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92-605: The clan are the largest tribe in the Jubaland state and make the majority of the Gedo , Middle Juba and Lower Juba states, some major cities in these states owned by the tribe are Beled Hawo , Jilib , Saakow , Kismayo , Bardhere and Burgabo . They are primarily concentrated on the western part of Middle Juba primarily in Bu'aale where their camels graze deep into the Lower Shabelle and

184-461: A Red Sea Port by Jean-Pierre Greenlaw, Kegan Paul International, 1995, ISBN   0-7103-0489-7 . Suakin has a very hot desert climate ( Köppen BWh ) with brutally hot and humid, though dry, summers and very warm winters. Rainfall is minimal except from October to December, when easterly winds can give occasional downpours: in November 1965 as much as 445 millimetres (17.5 in) fell, but in

276-550: A compacted sand surface measuring 1,300 by 30 metres (4,265 ft × 98 ft). Garbaharey Airport ( IATA : GBM) is an airport serving Garbaharey in Jubaland. The airport has one runway which is 1,050 metres (3,445 ft) long. Lugh Ganane Airport ( IATA : LGX , ICAO : HCMJ ) is an airport serving Luuq , Jubaland, Somalia . The airport has one runway which is 1,120 metres (3,675 ft) long. Kismayo Airport ( IATA : KMU, ICAO: HCMK), also known as Kisimayu Airport,

368-598: A consultative meeting with government officials and people who perform female gential mutilation (FGM) with a view to stopping the practice in the Kismayo area. Local dances of Jubaland include the Saar . Suakin Suakin or Sawakin ( Arabic : سواكن , romanized :  Sawākin , Beja : Oosook ) is a port city in northeastern Sudan , on the west coast of the Red Sea . It

460-516: A cry to Christians all over the world saying that if they do not bring another Christian to the Horn of Africa. Portugal , which was one of the strongest naval powers at the time, was tasked by Europe to send ships and troops to the Horn of Africa, and those ships hit all the port cities of Somalia. On the third of January 1494 NCKD, an army led by Vasco da Gama arrived in Somalia and started their attack on

552-700: A draft provisional constitution, which they overwhelming approved. On 15 May 2013, an overwhelming majority of 500 delegates elected Ahmed Mohamed Islam (Madobe) as the President of Jubaland. On 28 August 2013, the autonomous Jubaland administration signed a national reconciliation agreement in Addis Ababa with the Somali federal government . Endorsed by the federal State Minister for the Presidency Farah Abdulkadir on behalf of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud ,

644-499: A security committee consisting of representatives from both administrations, which will facilitate launching joint counterinsurgency operations, extradition, and expertise and intelligence sharing. The two administrations also proposed the creation of an interstate commission to liaise between the federal government and constituent regional states. They likewise indicated that their respective Chambers of Commerce would buttress commercial exchanges and cross-border trade. In February 2015,

736-708: A significant chapter in Somali history. The Marehan eventually caused so much havoc in the Juba valley that it was sold by the British to Italy . The Dthambari/AlDonabir clan is a subclan of the Marehan tribe, originating from the Hodanbari (Suhaywan) sub-family. Approximately 500 years ago, following the collapse of the Adal Sultanate, they emigrated to Yemen. Renowned as a warrior clan,

828-399: A title given by the local Harla) which is the highest role in the sultanate, his father controlled all trading routes in the kingdom and held the keys to the gates of Harar during nocturnal periods, the title Goyta was third only to Emir and Sultan and was the title of the highest general. Garad Hirabu Goita Tedros successfully captured the provinces of Bale and Tigray . Hajji Aliyye

920-674: A total border length of approximately 1,500 km (930 miles). This total includes both land borders with neighboring regions and countries, as well as the coastline along the Indian Ocean . In February 2019, Kenyan officials have alleged that Somalia is engaged in an inappropriate auctioning of drilling rights along the African coast of the Ocean off Jubaland. The International Court of Arbitration has scheduled procedures for September 2019 concerning maritime territorial waters, which Somali sources indicate

1012-466: Is Oosook . This is possibly from the Arabic word suq , meaning market. In Beja, the locative case for this is isukib , whence Suakin might have derived. The spelling on Admiralty charts in the late 19th century was "Sauakin", but in the popular press "Suakim" was predominant. Suakin was likely Ptolemy 's Port of Good Hope, Limen Evangelis, which is similarly described as lying on a circular island at

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1104-653: Is a political faction of the Somali Civil War . The Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party was the ruling party of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1976 to 1991. The Somali National Front (SNF) was also a revolutionary movement and armed militia in Somalia After Somali Democratic Republic were clapsed. There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing

