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72-658: Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski was born in his family’s real estate of Pandėlys, located in the Novoalexandrovsky Uyezd of the Kovno Governorate of the Russian Empire (today Lithuania ), to Karol and Maria Budrewicz. He came from a noble background that used the Syrokomla coat of arms . In 1903, Marian went to Saint Petersburg where he attended middle and high school. After graduation in 1910, he began studying at

144-646: A deputy of the Land of Wilno to the Polish Sejm , he was released from the military. Zyndram-Kościałkowski remained in the parliament until 1939. In the early 1920s, he was a member of a Freemason ’s Lodge “Tomasz Zan”, and in April 1925, after abandoning Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie", he co-created the so-called Parliamentary Labour Club ( Klub Pracy , later renamed into Labour Party ), together with Kazimierz Bartel . Zyndram-Kościałkowski did not play any significant role in

216-515: A duel. On 20 July 1930 Zyndram-Kościałkowski was named Voivode of Białystok Voivodeship , remaining there until late February 1934. He improved local administration, built sewer system and paved streets of Białystok . He also founded the unemployment committee and Agricultural Chamber. Due to his efforts, local entrepreneurs presented their products at the Northern Trade Fair in Wilno. Also, he

288-651: A minister, he tried to streamline local administration, and reach an agreement with moderate Ukrainian organizations. In the summer of 1935, Polish authorities reached a compromise with the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance (UNDO), and as a result, the UNDO took place in the 1935 Polish legislative election . After the death of Józef Piłsudski (12 May 1935), the Sanacja camp was divided into two factions: those gathered around President Ignacy Mościcki , and

360-474: A representative in the local and national assemblies, the Sejm . His military functions were entirely reduced to supervising a mass mobilization and in practice he ended up as little more than overseer of weights and measures. Appointments to the role were usually made until 1775 by the king. The exceptions were the voivodes of Polock and Vitebsk who were elected by a local poll of male electors for confirmation by

432-565: A representative of the Council of Ministers and, on its behalf, the Prime Minister. The 1999 administrative reform in Poland reduced the numbers of voivodeships from 49 to 16 thus making each voivodeship much larger in size. This caused many discussions, also protests and conflicts and questions regarding the role of the voivodes in the system. The new act of 5 June 1998 on government administration in

504-414: A representative of the government and the representative of the state's interests could organize control of tasks in the field of government administration, defined detailed objectives of the government's policy in the voivodeship, adapted to local conditions, coordinated the cooperation of all organizational units of government and local government administration operating on in the area of the voivodeship in

576-652: A series of anti-government demonstrations. Strikes and protests took place all over the country: on 20–25 March a sit-down strike took place at the Semperit Plant in Kraków . The protest was broken by the riot police, with several people killed or injured. In Lwów , the police killed 9 people, wounding over 200. These social disturbances undermined the position of Zyndram-Kościałkowski and his cabinet. On 15 May 1936 President Mościcki demoted Zyndram-Kościałkowski, replacing him with Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski . Zyndram-Kościałkowski

648-500: Is comes palatinus for the principal commander of a military force, serving as a deputy for the monarch. In early Slavic, vojevoda meant the bellidux , the military leader in battle. The term has also spread to non-Slavic languages, like Romanian , Hungarian and Albanian , in areas with Slavic influence. During the Byzantine Empire it referred to military commanders mainly of Slavic-speaking populations, especially in

720-644: Is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central , Southeastern and Eastern Europe in use since the Early Middle Ages . It primarily referred to the medieval rulers of the Romanian-inhabited states and of governors and military commanders of Poles, Hungarian , Balkan , Russian people and other Slavic-speaking populations. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , voivode

792-704: The 1928 Polish legislative election , Zyndram-Kościałkowski was again elected from the District of Wilno. In March 1928, he became deputy chairman of the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR), and in June, his Labour Party joined the BBWR, as autonomous organization. Zyndram-Kościałkowski was regarded as an avid supporter of Józef Piłsudski. In defence of his policies, in 1922, he challenged General Józef Haller to

