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29-463: Mari El, one of Russia's ethnic republics, was established for the indigenous Mari people , a Finno-Ugric nation who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama Rivers . The majority of the republic's population are ethnic Russians (52.5%), with a significant Mari minority (40.1%), and smaller minority populations of Tatars and Chuvash . The official languages are Russian and Mari . Mari El

58-517: A 2012 survey, 47.8% of the population of Mari El adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 6–15% adheres to the Mari native religion , 6% adheres to Islam , 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Old Believers and 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without church affiliation or members of other Orthodox churches . In addition, 25% of the population is "spiritual but not religious", 6%

87-480: A discipline in 10,404 schools. The Ministers of Council of Europe has noted significant efforts to improve the supply of minority language textbooks and teachers, as well as a greater availability of minority language teaching. However, as Ministers has noted, there remain shortcomings in the access to education of a person(s) belonging to certain minorities. There are more than 2,000 national minorities' public associations and 560 national cultural autonomies, however

116-559: Is atheist and 4.2% follows other religions or did not answer the question. The most important facilities of higher education are Mari State Technical University and Mari State University , both located in Yoshkar-Ola. There are also more than 900 primary and secondary schools located throughout the republic. For the past few years, the Mari El Republic has been participating in the national project "Education" ("Oбразование"), which

145-750: Is also home to a particular category of minority peoples, i.e. small indigenous peoples of the North and Far East , who maintain very traditional lifestyles, often in a hazardous climatic environment, while adapting to the modern world. After the fall of the Soviet Union , Russia passed legislation to protect rights of these small northern indigenous peoples. Gil-Robles has noted agreements between indigenous representatives and oil companies, which are to compensate potential damages on peoples habitats due to oil exploration . As Committee of Ministers of Council of Europe noted in 2007, despite some initiatives for development,

174-572: Is bordered by Nizhny Novgorod Oblast to the west, Kirov Oblast to the north, Tatarstan to the east, and Chuvashia to the south. The Republic is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain of Russia, along and mostly to the north of the Volga River . The swampy Mari Depression is in the west of the Republic, contrasted by hillier landscapes in the east where the highest point of

203-464: Is designed to improve education throughout Russia by bringing new technology into the classroom, improving material conditions in schools, and providing financial awards to extraordinary students and teachers. Although the Mari language is officially a state language, Mari educators and administrators have been forced from their positions in recent years and Mari-language education has been defunded, according to

232-427: Is moderately continental , with moderately cold and snowy winters and warm and often rainy summers. The average temperatures range from 18–20 °C (64–68 °F) in summer to −18 – −20 °C (0 – −4 °F) in winter. November is the windiest month of the year. Annual precipitation varies from 450 to 500 mm (18 to 20 in). There are virtually no natural resources of industrial significance in

261-832: The Golden Horde . In the 1440s it was incorporated into the Khanate of Kazan and was occupied by the Tsardom of Russia (governed by Ivan the Terrible ) after the fall of Kazan in 1552. After the Russian Revolution , under the Bolshevik regime, the Mari Autonomous Oblast was established on 4 November 1920. It was re-organized into the Mari ASSR on 5 December 1936, at the same time as

290-790: The Russian Federation include: Based on the Last Census, 2021, the total population was 147,182,123, but only 130,045,163 indicated a nationality. It is estimated that the percentage of those who didn't indicate a nationality is very similar to the percentage of those who did. (Russians, Ukrainians, Mordvins, Belarusians, Germans, and others.) (Chechens, Dagestanis, Armenians, Circassians, Ingush, Ossetians, and others. A separate group because they cluster separately from Europeans.) (Tatars, Bashkir, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurt, and others. Predominantly Europeans with more than 10% asiatic admixture.) The ethnic demographic mix of

319-687: The U.S. State Department , the European Union , and others. The most developed industries are machine construction, metalworking, timber, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital Yoshkar-Ola, as well as in the towns of Kozmodemyansk , Volzhsk , and Zvenigovo . The largest companies in the region include Mariysky Oil Refinery (revenues of $ 502.2 million in 2017), Mari Pulp and Paper Mill ($ 137.12 million), Shelanger Chemical Plant "Siver" ($ 14.52 million), Marbiopharm ($ 14.02 million). Traveling cheaply and quickly to various towns and villages within