1196-505: Is an airport serving Kismayo in Jubaland Somalia. The airport resides at an elevation of 49 feet (15 m) above mean sea level . It has one asphalt paved runway designated 05/23 which is 3,688 metres (12,100 ft) long. Solidarity Group of Jubbaland (SGJ), is a local grassroots development organisation in Jubaland. Death from hunger is a recurrent issue in Jubaland, including in 2017 and 2021. In 2022 Adar Ismail Jurati led

1288-449: Is being pre-empted by the Kenyan officials. Kenya demanded Somalia to abandon its ICJ case for bilateral discussion. Somalia sees this as delaying tactics as discussion did not produce results between 2009 and 2014. Kenya gave mining rights to France and Italian companies in 2009, however, accused Somalia of doing the same. Somalia denied the accusation. Somalia won the majority of their case off

1380-648: Is taken from the World Bank 's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom 's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001 . In the Marehan clan-family, component clans are divided into two uterine divisions Marehan In Jubaland , Galgaduud and Mudug Somalia the World Bank shows the following clan tree: In the World Bank shows the following Marehan clan tree. Fiqi-Yacqub has

1472-670: The quid pro quo . After the Corfu incident , British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald decided to cede Jubaland unconditionally to the Italian colonial empire . Jubaland was then incorporated into neighbouring Italian Somaliland on 30 June 1926. The boundary with Kenya was settled by the Jubaland Commission and the Jubaland Boundary Commission. During the post-independence period, one particularly significant historical event

1564-729: The Italian Somaliland protectorate after the Geledi ruler called Osman Ahmed signed multiple treaties with the colonial Italians. Jubaland was subsequently ceded to Italy in 1924–25, as a reward for the Italians having joined the Allies in World War I , and had a brief existence as the Italian colony of Trans-Juba ( Oltre Giuba ) under governor (16 July 1924 – 31 December 1926) Corrado Zoli (1877–1951). Italy issued its first postage stamps for

1656-567: The Jubbada Hoose (Lower Jubba) and Jubbada Dhexe (Middle Jubba) regions. The transplanted families were also introduced to farming and fishing techniques, a change from their traditional pastoralist lifestyle of livestock herding. By the late 1980s, the moral authority of Barre's government had collapsed. Many Somalis had become disillusioned with life under military dictatorship. The government became increasingly totalitarian , and resistance movements , encouraged by Ethiopia, sprang up across

1748-677: The Liben Zone , extending into Oromia living in the city of Negele Borana . The tribe can also be found in Fafan Zone , living in Jigjiga and Tuli guleed. The tribe are the largest in Hararghe , however the majority of the tribe have been absorbed by the Oromo . The Marehan primarily population Babille and Meyu Kulle. The tribe are also the majority of the city of Dire Dawa which was founded by them, however

1840-707: The Naval Brigade , arrived in Suakin in March 1885 and served until mid-May. After the defeat of the Mahdist State , the British preferred to develop the new Port Sudan , rather than engage in the extensive rebuilding and expansion that would have been necessary to make Suakin comparable. By 1922, the last of the British had left. Since 2000, Sudan's National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums has undertaken research and documented

1932-542: The 14th century. One of Suakin's rulers, Ala al-Din al-Asba'ani , angered the Mamluk sultan Baybars by seizing the goods of merchants who died at sea nearby. In 1264, the governor of Qus and his general Ikhmin Ala al-Din attacked with the support of Aydhab. Al-Asba'ani was forced to flee the city. The continuing enmity between the two towns is testified to by reports that after the destruction of Aydhab by Sultan Barsbay in 1426,

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2024-465: The 1860s an Egyptian style of architecture began to incorporate features from Egypt and Europe. As the buildings had no plaster covering, they decayed quickly and the town fell into ruin. A detailed description of the buildings of Suakin, including measured plans and detailed sketches, can be found in The Coral Buildings of Suakin: Islamic Architecture, Planning, Design and Domestic Arrangements in

2116-771: The Adoimara consisting of these lost Somali tribes who banded to fight this threat, while the bulk of Facaaye remained in Afar , the majority of the Marehan would migrate eastwards forming their own powerful Ugaasate, stretching the largest territory in the whole peninsular, forming the Ugaasate of Himan. The Marehan and Facaaye who remained would form the Debne an We'ima tribes, forming an alliance which would last centuries. Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Amir Mohammed ibn Garad Abi baker (Gilgila) ibn Garad Matan Amir Mohammed Garad Abibiker Garad Adam who

