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87-488: McColl-Frontenac Oil Company Limited was a Canadian integrated oil company. It was created in 1927 as a result of a merger between two companies, McColl Brothers, founded by John McColl in 1873 as McColl and Anderson , and Frontenac Oil Refineries of Montreal. Shares in the new company were acquired by the Texas Company ( Texaco ) and by 1941 it had acquired a majority ownership position of McColl-Frontenac. On 2 February 1959

174-741: A decree of unification of the National political movements , particularly the Falange and the Carlists into a single movement, nominally still the Falange, under his leadership, under the name Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS . Both Falangists and Carlists were initially furious at the decision, Falangists in particular saw their ideological role as being usurped by the Catholic Church and their revolution being indefinitely postponed. Upon unification and seizure of leadership by Franco, Franco distanced

261-528: A 1983 video for their song, Cruel Summer , members of girl group Bananarama are depicted as working as mechanics at a Texaco gas station. From 1965 to 1993, Texaco participated in a consortium to develop the Lago Agrio oil field in Ecuador. The company was accused of extensive environmental damage from these operations, and faces legal claims from both private plaintiffs and from the government of Ecuador. The case

348-515: A 20-plus-year relationship with the sport to a close. Texaco was also involved in open wheel racing , sponsoring the Texaco Grand Prix of Houston along with sponsoring drivers like Indianapolis 500 winner Mario Andretti and his son Michael . In Formula One , Texaco sponsored the Team Lotus in 1972 and 1973, and McLaren from 1974 to 1978. The company returned to Grand Prix racing at

435-472: A US$ 10.53-billion verdict against Texaco, the largest civil verdict in US history up to that date. The court case sprang from Texaco having established a signed contract to buy Getty Oil after Pennzoil entered into an unsigned—yet binding—buyout contract with Gordon Getty . In 1987, Texaco filed for bankruptcy. It was the largest in U.S. history until 2001. In January 1989, Texaco and Saudi Aramco agreed to form

522-460: A company car. During the war, Texaco ranked 93rd among United States corporations in the value of military production contracts. In 1947, Caltex expanded to include Texaco's European marketing operations. That same year, Texaco merged its British operation with Trinidad Leaseholds under the name Regent; it gained full control of Regent in 1956, but the Regent brand remained in use until 1968–9. In 1954,

609-717: A figurehead for the Alfonsists who held a strong presence in the military. The Army of Africa was a field army garrisoned in Spanish Morocco – a legacy of the Rif War – under the command of General Francisco Franco . It consisted of the Spanish Foreign Legion and the Regulares , infantry and cavalry units recruited from the population of Spanish Morocco and with Spanish officers as commanders. The Regulares operated as

696-426: A joint venture known as Star Enterprise in which Saudi Aramco would own a 50% share of Texaco's refining and marketing operations in the eastern U.S. and Gulf Coast. In 1989, Texaco introduced System3 gasolines in all three grades of fuel, featuring the latest detergent additive technology to improve performance by reducing deposits that clog fuel injection systems. The Toronto-based Texaco Canada Incorporated subsidiary

783-459: A joint venture with Standard Oil Company of California – Socal (now Chevron ) – under the brand name Caltex , in exchange for Socal placing its Bahrain refinery and Arabian oilfields into the venture. The next year, Texaco commissioned industrial designer Walter Dorwin Teague to develop a modern service station design. In 1938, Texaco introduced Sky Chief gasoline, a premium fuel developed from

870-405: A mass political movement. In 1934, the Alfonsists, led by Antonio Goicoechea , along with the Carlists, met with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini to gain support for an uprising against the republic, in which Mussolini promised to provide money and arms for such a rising. From 1934 to 1936, the charismatic Alfonsist leader José Calvo Sotelo spoke of the need for the "conquest of the state" as

957-427: A minor savings on the cost to produce a barrel of crude oil (approximately $ 3/barrel). Texaco allegedly dumped toxic wastewater directly into rivers, dumped waste into unlined pits, and created pits that were fitted with overflow pipes to nearby waterways, with pits also never being emptied after the drilling operations were concluded. In total, it is estimated that over 18 billion gallons of toxic waste were released into

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1044-630: A reminder of the Army's importance in the Nationalist victory. Approximately 47% of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard defected to the rebels during the onset of the civil war. With the highest authority of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard, Inspector General Sebastián Pozas , remaining loyal to the republican government, the rebel units of the Civil Guard were placed under direct command of

