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56-601: Tallard was granted a commission in the French army at the age of 15. He later served under the prince de Condé in the Netherlands , and from 1674, under Turenne in Alsace . He was promoted maréchal de camp in 1678, and served in the Nine Years' War (1688–1697). His friendship with King Louis XIV ensured a position of authority. After the war he served for two years as ambassador to

112-643: A French military commander. A tactician and strategist, he is regarded as one of France's greatest generals, particularly celebrated for his triumphs in the Thirty Years' War and his campaigns during the Franco-Dutch War . A member of a senior cadet branch of the House of Bourbon , Condé demonstrated exceptional military prowess from a young age and distinguished himself during the Thirty Years' War, in particular at

168-511: A brilliant circle of literary men, including Molière , Racine , Boileau , La Fontaine , Nicole , Bourdaloue , and Bossuet . About this time, convoluted negotiations between the Poles were carried on with a view to the royal elections in Poland , at first by Condé's son, Henri Jules de Bourbon , and afterwards by Condé himself. These were finally closed later in 1674 by the veto of King Louis XIV and

224-570: A dramatic escape from the same prison two years earlier. Turenne and his brother, the Duke of Bouillon , were among those who had escaped arrest; they now demanded the prisoners' freedom, leading to a short-lived alliance between the Fronde des nobles and the Fronde des parlements. Shortly after their release in February 1651, the diverging interests of the two rebellious parties led to a shift of alliances, with

280-583: A parliamentary document on 15 January 1557 and, without any legal authority beyond their dignity as princes of the Blood Royal , they continued to bear it for the next three centuries. He was succeeded by his son Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé . Louis, the first Prince, actually gave the Condé property to his youngest son, Charles (1566–1612), Count of Soissons. Charles' only son Louis (1604–1641) left Condé and Soissons to female heirs in 1624, who married into

336-499: A title of French nobility (count or duke), suffixed with their appanage (e.g. Count of Charolais), while unmarried daughters used one of their fathers' subsidiary properties to form a courtesy style (e.g. Mademoiselle de Clermont). The Hôtel de Condé became the Parisian base of the Condé family in 1610, in what is now the 6th district of Paris. In 1722, Louise-Françoise de Bourbon , wife of Louis III, Prince of Condé , started building

392-520: Is credited with introducing celery to English cuisine . On his release in 1711 he returned to France. Despite the calamity of Blenheim, Louis appeared to bear the Marshal no ill will. Tallard was made a duke in 1712 and became a Peer of France in 1715. In King Louis XIV's testament, Tallard was appointed to the Council of Regency but the duc d'Orléans had the testament nullified. He was elected president of

448-509: The Académie des Sciences in 1724 and, in 1726, he became a French minister of state. He died in 1728. He married Marie-Catherine de Grolée de Viriville-La Tivolière and had one son; Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Cond%C3%A9 Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé (8 September 1621 – 11 December 1686), known as le Grand Condé ( French for 'the Great Condé';), was

504-653: The Aisne département ), was a French princely house and a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon . The name of the house was derived from the title of Prince of Condé (French: prince de Condé ) that was originally assumed around 1557 by the French Protestant leader Louis de Bourbon (1530–1569), uncle of King Henry IV of France , and borne by his male-line descendants. This line became extinct in 1830 when his eighth-generation descendant, Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon , died without surviving male issue. The princely title

560-598: The Battle of Rocroi against Spain in 1643. He became a powerful and influential figure in France, which made him a threat to Anne of Austria , regent for the young Louis XIV , and her prime minister Mazarin . During the Fronde revolt, Condé initially supported the crown but was later imprisoned on Mazarin's orders. After his release, he launched an open rebellion and fought the royal forces until his defeat by Turenne , after which he defected to Spain. He commanded Spanish forces during

616-460: The Battle of Seneffe , against William III of Orange . This battle, fought on 11 August, was one of the hardest of the century, and Condé, who displayed the reckless bravery of his youth, had three horses killed under him. His last campaign was that of 1675 on the Rhine, where the army had been deprived of its general by the death of Turenne; and where, by his careful and methodical strategy, he repelled

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672-654: The Battle of the Dunes in June 1658 led to the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. Bending his knee to the rising Sun King , Condé was pardoned and restored to his previous titles, but his power as an independent prince was broken. Condé became a loyal supporter of Louis XIV , living quietly at the Château de Chantilly , an estate inherited from his uncle, Henri II de Montmorency . Here he assembled