2208-523: The Dthambari/AlDonabir have left an indelible mark on South Yemen's history, known for their military prowess, strategic acumen, and fierce independence. The roots of the Dthambari/AlDonabir clan can be traced back to the Marehan Darod tribe of the Horn of Africa. Belonging to the Hodanbari (Suhaywan) sub-family, they migrated to Yemen around five centuries ago, seeking refuge and opportunity after

2300-668: The European Christians in Barawe led them to change their previous plan of occupying the cities of Barawe , Mogadishu and Zeila . The mostly Portuguese forces were afraid to set foot in Mogadishu , so they beat the city from the sea. As a result of the war, for eight years, no Portuguese or European ships came close to the Somali coast. In 1507 King Emanuella sent six warships to the Portuguese Horn of Africa. The admiral of those ships

2392-634: The Federal Government after a period of six months, and revenues and resources generated from these infrastructures will be earmarked for Jubaland's service delivery and security sectors as well as local institutional development. Additionally, the agreement includes the integration of Jubaland's military forces under the central command of the Somali National Army (SNA), and stipulates that the Juba Interim Administration will command

2484-561: The Haushabi Sultanate and were known to be traders and nomads. The Dthambari, who occupy the south-western part of the Radfan range, at first they behaved in a friendly manner and invited Colonel Stace , however, they refused to allow the party to proceed further except on terms which the Resident could not have acceded to. and negotiations were therefore broken off. The Juba Valley Alliance

2576-652: The Imam from Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad , the arch rival of the Abadir dynasty who had killed the cousin of Garad Hirabu and Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , Abun Adashe . Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad in revenge for the take over of the Adal Sultanate by the Abadir dynasty would attempt to stage a coup and kill the Imam, however he was halted by the Emir Garad Hirabu Goita Tedros . He was the son of Goyta Ali (Tedros,

2668-579: The Indian Ocean, while its western side flanks the North Eastern Province in Kenya , which was carved out of Jubaland during the colonial period . Jubaland has a total area of 110,293 km (42,584 sq mi). As of 2005, it had a total population of 953,045 inhabitants. the largest city Kismayo , which is situated on the coast in the Indian Ocean. Bardhere , Luuq , and Beled Haawo are

2760-488: The Interim Juba Administration began a selection process for the members of the new regional parliament. Following consultations with local stakeholders, the lawmakers were slated to be nominated by intellectuals in conjunction with traditional elders. The legislative selection process was drawn from all of the regional state's constituent districts. On 15 April 2015, a new 75-seat chamber of Jubaland parliament

2852-654: The Jubaland coast on the maritime dispute in 2020 at the ICJ (International Court of Justice). Jubaland has a total population of around 2.5 million inhabitants with the majority hailing from the Somali people. Air transportation in Jubaland is served by a number of airports . These include The Bardera Airport ( IATA : BSY , ICAO : HCMD ) is an airport serving Bardera , a city in Jubaland Somalia . The airport resides at an elevation of 550 feet (168 m) above mean sea level . It has one runway designated 15/33 with

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2944-403: The Marehan kingdom of Mora , whilst staking a claim to the town of Harar for himself. According to oral tradition it was Abadir who created the five district neighborhoods associated to the five city gates from which their names are derived Abadir used his influence to revamp the region's social structure. Abadir renamed the land to “Harar” or “Bander Abadir” and its inhabitants “Hararis”. This

3036-754: The Marehan were reported to have lived in Jubaland . Following the dissolution of the Imamate of Aussa , the Marehan tribe established the Kingdom of Himan, a dominant force with territories extending from the Shebelle River to the Nugaal Valley , and reaching as far east as the Hawd in Somaliland, including regions like Jarar , Gode , and Qelafe . This kingdom emerged as a formidable power, subduing numerous tribes and becoming

3128-566: The Ottoman province of Habesh was established in 1555 with the residence of its pasha in Suakin. The Ottomans restored the two main mosques - Shafi'i and Hanafi , strengthened the walls of the fort and built new roads and buildings. As the Portuguese explorers discovered and perfected the sea route around Africa and the Ottomans were unable to stop this trade, the local merchants began to abandon

3220-601: The Somali forces and the closest deputy of the Imam was a Marehan commander, Garad Hirabu Goita Tedros . Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi was also a member of the clan, and his descendants can be found in Gedo Somalia and are part of the Reer Garaad sub clans. His descendants in Amhara and Gurage also claim descent from the tribe. Together they helped push westward the enemies into the plains of Harar and farther, helping destabilize