1131-553: A smaller scale in 1997, with their brands appearing on the Stewart SF01 car. Their association with the team and its successor, Jaguar Racing , continued until the end of 2001, in the same timeline they also sponsored ITV's Formula 1 Coverage. Texaco sponsored the Tom Walkinshaw Racing Rover Vitesse factory team at the 1985 and 1986 European Touring Car Championship (ETCC) under their Bastos brand, and

1218-520: A state of lawlessness that the right-wing press blamed on the republic to support a military uprising. Falangist terror squads sought to create an atmosphere of disorder in order to justify the imposition of an authoritarian regime. With the onset of middle-class disillusionment with the CEDA's legalism, support for the Falange expanded rapidly. By September 1936, the total Falangist volunteers numbered at 35,000, accounting for 55 percent of all civilian forces of

1305-779: A station in Matawan, New Jersey . Two years later, Texaco replaced the long-running banjo sign with a new hexagon logo that had previously been test-marketed with the "Matawan" station design introduced two years earlier. The new logo featured a red outline with TEXACO in black bold lettering and a small banjo logo with a red star and green T at bottom. The following year, the Regent name was replaced by Texaco at British petrol stations. In 1970, in response to increasingly-stringent federal vehicle emissions standards that would induce automakers to install catalytic converters requiring equipped vehicles to run on unleaded gasoline, Texaco introduced their first regular-octane no-lead gasoline at stations in

1392-465: A term linked with the propaganda of that faction. Throughout the civil war the term 'National' was mainly used by the members and supporters of the rebel faction, while its opponents used the terms fascistas ( fascists ) or facciosos (sectarians) to refer to this faction. The military rebellion found wide areas of support both inside Spain and in the international sphere. In Spain the Francoist side

1479-419: A true unity, a new spirit, a totalitarian polity..." and went on to say "Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state. When the time comes, either parliament submits or we will eliminate it." The CEDA held fascist-style rallies, called Gil-Robles " Jefe ", the equivalent of Duce , and claimed that the CEDA might lead a "March on Madrid" to forcefully seize power. The CEDA failed to make

1566-576: Is a well-known retail brand in the UK, with around 980 Texaco-branded service stations. Texaco was founded in Beaumont, Texas as the "Texas Fuel Company" in 1902, by Jim Hogg , Joseph S. Cullinan , John Warne Gates , and Arnold Schlaet . On 1 May 1902, the Texas Company was formed from the assets of Texas Fuel assets, and additional capitalization . In 1905, it established an operation in Antwerp , Belgium , under

1653-575: Is associated with the Havoline brand of motor oil and other automotive products. It was one of the sponsors of NASCAR with many drivers, such as Davey Allison , Ernie Irvan , Dale Jarrett , Kenny Irwin Jr. , Ricky Rudd , Jamie McMurray , Casey Mears , and Juan Pablo Montoya . Havoline continuously sponsored a car from the early 1980s to 2008. At the end of the 2008 season, Texaco/Havoline ended their sponsorship with NASCAR and Chip Ganassi Racing . This brought

1740-614: The Alfa Romeo 75 in 1987, then the Ford Sierra RS500 from 1988 to 1992 and then Toyota Corollas in 1993. From 2000 until 2007 , it was title sponsor of Stone Brothers Racing with Russell Ingall winning the 2005 championship . In 2016 , Caltex became title sponsor of the Triple Eight Race Engineering car of Craig Lowndes , having previously been an associate sponsor of the team. From 1984 to 1998, Texaco were

1827-574: The Ford Sierra RS500 factory cars entered by Eggenberger Motorsport in the 1987 World Touring Car Championship (plus the 1988 ETCC and other European-based championships). Texaco also sponsored cars in the 1987 World Rally Championship . From 1987 to 1993, Texaco was the major sponsor (through its Australian Caltex offshoot) Colin Bond Racing in Australian touring car racing , first with

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1914-845: The Spanish Coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic and Republican faction and sought to depose Manuel Azaña , including the Falange , the CEDA , and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsist Renovación Española and the Carlist Traditionalist Communion . In 1937, all the groups were merged into the FET y de las JONS . After the death of the faction's early leaders, General Francisco Franco , one of