728-595: The Château de Condé in Condé-en-Brie , Picardy , which they ceased to own by 1624; the Château de Vallery , built from 1548 for the Marshal of Saint André , acquired by Louis I de Bourbon-Condé in 1564 and kept by the family until 1747; and the Château de Chantilly , previously a Montmorency property from 1484 to 1632 and a Condé estate afterward. The latter was the home of the Grand Condé during his exile from court, and

784-626: The Court of St. James's , where his exceptional knowledge of European political affairs proved highly valuable. When King James II died in September 1701, King Louis recognised James's son as his successor to the throne of England. Consequently, King William III expelled Tallard from London in 1702. Tallard's military career reached its height during the War of the Spanish Succession . On 7 September 1703

840-581: The Danube , which was under threat from the Duke of Marlborough 's and Prince Eugene 's allied army. Tallard set out on 1 July from Strasbourg , but although the six day siege of Villingen proved abortive, (abandoned on 22 July), the French Marshal was able to bring 34,000 men through the Black Forest , reaching Ulm on 5 August. Tallard was placed in overall command of the combined Franco-Bavarian army, but

896-401: The Duke of Bourbon ) had in 1685 married Louise-Françoise de Bourbon , the legitimated daughter of Louis XIV of France and Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan . The couple had many children and produced an heir to the Condé titles and lands. Their son was Louis Henri de Bourbon-Condé , duc de Bourbon . He led a quiet life and was known at court as Monsieur le Duc after the loss of

952-529: The Duke of Burgundy and Tallard took the town of Breisach . Tallard proceeded to attack Landau in mid October. A relief force under the Prince of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) was roundly defeated by Tallard's force at the Battle of Speyerbach on 15 November. As a result, Landau fell two days later. Shortly after, Tallard was created Marshal of France . In 1704, Tallard was sent to reinforce Maximilian II Emanuel 's and Marshal Marsin 's Franco-Bavarian army on

1008-712: The Fronde rebellion, Condé was recalled to Court by Anne of Austria . He quickly subdued the Parlement of Paris , and the Parliamentary Fronde ended with the March 1649 Peace of Rueil . The resulting uncertain balance of power between crown and nobility inspired Condé to himself rebel, starting the far more serious Fronde des nobles . In January 1650, he was arrested, along with Conti and Longueville; imprisoned at Vincennes , and when asked if he needed reading material, he allegedly replied 'The Memoirs of M de Beaufort,' who had made

1064-427: The House of Bourbon , which traces its male-line descent from Robert, Count of Clermont (1256–1318), a younger son of France's Saint-King Louis IX . Of the sons of Charles of Vendôme, the eldest, Antoine, became jure uxoris King of Navarre and fathered Henry IV. The youngest son, Louis, inherited the lordships of Meaux , Nogent , Condé, and Soissons as his appanage . Louis was titled Prince of Condé in

1120-739: The Palais Bourbon , which in 1764 became the Condé family's main Parisian residence. They sold the Hôtel de Condé to the King in 1770, and it was demolished around 1780 to be replaced by a new neighborhood around the theater that later became known as the Odéon . Another Parisian property, still known as the Hôtel de Bourbon-Condé (12 rue Monsieur), was built and inhabited between 1780 and 1789 by Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon-Condé . The family had several residences outside Paris –

1176-464: The Savoy and Orléans-Longueville dynasties. Upon the accession to France's throne of Henry IV of Bourbon in 1589, his first cousin-once-removed Henry, Prince of Condé (1588–1646), was heir presumptive to the crown until 1601. Although Henry's own descendants thereafter held the senior positions within the royal family of dauphin , Fils de France , and petits-fils de France , from 1589 to 1709

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1232-475: The Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 but soon received military commands again. Condé conquered the Franche-Comté during the War of Devolution and led the French armies in the Franco-Dutch War together with Turenne. His last campaign was in 1675, taking command after Turenne had been killed, repelling an invasion of an imperial army. Conde is regarded as an excellent tactician, a fine strategist, and one of

1288-674: The lordship of Condé-en-Brie in Champagne , consisting of the Château of Condé and a dozen villages some fifty miles east of Paris. It had passed from the sires of Avesnes, to the Counts of St. Pol . When Marie de Luxembourg-St. Pol wed François, Count of Vendôme (1470–1495) in 1487, Condé-en-Brie became part of the Bourbon-Vendôme patrimony . After the extinction in 1527 of the Dukes of Bourbon , François's son Charles (1489–1537) became head of