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864-652: The Balkans , the Bulgarian Empire being the first permanently established Slavic state in the region. The title voevodas ( Greek : βοεβόδας ) originally occurs in the work of the 10th-century Byzantine emperor Constantine VII in his De Administrando Imperio , in reference to Hungarian military leaders. The title was used in medieval: Bohemia , Bosnia , Bulgaria , Croatia , Greece , Hungary , Macedonia , Moldavia , Poland , Rügen , Russian Empire , Ukraine , Serbia , Transylvania and Wallachia . In

936-720: The Late Middle Ages the voivode, Latin translation is comes palatinus for the principal commander of a military force, deputising for the monarch gradually became the title of territorial governors in Poland, Hungary and the Czech lands and in the Balkans. During the Ottoman administration of Greece , the Ottoman Voivode of Athens resided in the ancient Gymnasium of Hadrian. The Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina descends from

1008-488: The Serbian Vojvodina , with Stevan Šupljikac as Vojvoda or Duke, that became later Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar . The transition of the voivode from military leader to a high ranking civic role in territorial administration ( Local government ) occurred in most Slavic-speaking countries and in the Balkans during the Late Middle Ages . They included Bulgaria, Bohemia, Moldavia and Poland. Moreover, in

1080-456: The chairman of the Council of Ministers and to individual ministers. He retained a double position in the voivodeship: he was a representative of the central government in the voivodeship, as well as the head of the general administration bodies subordinated to him. As part of the first function, apart from representing the government at state ceremonies, the voivode was responsible for coordinating

1152-780: The 1926 May Coup . As key member of the Labour Party, he supported the Sanacja movement, and in May 1927 became a member of the Warsaw City Council . At the same time, he was a deputy chairman of the Association of Army Reservists, and leading member of Association of Polish Cities. In the Parliament, he was responsible for the budget of the Ministry of Military Affairs for the year 1927/28. Following

1224-412: The Council of Ministers. The Small Constitution of 1992 did not assign any special tasks to the voivodes in the field of taking care of the development of the voivodeship or the development of its resources, because already then it was realized that the administrative division into 49 administrative units does not meet the requirements of the time and that the voivode is in fact not the host of region, but

1296-496: The Czech lands, but also in the Balkans, it was an aristocratic title corresponding to dux , Duke or Prince . Many noble families of the Illyricum still use this title despite the disputes about the very existence of nobility in the Balkans. Grand Duke of Bosnia ( Serbo-Croatian : Veliki Vojvoda Bosanski ; Latin : Bosne supremus voivoda / Sicut supremus voivoda regni Bosniae )

1368-709: The Greek and Turkish residents of Athens and making powerful enemies at the Porte . In 16th-century Poland and Lithuania, the wojewoda was a civic role of senatorial rank and neither heritable nor a title of nobility . His powers and duties depended on his location. The least onerous role was in Ruthenia while the most powerful wojewoda was in Royal Prussia . The role began in the crown lands as that of an administrative overseer, but his powers were largely ceremonial. Over time he became

1440-460: The Presidium of National Councils were transformed into a comprehensively recognized office ( Polish : urząd ) with the help of which the voivode was to perform his tasks as state administration body. The Voivodes were to be appointed by the Prime Minister following a consultation with the respective Voivodeship National Council . Their competencies included The Voivode, providing conditions for

1512-543: The Voivodeship National Council to perform its statutory tasks, participated in its sessions and meetings of its presidium, ensured the implementation of the WRN resolutions and decisions of the presidium and submitted reports on their implementation, presented the WRN with draft plans for the social and economic development of the voivodeship and the budget, submitted reports from their implementation and cooperated with

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1584-428: The activities of each body conducting administrative enforcement for a specified period of time. On the other hand, the non-combined administration bodies ( Polish : Administracja niezespolona ) were obliged to agree with the voivode on the drafts of local law enacted by them, in order to ensure compliance of their activities with the voivode's orders and to submit annual information to the voivode on their activities in

1656-486: The activities of each body conducting administrative enforcement for a specified period of time. Special administration bodies and municipal bodies, within the scope of government administration tasks performed by them, were obliged to provide the voivode, at his request, with explanations in every case conducted in the voivodeship. The voivode also issued opinions on the appointment and dismissal of heads of special administration and appointed and dismissed, in consultation with

1728-602: The activities of the entire state administration in the voivodeship in accordance with the basic political line of the government. The Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) in its Manifesto of 22 July 1944, referred to the March Constitution of 1921 , but at the same time stated that it exercises power through voivodeship, poviat, city and commune national councils and through authorized representatives. Where national councils do not exist, democratic organizations are obliged to establish them immediately. According to