2001-576: The Spanish Second Republic in 1931. They competed with rival monarchists, the Carlists, for the Spanish throne. After the overthrow of the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, Alfonsist supporters formed the Renovación Española , a monarchist political party, which held considerable economic influence and had close supporters in the Spanish army. Renovación Española did not, however, manage to become

2088-641: The Texaco Fire Chief . In 1936, the Texas Corporation purchased the Barco oil concession in Colombia , and formed a joint venture with Socony-Vacuum, now Mobil , to develop it. Over the next three years the company engaged in a highly challenging project to drill wells and build a pipeline to the coast across mountains and then through uncharted swamps and jungles. During this time, Texaco also illegally supplied

2175-638: The University of the Basque Country commented on 6 May 2007: The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National Crusade ' in order to legitimize the military rebellion, was a belligerent part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the Historical Memory Law by recurring to the beatification of 498 "martyrs" of

2262-449: The shock troops of the National forces in exchange for a substantial pay. More than 13,000 Moroccan troops were airlifted on 20 Junkers Ju 52 planes supplied by Hitler between the beginning of the conflict in July and October 1936. Their proverbial cruelty and reckless behaviour were not random, but were part of a calculated plan of the Francoist military leaders in order to instill terror in

2349-682: The "Texas Fuel Company", founded in 1902 in Beaumont, Texas , by Joseph S. Cullinan , Thomas J. Donoghue, and Arnold Schlaet upon the discovery of oil at Spindletop . The Texas Fuel Company was not set up to drill wells or to produce crude oil. To accomplish this, Cullinan organized the Producers Oil Company in 1902, as a group of investors affiliated with The Texas Fuel Company. Men such as John W. ("Bet A Million") Gates invested in "certificates of interest" to an amount of almost ninety thousand dollars. Future restructuring would merge Producers Oil Company and The Texas Fuel Company as Texaco when

2436-472: The 1930s, comedian Ed Wynn hosted a half hour stand-up comedy/variety show on the NBC Radio Network, billed as "The Texaco Fire Chief", a reference to its regular grade gasoline. This trend continued into the late 1940s, when Wynn was replaced by Milton Berle as television becoming the dominant medium. The title was changed to the 60-minute Texaco Star Theater , which was also broadcast on NBC. In

2523-854: The Amazon Rainforest. In addition to the liquid pollution, it is alleged that workers burned off toxic natural gasses and some liquid waste, thus releasing highly toxic dioxins into the atmosphere. The NiMH chemistry used in modern hybrid vehicles was invented by ECD Ovonics founder, Stan Ovshinsky, and Dr. Masahiko Oshitani of the Yuasa Company In 1994, General Motors acquired a controlling interest in Ovonics 's battery development and manufacturing. On October 10, 2001, Texaco purchased GM's share in GM Ovonics, and Chevron completed its acquisition of Texaco six days later. In 2003, Texaco Ovonics Battery Systems

2610-565: The CEDA to kidnap) on 13 July 1936 which sparked fury on the political right and helped legitimize the military coup against the republic. When the war broke out, Infante Juan , the son of Alfonso XIII and heir to the Spanish throne, requested the permission of Franco to take part in the Nationals' war effort by enlisting as a member of the crew of the cruiser Balaeres , which was nearing completion. He promised to abstain from political activities, but Franco refused, believing that he would become

2697-425: The Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them. It continues to be a Church that is incapable of transcending its one-sided behaviour of 70 years ago and amenable to the fact that this past should always haunt us. In this political use of granting religious recognition one can perceive its indignation regarding the compensations to the victims of Francoism. Its selective criteria regarding

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2784-501: The Falange in the hope that they would create a Nazi-like regime in Spain. Debt owed by Franco and the Nationals to Germany rose quickly upon purchasing German material, and required financial assistance from Germany as the Republicans had access to Spain's gold reserve . Upon the outbreak of the civil war, Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar almost immediately supported

2871-505: The Falange merged with the pro-Nazi Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista of Ramiro Ledesma Ramos , to form the Falange Española de las JONS . Initially, the Falange was short of funds and was a small student-based movement that preached of a utopian violent nationalist revolution. The Falange committed acts of violence before the war, including becoming involved in street brawls with their political opponents that helped to create

2958-462: The Falange were the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic. The Carlists held a long history of violent opposition to Spanish liberalism , stemming back to 1833 when they launched a six-year civil war against the reformist regency of María Cristina de las dos Sicilias . The Carlists were strongly intransigent to any coalition with other movements, even believing that no non-Carlist could have honest intentions. During