1344-677: The Catalan revolt known as the Reapers' War . By 1648, this had become an increasingly bitter, multi-sided conflict between the Spanish, the Catalan nobility supported by France, and the Catalan peasantry. As Mazarin had intended, Condé could achieve little; however, a Spanish revival in the Low Countries led to his recall and victory at Lens in August 1648. When the aristocracy took up arms against new taxes in

1400-547: The Franco-Dutch War, his personal life was marred by his unhappy marriage and estrangement from his wife, Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé , a niece of Richelieu . Condé died in 1686 at the age of 65. His descendants include the present-day pretenders to the thrones of France and Italy, and the kings of Spain and Belgium. Born in Paris as the son of Henri II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé and Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency , he

1456-605: The French army to an unexpected and decisive victory over the Spanish, established him as a great general and popular hero in France. Together with the Marshal de Turenne he led the French to a favorable peace in the Thirty Years' War . During the Fronde , he was courted by both sides, initially supporting Mazarin; he later became a leader of the princely opposition. After the defeat of the Fronde, he entered Spanish service and led their armies against France, notably at Arras , Valenciennes , and Dunkirk . He returned to France only after

1512-551: The Princes of Condé coincidentally held the rank at court of premier prince du sang royal (First Prince of the Blood Royal), to which was attached income, precedence , and ceremonial privilege (such as the exclusive right to be addressed as Monsieur le prince at court ). However, the position of premier prince devolved upon the ducs d'Orléans in 1710, so the seventh Prince, Louis III (1668–1710) declined to make use of

1568-460: The Royal Academy at Paris. At seventeen, in the absence of his father, he governed Burgundy . His father betrothed him to Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé , niece of Cardinal Richelieu , before he joined the army in 1640. Despite being in love with Marthe du Vigean, daughter of the king's gentleman of the bedchamber , François Poussard, he was compelled by his father to marry his fiancée , who

1624-457: The Soissons estates passed to his younger sister, Marie de Bourbon-Condé, the wife of Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano , a younger brother of the sovereign Duke of Savoy . Although she received 400,000 livres in annual revenues from the Soissons estates, lived in the Hôtel de Soissons where, according to Saint-Simon , she "maintained the traditions of the Soissons", she continued to be known as

1680-487: The age of sixty-five and was buried at Vallery , the traditional resting place of the Princes of Condé. Bourdaloue attended him at his death-bed, and Bossuet pronounced his elegy . Although his youthful marriage to Claire Clémence de Maillé had brought him a dowry of 600,000 livres and many lands, Condé's lifelong resentment of his forced marriage to a social inferior persisted. In his last letter to Louis, he asked that his estranged wife never be released from her exile to

1736-459: The assistance of Turenne , who was hard pressed, and took command of the whole army. The Battle of Freiburg was desperately fought, but after Rocroi, numerous fortresses opened their gates to the Duke. Enghien spent the next winter, as every winter during the war, amid the gaieties of Paris. The summer campaign of 1645 opened with the defeat of Turenne by Franz von Mercy at Mergentheim , but this

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1792-517: The countryside. She survived until 1694. Louis married Claire Clémence de Maillé , daughter of Urbain de Maillé, Marquis of Brézé and Nicole du Plessis de Richelieu, at the Palais Royal in Paris, in February 1641, in the presence of King Louis XIII of France , Anne of Austria , and Gaston of France . Their children were: That he was capable of waging a methodical war of positions may be assumed from his campaigns against Turenne and Montecucculi,

1848-650: The crown and Parlements against Condé's party of the high nobility. The royal forces under Turenne defeated Condé at the Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine in July 1652, ending the Fronde as a serious military threat. Condé only escaped when the Duchess of Montpensier persuaded the Parisians to open the gates; in September, he and a few loyalists defected to Spain. Despite victory over Turenne at Valenciennes in 1656, defeat at

1904-480: The death of Louis François II de Bourbon, prince de Conti . The Princes of Conti were as follows: At his death, the title became extinct because the prince died without issue. The title was assumed in 1629 by: The first prince de Conti was also the brother of the founder of the House of Bourbon-Soissons , Charles de Bourbon-Soissons . The comtes de Soissons were addressed at court as Monsieur le Comte and their wives as Madame la Comtesse . The members of