1800-405: The basic rights and duties of the voivode as the representative of the government, the executive and managing body of the Voivodeship National Council and the local state administration body at the voivodeship level." An important competence of the voivode in this function was to exercise control over the implementation of voters' postulates and motions. The voivode, on the basis of the guidelines of

1872-456: The communal and living needs of the population. It was also specified that the voivode performed and organized the performance of tasks in the voivodeship resulting from the provisions of generally applicable law, orders of the Prime Minister and resolutions of the WRN. Voivodes also controlled the performance by units subordinated and not subordinated to national councils of tasks resulting from laws and other acts of law. In this regard, they had

1944-411: The competent Voivodeship National Council. The dismissal of a voivode by the appointing authority required a request from the minister of public administration. The voivode's resignation could be demanded by the voivodeship national council on its own initiative or on the initiative of one of the poviat national councils. The tasks of the voivode with the help of the voivodeship departments: From 1946

2016-408: The competent minister, heads of services, inspections and other organizational units. However, in relation to state-owned companies, the voivode issued opinions on candidates for members of supervisory bodies appointed by the representative of the state treasury and had the right to nominate candidates for members of the company's supervisory body. The position of voivodes at that time was justified by

2088-493: The council and elected by it), reporting to the provincial national council in this regard. In according to statue of 20 March 1950, the institution of the Voivode was abolished and his competences was transferred to the Voivodeship National Council and it's presidium. As part of the 1972-1975 administrative reform, the Voivode position was reintroduced according to the law published on 22 November 1973. receiving powers which were at

2160-502: The council of ministers, also prepared draft plans for the socio-economic development of the voivodeship and draft budgets, implemented the plan and budget adopted by the voivodeship national council and performed other tasks related to the comprehensive development of the voivodeship and meeting the needs of society, focusing on key problems, especially concerning the complex of agriculture and food economy, improving market supply, housing construction and housing management, as well as meeting

2232-517: The decree of the Polish Committee of National Liberation of 21 August 1944, these "authorised representatives" were voivodes and starostes. The provincial department ( Polish : Wydział wojewódzki ), introduced for the first time in Poland, was the executive body of the Voivodeship National Council. The chairman was the voivode or his deputy. Voivodes were initially appointed by the PKWN at the request of

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2304-460: The fact that there was no self-government voivodeship, and the administrative voivodeship was strictly governmental in nature and was headed by the voivode as the land manager, who, together with the local government assembly, represented the voivodeship outside. However, its position was not as strong as before 1990, because the Constitutional Act of 1992 clearly indicated that local government

2376-435: The field of preventing threats to human life and health, environmental threats, maintaining public order and state security, protecting civil rights, preventing natural disasters, preventing threats as well as combating and removing their effects. The voivode also coordinated tasks in the field of defense and state security in the voivodeship, represented the government at state ceremonies and performed other tasks commissioned by

2448-415: The followers of Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz . In August 1935, Mościcki agreed with Minister Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski that changes must be made in the government of Walery Sławek . Kwiatkowski entered the cabinet, while Zyndram-Kościałkowski was appointed to the post of Prime Minister. On 13 October 1935 Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski was nominated to the post of Prime Minister of Poland. His government excluded

2520-487: The general administration authorities in the regions were voivodes. Contrary to the provisions of the Act of 1919, the competences of the voivode according to the new legislation was much more wide-ranging. It granted the voivode special supervisory and intervention powers in relation to non-combined administration ( Polish : Administracja niezespolona ). It could convene meetings of heads of non-combined administration bodies for

2592-557: The hands of the Presidium of the Voivodeship National Councils . Thus, the model of the collegial structure of administrative bodies was abandoned. Although the presidiums were left in the system of national councils, their role and position was reduced to the internal organ of the council, representing the council outside. Since the publishing of the law amending the Act on National Councils of 1973, departments and other organizational units previously subordinated directly to

2664-527: The legal basis for establishing voivodeships and restoring the institution of the voivode was the Act of 2 August 1919. The Ordinance of the President of the Republic of Poland of 19 January 1928 did not depart from the voivodeships and the voivodes who headed them. internal affairs, adopted by the Council of Ministers ), from 14 December 1922, President of the Republic of Poland. Pursuant to the Act of 2 August 1919,