3045-635: The Francoist and the Republican governments were present, the Holy See allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the Vatican flag , for the rebel government's flag was still not recognized. The Holy See was one of the first states to officially recognize Franco's Spanish State, having done so by 1938. Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the Civil War, Manuel Montero, lecturer of

3132-591: The Los Angeles area and throughout Southern California . Lead-Free Texaco became available nationwide in 1974. On November 20, 1980, the Lake Peigneur/Jefferson Island disaster occurred. Two years later, a new service station design was introduced. Several product names were also changed with the advent of self-service, including Lead-free Texaco to Texaco Unleaded, Fire Chief to Texaco Regular, and Super Lead-free Sky Chief to Texaco Super Unleaded. At

3219-453: The Midwest and also gave Texaco the rights to Indian's Havoline motor oil, which became a Texaco product. The next year, Texaco introduced Fire Chief gasoline nationwide, a so-called "super-octane" motor fuel touted as meeting or exceeding government standards for gasoline for fire engines and other emergency vehicles. It was promoted through a radio program over NBC hosted by Ed Wynn , called

3306-508: The National forces. Salazar's Estado Novo regime held tense relations with the Spanish Republic that held Portuguese dissidents to his regime in it. Portugal played a critical role in supplying Franco 's forces with ammunition and many other logistical resources. Despite its discreet direct military involvement – restrained to a somewhat "semi-official" endorsement, by its authoritarian regime, of an 8,000–12,000-strong volunteer force,

3393-485: The Nationalist army until after the war ended. Italy under the Fascist leadership of Benito Mussolini supported the overthrow of the republic and the establishment of a regime that would serve as a client state to Italy. Italy distrusted the Spanish Republic due to its pro-French leanings and prior to the war had made contact with Spanish right-wing groups. Italy justified its intervention as an action intended to prevent

3480-581: The Nationals with material, specialists, and a powerful air force contingent, the Condor Legion German expeditionary forces that provided airlift of soldiers and material from Spanish Africa to Peninsular Spain and provided offensive operations against Republican forces. Nationalist forces were supplied with tanks and aircraft, including the Panzer I , Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Heinkel He 111 . The Spanish Civil War would provide an ideal testing ground for

3567-429: The Nationals. Falange Española de las JONS was one of the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic, the other being the Carlists. After the death of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Manuel Hedilla sought to take control of the Falange, but this was usurped by Franco who sought to take control of the movement as part of his move to take control of the National faction. In 1937, Franco announced

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3654-607: The Republican defence lines. The Army of Africa would be the most decorated unit in the May 1939 victory brigade by the Nationalists; it has been estimated that one in five of its members were killed during the war, a casualty rate twice as high as that of the peninsular forces within the Spanish Nationalist faction. For several years after the war, Franco would have a squadron of Moorish troops act as his escort at public ceremonies as

3741-566: The Spanish Republic included high-ranking officers of the Popular Army such as republican Catholic general Vicente Rojo Lluch , as well as the Catholic Basque nationalists who opposed the rebel faction. Initially the Vatican held itself from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war, although it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define

3828-432: The Spanish rebel military. The leaders of the rebel faction, who had already been denominated as ' Crusaders ' by Bishop of Salamanca Enrique Pla y Deniel  – and also used the term Cruzada for their campaign – immediately took a liking to it. The term Bando nacional  – much as the term rojos (Reds) to refer to the loyalists – is considered by some authors as

3915-743: The Texaco brand. In 2010, Chevron ended retail operations in the Mid-Atlantic US, removing its brand from 450 stations in Delaware, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Washington, D.C. Prior to the merger with Chevron, Texaco's headquarters was a 750,000-square-foot (70,000 m ) building in Harrison , in Westchester County, New York , near to White Plains . In 2002, Chevron Corporation sold

4002-506: The Western European powers, the republican side mainly depended on Soviet military assistance; this played into the hands of the portrayal in Francoist propaganda of the Spanish Republic as a 'Marxist' and godless state. By means of its extensive diplomatic network, the Holy See used its influence to lobby for the rebel side. During an International Art Exhibition in Paris in 1937, in which both