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348-1470: The Committee of Ministers has noted that in many regions, amount of state support for the preservation and development of minority cultures is still inadequate. There's a significant difference between "eponymous" ethnic groups and nationalities without their own national territory, as resources of the last are relatively limited. Population of Russia by language family, 2021 census (% of those who declared ethnicity) (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Bulgarians, Serbs, Czechs, Rusyns, Slovaks, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenes, Bosnians, Montenegrins) (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvash, Kazakhs, Kumyks, Yakuts, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Tuvans, Crimean Tatars, Karachays, Kyrgyz, Balkars, Turks, Nogais, Altai, Khakas, Turkmens, Shors, Gagauz, Dolgans, Nagaibak, Soyots, Meskhetian Turks, Kumandins, Uyghurs, Teleuts, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Tofalar, Crimean Karaites, Chulyms) (Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Kabardians, Ingush, Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans, Cherkess, Georgians, Adyghe, Abazins, Aghuls, Rutuls, Tsakhurs, Abkhazians, Udis, Shapsugs) (Mordvins, Mari, Udmurts, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Nenets, Karelians, Khanty, Mansi, Estonians, Finns, Vepsians, Selkups, Besermyan, Sami, Hungarians, Nganasan, Izhorians, Enets, Votians) (Armenians, Hemshins) (Ossetians, Tajiks, Yazidis, Kurds, Talysh, Afghans, Persians, Tat, Pamiris) (Buryats, Kalmyks, Mongols) Russia

377-568: The Mari El Republic is the Head (formerly President). As of 2017, the Head was Alexander Yevstifeyev, who was appointed in April 2017. The government of Mari El has been pursuing Russification in recent years, with the former head of the republic, Leonid Markelov , ordering many Mari language newspapers to close. Many ethnic Mari activists live in fear of violence. The Mari activist and chief editor Vladimir Kozlov

406-427: The Mari of the Soviet Union lived outside of Russia. Since World War II , more ethnic Russians and Tatars have moved into the area. According to the 2021 Census , Russians make up 52.5% of the republic's population (up from 47.4% in 2010), while the ethnic Mari make up 40.1% (down from 43.9%). Other groups include Tatars (4.8%), Chuvash (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of

435-576: The Mari people have lived in the area for millennia, they did not have a designated territory before the Russian Revolution of 1917 . According to the 2021 Census , only 58.2% of the Mari within Russia live in the Mari El Republic, while 20.1% live in the Republic of Bashkortostan (consisting of the Eastern Mari, who fled to Bashkorostan to escape religious persecution). During the last Soviet Census (1989), 4% of

464-682: The Mari, going so far as blowing up a holy mountain, and the persecution of the religion went on under the Soviet Union . During the 1990s the religion was officially recognized by the State and began to revive. The Mari gather at around 520 holy groves where they offer animal and vegetable sacrifices, there are about 20 festivals yearly. Although traditional religion is one of Mari El's three officially recognized religions (along with Orthodoxy and Islam) Mari religious practises have come under increasing pressure, according to human rights groups. According to

493-598: The Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG), in an exhaustive 2006 report Russian Federation: The Human Rights Situation of the Mari Minority of the Republic of Mari El , found widespread evidence of political and cultural persecution of Mari people, and of "a broader trend of repression of dissidents in the republic". Population : 696,459 ( 2010 Census ) ; 727,979 ( 2002 Census ) ; 749,386 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Note: Total fertility rate source. Though

522-699: The Republic (at 278 metres (912 ft)) is located. The Republic borders with Kirov Oblast in the north and east, the Republic of Tatarstan in the southeast and south, the Chuvash Republic in the south, and with Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in the west and north. There are 476 rivers in the Republic, with the Volga and its tributaries being the major water arteries. Most rivers are considered to be minor—10–50 m (33–164 ft) wide and 0.5–1.4 m (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 7 in) deep—and usually freeze between mid-November and mid-April. There are over 700 lakes and ponds; many located in

551-538: The Republic is made possible through a network of fifteen train stations, fifty-three bus stations, and numerous marshrutkas . The republic is connected to different regions throughout Russia by daily trains to and from Moscow and Kazan , flights on one commercial airline from Yoshkar-Ola Airport , located near Yoshkar-Ola, and a port on the Volga River in Kozmodemyansk. There are also four other minor river ports in