1960-478: The decisive victory. After a campaign of uninterrupted success, Enghien returned to Paris in triumph, and tried to forget his enforced and hateful marriage with a series of affairs (after Richelieu's death in 1642, he would unsuccessfully seek annulment of his marriage in hopes of marrying Mlle du Vigean, until she joined the order of the Carmelites in 1647). In 1644 he was sent with reinforcements into Germany to

2016-556: The election of John Sobieski . The Prince's retirement, which was only broken by the Polish question and by his personal intercession on behalf of Fouquet in 1664, ended in 1668. During the 1666 to 1667 War of Devolution , Condé proposed to the Marquis de Louvois , the Minister of War, a plan for seizing Franche-Comté , the execution of which was entrusted to him and successfully carried out. He

2072-479: The final phase of the Franco-Spanish War . Following the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, Condé was pardoned by Louis XIV and returned to France. He became a loyal supporter of the king, living a quiet life at the Château de Chantilly and associating with literary figures such as Molière and Racine . Despite his renewed contributions to France's military success in the War of Devolution against Spain and

2128-468: The greatest French generals. His masterpiece, the Battle of Rocroi , is still studied by students of military strategy. His descendants include the present-day pretenders to the throne of France and Italy and the kings of Spain and Belgium . He was portrayed in the film Vatel by Julian Glover . Princes of Cond%C3%A9 The Most Serene House of Bourbon-Condé ( pronounced [buʁbɔ̃ kɔ̃de] ), named after Condé-en-Brie (now in

2184-429: The greatest generals opposing him. But it was in his eagerness for battle, his quick decision in action, and the stern will which sent his regiments to face the heaviest losses, that Condé earned the right to be compared to the great generals of his time. Upon the Grand Condé ’s death, Louis XIV pronounced that he had lost "the greatest man in my kingdom." In 1643 his success at the Battle of Rocroi , in which he led

2240-494: The house were: The line started in 1566 when the title of Count of Soissons was given to Charles de Bourbon-Condé , the second son of Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé , the first Prince of Condé. The Soissons title had been acquired by the first Prince of Condé in 1557 and was held by his descendants for two more generations with Charles de Bourbon-Condé, 1st comte de Soissons, and Louis de Bourbon-Condé, 2nd comte de Soissons. The 2nd comte de Soissons died without an heir, so

2296-1017: The invasion of the Imperial army of Raimondo Montecuccoli . After this campaign, prematurely worn out by toils and excesses, and tortured by gout , Condé returned to the Château de Chantilly, where he spent his last eleven years in quiet retirement. At the end of his life, Condé sought the companionship of Bourdaloue , Pierre Nicole , and Bossuet , and devoted himself to religious exercises. In 1685, his only surviving grandson, Louis de Bourbon , married Louise Françoise , eldest surviving daughter of Louis and his mistress Madame de Montespan . In mid-1686, Louise Françoise, later known as 'Madame la Duchesse', contracted smallpox while at Fontainebleau ; Condé helped nurse her back to health, and prevented Louis from seeing her for his own safety. Although Louise Françoise survived, Condé became ill, allegedly from worry over her health. He died at Fontainebleau on 11 November 1686 at

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2352-510: The male-line ancestors of the branches of the Princes of Conti (which flourished 1629–1814) and the Counts of Soissons (1566–1641). Although both the sons and daughters of these branches of the House of Bourbon held the rank of princes et princesses du sang , it never became the custom in France for them to use prince or princess as a prefix to their Christian names. Rather, sons took

2408-427: The princesse de Carignan. On her death, the Soissons countship passed first to her second son, Prince Joseph-Emmanuel of Savoy-Carignano (1631–1656), and then to her third son, Prince Eugène-Maurice of Savoy-Carignano . He married Olympia Mancini , niece of Cardinal Mazarin . She was known as Madame la Comtesse de Soissons . On his death, the title went to his eldest son, Prince Louis Thomas of Savoy-Carignano , who

2464-498: The rank of premier prince du sang in 1723. After his death the family retreated from court life but Louis Joseph de Bourbon, prince de Condé was vital in the forming of the Army of Condé - formed to support his cousin Louis XVI during his imprisonment during the revolution. He was the longest holder of the title, being known as the prince de Condé for seventy-eight years. His son married

2520-403: The sister of Louis Philippe II d'Orléans better known as Philippe Égalité . She was called Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans . She was the last princesse de Condé and mother of Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé - titled duc d'Enghien . He was executed by Napoleon I of France at the Château de Vincennes . With the death of the duc d'Enghien , the heir to the Condé name, his father