4089-754: The advent of the rise of the Nazi Party to power in Germany , the CEDA aligned itself with similar propaganda ploys to the Nazis, including the Nazi emphasis on authority, the fatherland, and hierarchy. Gil-Robles attended in audience at the Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg and was influenced by it, henceforth becoming committed to creating a single anti-Marxist counterrevolutionary front in Spain. Gil-Robles declared his intention to "give Spain

4176-421: The biggest selling gasoline brand in the U.S. and only marketer selling gasoline under one brand name in all (by then) 50 states. It also acquired McColl-Frontenac Oil Company Ltd. of Canada and changes its name to Texaco Canada Limited. Around this time, Paragon Oil , a major fuel oil distribution company in the northeastern U.S., was acquired. In 1964, Texaco introduced the "Matawan" service station design at

4263-997: The closure of the Cloud Club in 1979. Joseph S. Cullinan , 1901–1913 Elgood C. Lufkin, 1913–1920 Amos L. Beaty, 1920–1926 Ralph C. Holmes, 1926–1933 William S. Rodgers, 1933–1944 Harry T. Klein, 1944–1952 John S. Leach, 1952–1953 Augustus C. Long, 1953–1956 James W. Foley, 1956–1963 J. Howard Rambin Jr, 1964 Marion J. Epley, 1965–1970 Maurice F. Granville, 1970–1971 John K. McKinley, 1971–1983 Alfred C. DeCrane Jr, 1983–1986 James W. Kinnear, 1987–1993 Elgood C. Lufkin, 1920–1926 Amos L. Beaty, 1926–1927 Ralph C. Holmes, –1933 Charles B. Ames, 1933–1935 Torkild Rieber , 1935–1940 William S. Rodgers, 1944–1953 John S. Leach, 1953–1956 Augustus C. Long , 1956–1965 J. Howard Rambin Jr, 1965–1970 Marion J. Epley, 1970–1971 Maurice F. Granville, 1971–1980 John K. McKinley, 1980–1986 Alfred C. DeCrane Jr, 1987–1996 Peter I. Bijur, 1997–2001 Glenn F. Tilton , 2001 Texaco

4350-425: The company added the detergent additive Petrox to its "Sky Chief" gasoline, which was also souped up with higher octane to meet the antiknock needs of new cars with high-compression engines. The next year, Texaco became the sole sponsor of The Huntley-Brinkley Report on NBC-TV. In 1959, the Texas Company changed its corporate name to Texaco, Inc. to better reflect the value of the Texaco brand name, which represented

4437-404: The company formed the joint venture Equilon with Shell Oil Company , combining their Western and Midwestern U.S. refining and marketing. This gave rise to the 2006 U.S. Supreme Court antitrust case of Texaco Inc. v. Dagher , which cleared both Texaco and Shell of any antitrust liability concerning the pricing of Equilon's gasoline. That same year, another joint venture, Motiva Enterprises ,

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4524-480: The company needed additional funding, which J.W. Gates provided in the amount of approximately $ 590,000 in return for company stock. Texaco was one of the Seven Sisters which dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s. Its current logo features a white star in a red circle (a reference to the lone star of Texas), leading to the long-running advertising jingles "You can trust your car to

4611-497: The company was renamed Texaco Canada Limited, which on 1 June 1978 became Texaco Canada Incorporated. McColl-Frontenac was known for its branding of its oil and products as "Red Indian." In 1989, Texaco Canada was acquired by Imperial Oil . Non retail operations continued as Texaco Canada Petroleum Incorporated until 1995. After Imperial Oil acquired Texaco Canada Inc in 1989, it renamed the company McColl-Frontenac Inc. This company remains registered. Texaco Texaco began as

4698-518: The conflict as a 'Crusade'. Throughout the war, however, Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish Catholics labelled the secular Republic as "the enemy of God and the Church" and denounced the Republic, holding it responsible for anti-clerical activities such as shutting down Catholic schools and the desecration of religious buildings, as well as the killing of priests and nuns by frenzied mobs. Forsaken by

4785-722: The end of 1981 and the beginning of 1982, members of the Medellín Cartel (including Pablo Escobar ), the Colombian military, the U.S.-based corporation Texas Petroleum , the Colombian legislature, small industrialists, and wealthy cattle ranchers came together in a series of meetings in Puerto Boyacá , and formed a paramilitary organization known as Muerte a Secuestradores ("Death to Kidnappers", MAS) to defend their economic interests, and to provide protection for local elites from kidnappings and extortion. By 1983, Colombian internal affairs had registered 240 political killings by MAS death squads, mostly community leaders, elected officials, and farmers. On November 19, 1985, Pennzoil won