580-409: The Republic. Other resources include peat , mineral waters , and limestone . About 50% of the Republic's territory is forested, although the level of forestation varies significantly from one district to another. Ancient Mari tribes were known since the 5th century, though archaeologists suspect that the Mari culture is much older in its roots. Later their area was a tributary of Volga Bulgaria and

609-485: The Russian Federation is projected to change far into the future. The majority population, ethnic Russians, who have been in slight decline since the 1950s will decline further due to a below replacement fertility rate and population ageing. In 2010, rough population projections from Ivan Beloborodov projecting to 2030 estimated that the percentage of Russians within the population would decrease to around 70 to 60% of

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638-688: The Sheremetyev Castle Museum-reserve in Yurino. There are also museums dedicated to the poet Nikolay Mukhin and the composer Ivan Klyuchnikov-Palantay in Yoshkar-Ola and the house-museum of writer Sergei Chavayn in Chavaynur. Five theaters are located in Yoshkar-Ola with performances in both the Russian and Mari languages. Ethnic groups in Russia Russia , as the largest country in

667-546: The enactment of the 1936 Soviet Constitution . In its present form, the Mari El Republic was formed on 22 December 1990. On 21 May 1998, Mari El alongside Amur , Ivanovo , Kostroma , and Voronezh Oblast signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 31 December 2001. The name of the republic is based on the ethnic self-designation of its indigenous population – Марий , "Mari" (from мари , "man, husband"), and эл , "country, land". The head of government in

696-681: The republic. Regional automobile code is 12. Telephony , Internet service , and cable television are provided by VolgaTelecom . There are many museums located throughout the territory of the republic. The largest ones include the National Museum, the Museum of History, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Yoshkar-Ola; the Museum of Arts and History, the Ethnographic Open-Air Museum, and the Merchant Life Museum in Kozmodemyansk; and

725-652: The swampy areas and have areas of less than 1 km (0.39 sq mi) and depths of 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in). Lake Yalchik , occupying 150 hectares (370 acres), is the largest by area, while Lake Tabashinskoye is the deepest. Swamps cover large areas—10–70 km (3.9–27.0 sq mi) and up to 100 km (39 sq mi)—and usually freeze in December. While swamps tend to be shallow, with an average depth of 0.5–1.5 m (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 11 in), they are impassable in fall and spring due to flooding. Climate

754-698: The total population. Although the constitution of Russia recognizes Russian as the official language, the individual republics may declare one or more official languages. Many of these subjects have at least two—Russian and the language of the "eponymous" nationality. There is a minority language scene in most subjects of the country, with more than 1,350 newspapers and magazines, 300 TV channels and 250 radio stations in over 50 of these minority languages. Moreover, new legislation allows usage of minority languages in federal radio and TV broadcasting. In 2007, there were 6,260 schools which provided teaching in 38 minority languages. Over 75 minority languages were taught as

783-477: The total population. The religions with the most adherents in the republic are Russian Orthodoxy , the Mari native religion , the Old Believers , and Islam . The traditional Mari religion ( Chimari yula ) is still practised today by many Mari people and is the main religion of the Mari of Bashkortostan; also practised is a syncretism with Christianity . The Czars took drastic measures to force Christianity on

812-755: The world , has great ethnic diversity, is a multinational state , and is home to over 190 ethnic groups nationwide. According to the population census at the end of 2021, more than 147.1 million people lived in Russia, which is 4.3 million more than in the 2010 census, or 3.03%. At the same time, only 130.587 million census participants indicated their nationality. The top ten largest nations besides Russians included in descending order: Tatars , Chechens , Bashkirs , Chuvash , Avars , Armenians , Ukrainians , Dargins and Kazakhs . Population censuses in Russia allow citizens to report their nationality according not only to their ancestry, but also to self-identification. The 83 (or 85) federal subjects which together constitute

841-474: Was badly beaten after he criticized Markelov's government. Other Mari leaders have been subject to violence, legal persecution, and intimidation. The Mari people 's native religion , based on the worship of the forces of nature, has encountered hostility as well. Vitaly Tanakov was charged with inciting religious, national, social, and linguistic hatred after publishing the book The Priest Speaks . The International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights (IHF) and

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