos , and plastic surgery clinics. Some Brazilian favelas have also seen improvements in recent years and can even attract tourists. Development occurs over

1620-544: The internet. Other African shanty towns have even become popular tourist attractions. Soweto, an old squatter camp from apartheid-era South Africa is now classified as a city within a city, with a population of almost 2 million. It boasts the popular "Soweto Towers" and a multitude of guided excursions, often including a Shisa-nyama. Pope Francis argues in his 2015 encyclical letter Laudato si' that shanty town settlements should be developed, if possible, rather than people being moved on and their settlements destroyed. He and

1665-556: The overall squatted area is often barren, with the ground sweeped and stamped to minimise dust, and where gardening is simply impossible and unaffordable. Illegal and dangerous electricity connections are abundant, another danger for fires, and electrical accidents, The Joe Slovo squatter camp, in Cape Town, houses an estimated 20,000 people. Shack dwellers in South Africa organise themselves in groups such as Abahlali baseMjondolo and Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign . In Nairobi ,

1710-481: The peripheries of some French cities. The state authorities recorded 16,399 people living in 391 slums across the country in 2012. Of these, 41% lived on the outskirts of Paris. In Madrid , Spain, a shanty town named Cañada Real is considered the largest informal settlement in Europe. It has an estimated 8,628 inhabitants, who are mainly Spanish, Romani and north African, but only one mobile health unit. After 40 years, property developers began to take an interest in

1755-438: The population. There were 402 households, of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.3% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

1800-403: The population. There were 406 households, out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and

1845-557: The second house and a sawmill. On December 12, 1840, the Independence post office was transferred to the community and assumed its name. In 1842, the Clark brothers platted a tract of land for a village and gave it the name Clarkston. Clarkston was incorporated in 1884 as a village. In 1992, the village of Clarkston was incorporated as a city. The Village of Clarkston was designated a Michigan State Historic Site on January 16, 1976 and

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1890-531: The site in 2012. There have been cardboard cities in London and Belgrade . In some cases, shanty towns can persist in gentrified areas that local governments have yet to redevelop, or in regions of political dispute. A major historical example was the Kowloon Walled City in Hong Kong . In Australia and New Zealand , there were many shanty towns before World War II , some of which still exist (for example Wyee ,

1935-528: Was $ 62,667, and the median income for a family was $ 90,189. Males had a median income of $ 66,250 versus $ 37,604 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 36,838. About 2.2% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.4% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over. The city's public school district is the Clarkston Community School District . Everest Collegiate High School and Academy

1980-426: Was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 45.4 years. 21.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22% were from 25 to 44; 31.4% were from 45 to 64; and 19.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 962 people, 406 households, and 265 families residing in

2025-606: Was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 15, 1979. The Clarkston Village Historic District includes Buffalo Street, Church Street, Clarkston Road, Depot Road, Holcomb Street, Main Street ( M-15 ), Miller Road, Waldon Road and Washington Street. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 0.51 square miles (1.32 km ), of which 0.44 square miles (1.14 km )

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