4872-418: The establishment of fascism in Spain at that time. By January 1937, an expeditionary force of 35,000 Italians, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie , were in Spain under the command of General Mario Roatta . The contingent was made up of four divisions: Littorio , Dio lo Vuole ("God Wills it"), Fiamme Nere ("Black Flames") and Penne Nere ("Black Feathers"). The first of these divisions was made up of soldiers;

4959-448: The fascist Nationalist faction in the Spanish Civil War with a total 3,500,000 barrels (560,000 m ) of oil. For these illegal sales to Francisco Franco 's fascist forces the company was fined $ 20,000 for violating the Neutrality Act of 1937, although it continued to sell to Franco on credit until the end of the war. Also in 1936, marketing operations "East of Suez" (including Asia, East Africa, and Australasia) were placed into

5046-430: The former Texaco Headquarters to Morgan Stanley . Morgan Stanley bought the building and the surrounding 107 acres (0.43 km ) for $ 42 million. Texaco leased 14 floors of the Chrysler Building in Midtown Manhattan , New York City in the 1930s. As part of the leasing agreement with Texaco the building opened the Cloud Club , a lunch club for executives. Texaco's move to Westchester County in 1977 contributed to

5133-406: The former Spanish leader Miguel Primo de Rivera . The Falange was created with the financial assistance of Alfonsist monarchist funding. Upon being formed, the Falange was officially anti-clerical and anti-monarchist. As a landowner and aristocrat, Primo de Rivera assured the upper classes that Spanish fascism would not get out of their control like its equivalents in Germany and Italy. In 1934,

5220-399: The goal. Under Franco's leadership, the Falange abandoned the previous anticlerical tendencies of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and instead promoted neotraditionalist National Catholicism , though it continued to criticize Catholic pacifism . Franco's Falange also abandoned hostility to capitalism , with Falange member Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta declaring that Falange's national syndicalism

5307-601: The ground up as a high-octane gasoline rather than just an ethylized regular product. In 1939, Texaco became one of the first oil companies to introduce a "Registered Rest Room" program to ensure that restroom facilities at all Texaco stations nationwide maintained a standard level of cleanliness to the motoring public. After the onset of World War II in 1939, Texaco's CEO, Torkild Rieber , admirer of Hitler, hired pro-Nazi assistants who cabled Berlin "coded information about ships leaving New York for Britain and what their cargoes were." This espionage easily enabled Hitler to destroy

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5394-782: The initial leader of the military coup against the republic, General Emilio Mola . Subsequently, supporters of the CEDA's youth movement, Juventudes de Acción Popular (JAP) began to defect en masse to join the Falange, and the JAP ceased to exist as a political organisation in 1937. The Carlists were monarchists and ardent ultratraditionalist Catholics who sought the installation of Carlist Pretender Francisco Javier de Borbón as King of Spain . The Carlists were anti-republican, anti-democratic and staunchly anti-socialist. The Carlists were so anti-socialist that they opposed both Hitler and Mussolini because of their socialist tendencies. The Carlists were led by Manuel Fal Condé and held their main base of support in Navarre . The Carlists along with

5481-475: The local society still followed older traditional patterns and was yet comparably untouched by "modern" thought. Politically this faction rallied together various parties and organizations, such as the conservative CEDA, Falangists, Catholics and pro-monarchic movements such as the Agraristas and the Carlistas (among whom were the Requetés). The Falange Española was originally a Spanish fascist political party founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera , son of

5568-417: The man who wears the star" and "Star of the American Road." The company was headquartered in Harrison, New York , near White Plains , prior to the merger with Chevron. Texaco gasoline comes with Techron, an additive developed by Chevron, as of 2005, replacing the previous CleanSystem3. The Texaco brand is strong in the U.S., Latin America, and West Africa. It has a presence in Europe as well; for example, it

5655-438: The members of the 1936 coup, headed the Nationalists throughout most of the war, and emerged as the dictator of Spain until his death in 1975. The term Nationalists or Nationals ( nacionales ) was coined by Joseph Goebbels following the visit of the clandestine Spanish delegation led by Captain Francisco Arranz requesting war materiel on 24 July 1936, in order to give a cloak of legitimacy to Nazi Germany's help to