2736-625: The local Neurological Institute. Also, he studied agriculture at Riga Technical University . In 1911, Zyndram-Kościałkowski became a member of the Union of Active Struggle (ZWC), Polish independence organization. Together with Walery Sławek , he was a co-founder of structures of the ZWC in northwestern corner of the Russian Empire. In 1912, he was named commandant of the ZWC in the Baltic provinces of Russia, and in

2808-576: The local electorate but as representatives/emissaries of the central government's Council of Ministers . They are appointed by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and among their main tasks are budgetary control and supervision of the administrative code. Following the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , the rank of Vojvoda was continued in the Independent State of Croatia as Vojskovodja . The rank

2880-567: The minister of public administration. The Voivode was appointed and dismissed by the PKWN, from 31 December 1944, the Provisional Government did so at the request of the minister of public administration, and after the adoption of the Small Constitution of 1947 the President of the Republic of Poland at the request of the minister of public administration in consultation with the president of the Council of Ministers after consulting

2952-547: The monarch. In 1791, it was decided to adopt the procedure throughout the country but the 18th-century Partitions of Poland put a stop to it. Polish voivodes were subject to the Law of Incompatibility (1569) which prevented them from simultaneously holding ministerial or other civic offices in their area. Following the declaration of independence and the establishment of the Second Polish Republic and its armed forces ,

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3024-451: The population and socio-economic development of the area; organized control over the performance of state administration tasks in the voivodeship resulting from acts and ordinances, resolutions and orders of the chief state administration bodies; ensured the cooperation of organizational units operating in the voivodeship in the field of maintaining law and order, as well as preventing natural disasters and removing their effects. In addition, he

3096-405: The presidium of the WRN in matters related to the implementation of the tasks of the presidium and the preparation of the council session, applied to the presidium to convene a session of the WRN and the subject of its deliberations. In addition, the voivode cooperated with the WRN committees and councillors, assisted them in the implementation of tasks, in maintaining communication with residents and

3168-403: The purpose of coordination their work from the point of view of the interests of the state, demand explanations from them in specific matters and suspend the enforcement of orders contrary to government policy, could also interfere in personnel matters of non-combined administration bodies. The voivode was nominated by the president, personally subordinated to the minister of internal affairs, to

3240-801: The rear of the Red Army . In September 1920, Zyndram-Kościałkowski was named commandant of the Bieniakonie Group , which was part of Volunteer Division (Colonel Adam Koc ). Together with this unit, he participated in Żeligowski's Mutiny , which resulted in creation of the Republic of Central Lithuania . In 1920 - 1922, Zyndram-Kościałkowski commanded Second Department (Intelligence) of the General Staff of Central Lithuania’s Armed Forces. In 1922, Zyndram-Kościałkowski joined Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" , to be soon named leader of this party (until 1925). As

3312-474: The request of the staroste, with the opinion of the competent head of the combined service, inspection or voivodeship guard, could create, transform and liquidate organizational units constituting the auxiliary apparatus of the heads of poviat services, inspections and guards, unless separate provisions provided otherwise. Governor could appoint and dismiss the heads of combined services, inspections and guards voivodeships, except for Voivodeship Police Commander, who

3384-453: The residents' self-government and in conducting control activities, and presented drafts of major ordinances and decisions to the WRN committees for consultation and informed about the implementation of the committee's conclusions. Voivodes were served by voivodeship offices. The voivode could also perform some of his tasks with the help of "united field offices, enterprises, plants and institutions" subordinated to him. The functions and status of

3456-399: The right to issue legal acts with force in the territory of the voivodeship. The process of organizing and unifying the territorial administration intensified in the 1920s, especially after the May coup. Their culmination was the regulation of the President of the Republic of Poland of 1928 on the organization and scope of operation of general administration authorities. This act stipulated that

3528-411: The right to take the necessary decisions to ensure their full implementation. In 1988 further regulations clarified the voivode's competences and tasks compared to the earlier regulations of 1975 and 1983. As the representative of the central government in the voivodeship, the voivode coordinated the work of all state administration bodies operating in the voivodeship in the field of meeting the needs of