2576-525: The subsequent Battle of Blenheim on 13 August 1704 resulted in complete destruction of his forces. Decisively beaten, he was captured and taken back to England and housed on parole in Chatsworth, Derbyshire and Newdigate House Nottingham . The writer Daniel Defoe reported that his small, but beautiful parterre, after the French fashion was one of the beauties of Nottingham. During his stay in Britain, he

2632-401: The title, preferring instead to be known by his hereditary peerage of Duke of Bourbon, which still afforded him the right to be known as Monsieur le Duc . Subsequent heirs likewise preferred the ducal to the princely title. After the death of Henry III Jules de Bourbon, prince de Condé in 1709, the family were in regular attendance at court. Louis de Bourbon-Condé (at that point known as

2688-569: The young Louis XIV , and her prime minister, Mazarin . Condé's vast domains included Burgundy and Berry , while the Prince de Conti , his brother, held Champagne , and his brother-in-law, Longueville , controlled Normandy . In 1641, Louis XIII had granted him Clermont-en-Argonne , ceded to France by the Duchy of Lorraine ; in 1648, this was converted to an appanage , effectively making it independent of royal authority. To remove Condé from Paris, Mazarin arranged for him to lead anti-Habsburg forces in

2744-476: Was held for one last time by Louis d'Orléans, Prince of Condé , who died in 1866. The Princes of Condé descend from the Vendôme family – the progenitors of the modern House of Bourbon . There was never a principality , sovereign or vassal , of Condé. The name merely served as the territorial source of a title adopted by Louis, who inherited from his father, Charles IV de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme (1489–1537),

2800-450: Was immediately endowed with the title of Duke of Enghien . His father was a first cousin-once-removed of Henry IV , the King of France, and his mother was an heiress of one of France's leading ducal families. His father saw to it that he received a thorough education, studying history , law , and mathematics during six years at the Jesuits ' school at Bourges . After that, he entered

2856-650: Was now completely re-established in the favour of King Louis XIV, and with Turenne, was appointed the principal French commander in the celebrated campaign of 1672 against the Dutch. At the forcing of the Rhine passage at the Battle of Tolhuis (12 June), he received a severe wound, after which he commanded in Alsace against the Imperials. In 1673, he was again engaged in the Low Countries, and in 1674, he fought his last great battle,

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2912-549: Was present with the Cardinal during the plot of Cinq Mars and afterwards fought in the Siege of Perpignan (1642) . In 1643, Enghien was appointed to command against the Spanish in northern France. He was opposed by Francisco de Melo , and the tercios of the Spanish army who were held to be the toughest soldiers in Europe. At the Battle of Rocroi , Enghien himself conceived and directed

2968-709: Was retrieved in the victory of Nördlingen , in which Mercy was killed, and Enghien himself received several serious wounds. The capture of Philippsburg was the most important of his other achievements during this campaign. In 1646 Enghien served under Gaston, Duke of Orléans in Flanders , and when, after the capture of Mardyck , Orléans returned to Paris, Enghien, left in command, captured Dunkirk (11 October). When he succeeded in 1646 as 'Prince of Condé,' his combination of military ability, noble status, and enormous wealth inspired considerable apprehension in Anne of Austria , regent for

3024-523: Was the last holder of the title. After his death in 1830 the Condé lands passed to the last prince's cousin Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale whose eldest son Louis was later a prince de Condé after gaining the title from his father. The House of Bourbon-Conti was formed in 1581 by François de Bourbon, prince de Conti . He was the son of Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé . The house became extinct in 1814 upon

3080-430: Was the older brother of the famous Austrian general, Prince Eugene of Savoy . The Soissons countship became extinct upon the death of Prince Eugène-Jean-François of Savoy-Carignano in 1734. The eldest sons of the Princes of Condé used the title of Duke of Enghien and were addressed as Monsieur le Duc until that style came to be pre-empted by their fathers, as Dukes of Bourbon, after 1709. The Princes of Condé were also

3136-456: Was thirteen. Although she bore her husband three children, Enghien later claimed she committed adultery with different men in order to justify locking her away at Châteauroux , but the charge was widely disbelieved. Saint-Simon , while admitting that she was homely and dull, praised her virtue, piety, and gentleness in the face of relentless abuse. Enghien took part with distinction in the siege of Arras . He also won Richelieu's favor when he

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