5742-426: The name Continental Petroleum Company, which it acquired control of in 1913. In 1915, Texaco moved to new 13 story offices on 1111 Rusk St., Houston, Texas. In 1928, Texaco became the first U.S. oil company to sell its gasoline nationwide under one single brand name in all of the then 48 states. In 1931, Texaco purchased the Indian Oil Company , based in Illinois. This expanded Texaco's refining and marketing base in

5829-540: The new brand HydroTexaco. This joint venture was sold in 2007 to Norwegian retail interests as YX Energi , following the purchase of Hydro by Statoil . In 1996, Texaco paid over $ 170 million to settle racial discrimination lawsuits filed by Black employees at the company. It was the largest racial-discrimination lawsuit settlement in the U.S. at the time, and was particularly damaging to Texaco's public relations when tapes were released of meetings with company executives planning to destroy incriminating evidence. In 1999,

5916-458: The next year. Around 2003, due to lack of demand, Texaco closed Refineria Panamá, a refinery in Colón, Panama . In July 2004, Chevron regained non-exclusive rights to the Texaco brand name in the U.S. The following year, in August, Texaco introduced the Techron additive into its fuels in the U.S. and parts of Latin America. In 2007, Delek Benelux took over marketing activities for Chevron in Benelux , including 869 filling stations, mostly under

6003-447: The only means to secure the establishment of an ideal authoritarian, corporatist state. Sotelo made passionate speeches in support of violent counterrevolution and emphasized the need for a military insurrection against the republic to counter the threats of communism and separatism that he blamed as being caused by the republic. Sotelo was kidnapped and assassinated by political opponents (who were initially searching out Gil-Robles of

6090-426: The other three of Blackshirt volunteers. Italy provided the National forces with fighter and bomber aircraft which played a significant part in the war. In March 1937, Italy intervened in the political affairs of the Nationals by sending Roberto Farinacci to Spain to urge Franco to unite the various political movements of the Nationalist faction into one fascist " Spanish National Party ". Nazi Germany provided

6177-493: The party from fascism and declared "The Falange does not consider itself fascist; its founder said so personally." After this announcement, the practice in the National faction of referring to the Falange as "fascists" disappeared by 1937, but Franco did not deny that there were fascists within the Falange. Franco declared that the Falange's goal was to incorporate the "great neutral mass of the unaffiliated", and promised that no ideological rigidity would be allowed to interfere with

6264-780: The proficiency of the new weapons produced during the German re-armament . Many aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by the Condor Legion against the Republican Government on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. Hitler insisted, however, that his long-term designs were peaceful, a strategy labelled as "Blumenkrieg" (Flower War). Germany had important economic interests at stake in Spain, as Germany imported large amounts of mineral ore from Spanish Morocco . The Nazi regime sent retired General Wilhelm Faupel as ambassador to Franco's regime, Faupel supported Franco and

6351-444: The religious persecution was squarely, and based on evidence probably rightly, mostly blamed on the government of the Republic. The ensuing outrage was used after the 1936 coup by the nationalist/monarchist faction and readily extended itself. The Catholic Church took the side of the rebel government, and hailed the religious Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as 'martyrs of the faith'. The devout Catholics who supported

6438-459: The rise of Bolshevism in Spain. Italy's Fascist regime considered the threat of Bolshevism a real risk with the arrival of volunteers from the Soviet Union who were fighting for the Republicans. Mussolini provided financial support as well as training to the Alfonsists, Carlists, and Falange. Mussolini met Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 but did not have much enthusiasm in

6525-517: The ships. In 1940, Rieber was forced to resign when his connections with German Nazism , and his illegal supply of oil to the fascist forces during the Spanish Civil War were made public by the Herald Tribune through information produced by British Security Coordination . Life Magazine portrayed Rieber's resignation as unfair, advocating that he only dined with Westrick , and lent him

6612-514: The so-called " Viriatos " – for the whole duration of the conflict, Portugal was instrumental in providing the National faction with a vital logistical organization and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference whatsoever would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationals, crossing the borders of the two Iberian countries – the Nationals used to refer to Lisbon as "the port of Castile". In 1938, with Franco's victory increasingly certain, Portugal recognized Franco's regime and after