3600-420: The scope of commissioned government administration tasks carried out by these bodies. The voivode, as a representative of the government, also performed tasks commissioned by the Council of Ministers. The voivode, as a representative of the government, had the right to issue recommendations to local government administration bodies operating in the voivodeship and, in particularly justified cases, he could suspend

3672-501: The so-called Piłsudski's colonels , which was supported by the public opinion. Due to the economical difficulties of the mid-1930s, Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, who was Minister of Industry and Trade, played a key role in the government. In December 1935, amnesty of political prisoners was declared, but Zyndram-Kościałkowski decided not to close the Bereza Kartuska prison . In the spring of 1936, Socialist and Communist organizations initiated

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3744-627: The summer of 1914, after the outbreak of World War I , he planned to join Polish Legions in World War I , but was ordered to stay in Warsaw . In 1915, he joined Polish Military Organisation (POW), using nom de guerre Jerzy Orwid. On February 7, 1915, Józef Piłsudski promoted him to Podporucznik (Second Lieutenant). In the same year, he married fellow member of the POW, Anna Krysińska. In 1918, their son Witold

3816-592: The territorial division of the country, where communes were the basic territorial division units, while the voivodeship was the basic territorial division unit for the performance of government administration. In this concept, the voivode as a body of general government administration, in particular: The voivode was also a higher-ranking authority within the meaning of the regulations of the Code of Administrative Procedure in relations to heads of regional offices of general government administration and local government bodies within

3888-411: The turn of the 17th century. The governors of provinces and sanjaks would appoint someone from their own households or someone from the local elites to collect the revenues. The chief Ottoman administrator of Athens was also called the voivode. One such holder of this title, Hadji Ali Haseki , was voivode on five separate occasions before his final banishment and execution in 1795 after angering both

3960-471: The voivode was a representative of the government, exercising state authority in the voivodeship on its behalf; responsible executor of the orders of individual ministers; the head of authorities and offices in the area subordinated to him; supervisors of employees of these offices. The scope of the voivode was therefore broad and went beyond the area of matters belonging to the Ministry of the Interior. He also had

4032-447: The voivode was subjected to social control of the voivodeship national council and was obliged to submit periodic reports to it (actually the presidium) on the general line of his activities. The voivode ceased to be the chairman of the voivodeship national council, but due to the position he held, he was a member of the voivodeship national council. Instead, he was the chairman of the provincial government department (the executive body of

4104-523: The voivode were clarified in January 1978 in the regulation of the Council of Ministers . The preamble to this act states, inter alia, that "the voivode, while performing his tasks in the field of managing the national economy in the voivodeship, is guided by the resolutions of the Polish United Workers' Party as the guiding political force of society in socialist construction. This regulation specified

4176-421: The voivodeship it was specified that the voivode is: The voivode, as a representative of the Council of Ministers, was responsible for implementing the government's policy. The voivode's powers also included issuing orders binding on all government administration bodies, and in emergency situations also binding on the bodies of local government units. The voivode could also, in particularly justified cases, suspend

4248-404: The voivodeship. The reactivation, by the Act of 8 March 1990, of a self-governing commune with legal personality, its own sphere of public tasks, its own authorities and territory, independent of other local bodies of state (government) administration, forced a new look at the role of the voivode as a local body of state administration. The legal position of the voivode after 1990 was in line with

4320-512: The voivodeship. In addition, the voivode's competences included all matters in the field of government administration not reserved for other bodies and supervision over the activities of local government units, representing the State Treasury in relation to state property and exercising other powers resulting from representing the State Treasury and exercising the powers and duties of the founding body towards state-owned enterprises. The voivode, at

4392-582: Was a court title in the Kingdom of Bosnia , bestowed by the king to highest military commanders, usually reserved for most influential and most capable among highest Bosnian nobility who already held title of vojvoda. To interpret it as an office post rather than a court rank could be even more accurate. Unlike usage in Western Europe, Central Europe, or in various Slavic lands from Central to North-East Europe, where analogy between grand duke and grand prince

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4464-656: Was appointed Minister of Labour in the new government, remaining in post until 30 September 1939. After the Invasion of Poland , Zyndram-Kościałkowski was interned in Romania . He then moved to France and Great Britain . New Prime Minister in Exile, General Władysław Sikorski sent him to a camp for political opponents, on the Isle of Bute in Scotland . His new partner, actress Maria Balcerkiewicz,