6699-434: The sponsorship lyrics of the opening theme: "We're the men of Texaco, We work from Maine to Mexico..."). Berle's program was broadcast in the same time slot as Fulton J. Sheen 's religious program for a while, thus leading to Berle's oft-quoted quip, "We both have the same boss – Sky Chief!" Texaco was also the sponsor of the weekly Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts , which air to this day since its inception in 1931. In

6786-421: The substantive electoral gains from 1931 to 1936 that were needed for it to form government which resulted in right-wing support draining from it and turning towards the belligerent Alfonsist monarchist leader José Calvo Sotelo . Subsequently, the CEDA abandoned its moderation and legalism and began providing support for those committed to violence against the republic, including handing over its electoral funds to

6873-851: The title sponsors of the main One Day International cricket tournament in England, the Texaco Trophy . It also sponsored the Texaco Cup , a football tournament for clubs of the British Isles. Texaco was long associated with the Metropolitan Opera as sole sponsor of its radio broadcasts for 63 years. It was identified as well with such entertainment legends as Ed Wynn , Fred Allen and Milton Berle (many of their shows were originally sponsored by Texaco – see Texaco Star Theatre , which includes

6960-622: The war in 1939 signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression pact that was known as the Iberian Pact . Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting the Franco regime, including by insisting to the United Kingdom that Franco sought to replicate Salazar's Estado Novo and not Mussolini's Fascist Italy. Among many influential Catholics in Spain, mainly composed of conservative traditionalists and people belonging to pro-monarchic groups,

7047-499: The war, the Carlists' militia, the Requetés reached a peak of 42,000 recruits but by the end of hostilities in April 1939 their overall strength had been reduced to 23,000. The Carlists contributed some of the Nationalists' most effective shock troops during the war. The Alfonsists were a movement that supported the restoration of Alfonso XIII of Spain as monarch following the founding of

7134-690: Was formed with Shell Oil Company and Saudi Aramco in which the Star Enterprise operations were merged with the Eastern and Gulf Coast U.S. refining and marketing operations of Shell. In October 2000, Chevron Corporation agreed to buy Texaco for $ 36 billion. The merger was completed October 9, 2001. As required by the FTC consent agreement, Texaco's interest in the Equilon and Motiva joint ventures were sold to Shell. Shell began re-branding its Texaco stations as Shell

7221-443: Was fully compatible with capitalism. The Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups, CEDA, was a Catholic right-wing political organization dedicated to anti-Marxism. The CEDA was led by José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones . The CEDA claimed that it was defending Spain and "Christian civilization" from Marxism, and claimed that the political atmosphere in Spain had made politics a matter of Marxism versus anti-Marxism. With

7308-673: Was mainly supported by the predominantly conservative upper class, liberal professionals, religious organizations and land-owning farmers. It was mostly based in the rural areas where progressive political movements had made few inroads, such as great swathes of the Northern Meseta , including almost all of Old Castile , as well as La Rioja , Navarre , Alava , the area near Zaragoza in Aragon , most of Galicia , parts of Cáceres in Extremadura and many dispersed pockets in rural Andalusia where

7395-428: Was restructured into Cobasys , a 50/50 joint venture between Chevron and Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) Ovonics . Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War) The Nationalist faction ( Spanish : Bando nacional ) or Rebel faction ( Spanish : Bando sublevado ) was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of right-leaning political groups that supported

7482-852: Was sold to Imperial Oil with all Texaco Canada retail operations converted to Esso brand. Two years later, the company was awarded the National Medal of Arts . In 1993, several dozen tribal leaders and residents from the Ecuadoran Amazon filed a billion-dollar class-action lawsuit against Texaco, as a result of massive ecological pollution of the area and rivers around Texaco's Ecuadorian offshore drilling sites, causing toxic contamination of approximately 30,000 residents. In 1994, Texaco's System3 gasolines were replaced by new CleanSystem3 gasoline, marketed with claims of improved engine performance. In 1995, Texaco merged their Danish and Norwegian downstream operations with those of Norsk Hydro under

7569-417: Was widely publicized by environmental activists and was the subject of Crude , a 2009 documentary film by Joe Berlinger. In turn, Texaco's owner Chevron claims that it was being unfairly targeted as a deep pocket defendant, when the actual responsibility lies with the government and its national oil company , Petroecuador . Texaco allegedly decided to forgo their standard drilling practices in favor for

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