4536-622: Was appointed after consultation opinion of the voivode. In addition, the voivode has powers and responsibilities regarding defense in the voivodeship, as specified in the Homeland Defence Act : In 2001 the powers and competences of the voivodes was reduced as some of their authority was transferred to the Voivodeship sejmik . Voivodes continue to have a role in local government in Poland today, as authorities of voivodeships and overseers of self-governing local councils, answerable not to

4608-505: Was born, with Piłsudski as the godfather. In late 1918, Zyndram-Kościałkowski joined the newly created Polish Army , and in 1919 he was transferred to the Second Department of Polish General Staff . He was actively involved in the activities of Polish intelligence in the areas of Suwałki and southern Lithuania. In April 1919, he came to Wilno (Vilnius), and soon afterwards, Józef Piłsudski ordered him to carry out sabotage attacks in

4680-553: Was interchangeably used with palatine . In the Tsardom of Russia , a voivode was a military governor . Among the Danube principalities, voivode was considered a princely title. The term voivode comes from two roots. вой(на) ( voi [ na ]) means "war, fight," while водя ( vodya ) means 'leading' in Old Slavic , together meaning 'war leader' or ' warlord '. The Latin translation

4752-433: Was interned with him. They later became engaged, but he died before they could get married. Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski died on 12 April 1946 in Brookwood, Surrey. [REDACTED] Media related to Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski at Wikimedia Commons Novoalexandrovsky Uyezd Zarasai County ( Russian : Новоалександровский уезд , Lithuanian : Zarasų apskritis , Lithuanian : Novoaleksandrovsko apskritis )

4824-467: Was one of co-founders of sports club Jagiellonia Białystok . To honor his work, on 4 September 1935 Zyndram-Kościałkowski was named Honorary Citizen of Białystok, and a boulevard was named after him. Following the 1930 Polish legislative election , he was again elected to the Sejm (November 1930). On 28 June 1934, after Minister of Internal Affairs Bronisław Pieracki had been murdered by Ukrainian nationalists, Zyndram-Kościałkowski took over this post. As

4896-706: Was one of the counties of the Russian Empire . Established 1795 under Vilna Governorate . Transferred to Kovno Governorate in 1843. Formal abolition in 1924 by Soviet authorities. At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Zarasai County had a population of 208,487. Of these, 49.8% spoke Lithuanian , 16.8% Belarusian , 12.7% Yiddish , 9.9% Russian , 8.9% Polish , 1.8% Latvian and 0.1% German as their native language. Voivode Voivode ( / ˈ v ɔɪ v oʊ d / VOY -vohd ), also spelled voivod , voievod or voevod and also known as vaivode ( / ˈ v aɪ v oʊ d , ˈ v eɪ -/ V(A)Y -vohd ), voivoda , vojvoda or wojewoda ,

4968-423: Was responsible for the ad hoc tasks commissioned by the council of ministers, the government presidium, the prime minister and the minister responsible for administration. Such a definition of competences constituted a qualitative change in relation to the amended regulation. Acting as a government representative, the voivode also represented the central authorities at state ceremonies and during official meetings in

5040-452: Was significant, with both titles corresponding to sovereign lower than king but higher than duke. In Bosnia, the title grand duke corresponded more to the Byzantine military title megas doux . It is possible to register some similarities with equivalent titles in neighboring Slavic lands, such as Serbia; however, in neighboring countries, the title duke , in Slavic vojvoda , also had military significance, but in that sense "grand duke"

5112-459: Was specifically, even exclusively, Bosnian title. In some provinces and vassal states of the Ottoman Empire , the title of voivode (or voyvoda ) was employed by senior administrators and local rulers. This was common to the extent in Ottoman Bosnia , but especially in the Danubian Principalities , which protected the northern borders of the empire and were ruled by the Greek Phanariotes . The title "Voyvoda" turned into another position at

5184-523: Was the basic form of organizing local public life, while other types of local government units were to be defined by law. Also, the establishment of new bodies - financial supervision in the form of the Regional Chamber of Accounts and the Adjudication Committee and Boards of Appeals changed the scope of competences of voivodes. Within the scope of his competence and competence, the voivode as

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