3312-576: The ancestor of the Silt'e people One of the generals who participated in the conquests of the southern provinces, Hajji Aliyye, would settle in the region of Gurage with his army and would mix with the local woman. He would eventually father the Silt'e people. The neighboring Halaba ethnic group also claim to be descended from the tribe through their ancestor Abadir. The Sultanate of Adal had fallen into infighting turmoil and famine, and were being overrun by

3404-614: The assistance of Ethiopian troops , African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States, managed to drive out the rival ICU and solidify its rule. The Battle of Ras Kamboni took place on 8 January 2007. Afterwards, the TFG then relocated to Villa Somalia in the capital from its interim location in Baidoa . This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that

3496-406: The battle of Warra Dayya. The Imamate would span from the eastern parts of Amhara , deep into the Somali region of Ethiopia , expanded into by the Marehan tribe. The kingdom would be prosperous, exploiting the Frankincense rich Myrhh districts of central Somalia , specifically in Buuro, while the Facaaye clan would act as an economic lifeline, taking part in the trade of salt, holding one of

3588-468: The cities of Barawe and Mogadishu which were the main ports of supply and food for the Somali fighters who were fighting against the Abyssinian colonialists. The Portuguese army, still enraged by the way the Somalis killed Pero da Covilhã and his army, defeated the city of Barawe . The European Christian forces tried to capture Barawe , but according to Vasco da Gama they met with a fierce battle and they tried to escape with their lives The defeat of

3680-408: The clauses of the accord were equitable allocation of international assistance by the federal authorities, agreeing on pre-civil war boundaries and regional demarcations established by the military government, and recommending that the federal authorities both delegate powers to regional bodies and adopt a No Objection Policy. Additionally, the memorandum stipulates that the two regional states will form

3772-497: The coasts of Lower Juba . They live as far south as the towns Bilis Qooqaani , Bibi and Midi and the town Diff. The tribe are single handedly the majority of the Kismayo district, with a territory extending as far as the Badhadhe District region, dominating it almost completely comprisng the most territory followed by the Degodi and Gaaljecel tribes, primarily living in the coastal plains, with their main population centres being Ras Marehan and Burgabo . Some major towns/districts of

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3864-417: The country, eventually leading to the Somali Civil War and Barre's ouster. Following the ensuing breakdown of central authority, General Mohammed Said Hersi "Morgan" , Barre's son-in-law and former Minister of Defence, briefly declared Jubaland independent on 3 September 1998. Political opponents of General Morgan subsequently united as the Allied Somali Forces (ASF), seizing control of Kismayo by June of

3956-470: The demoralized Harar troops and pushed the Portuguese back beyond the boundaries of Zayla. There is some uncertainty about his death. Local accounts dictate that he died the natural death whilst other reports mention that he was assassinated. However, what is indisputable is that Abadir achieved a fame and status that extended far beyond the Harari region in Muslim Ethiopia. In Harar , several songs in veneration of Abadir are still extant. As early as 1650,

4048-479: The deployment of Kenyan troops for what a BBC correspondent suggested was his opposition to the notion of Kenya's involvement in the Jubaland initiative. However, the Somalian and Kenyan governments later jointly issued a communique formally pledging coordinated military, political and diplomatic support for the mission, and specifying that the operation would officially be Somalia-led. The new president of Somalia , Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud and his government, declared

4140-587: The eastern banks of the Juba River led to encounters and subsequent conflicts with the Oromo tribes residing to the west of the river. Supported by other Guri tribes such as the Hawrarsame, the Reer Hasan, and the Soonfure, the Talha sub-clan expanded their territory significantly, even engaging with the British and Ethiopians in prolonged conflicts. This expansionist phase saw them extend their reach to areas like Wajir County , Garissa County , Isiolo County , and as far south as Kismayo , Jamame , and Badhadhe District , marking significant territorial conquests in

4232-436: The emirate over to his brother Abdurahim Musa WarWaje’le (Somali: Cabdiraxiin Muuse Warwaajecle) and some of his companions to govern the region in his absence. Upon his return, he found the region devastated by the Portuguese and its inhabitants engulfed and weakened by internal strives. Some of his companions including his brother fell in the wars against the “Portuguese” or died in other ways. Abadir re-united and re-organized

4324-430: The end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops. Following the Kenyan military entry into Somalia in 2011 , President of Somalia Sharif Ahmed initially expressed reservations about

4416-430: The end of a long inlet. Under the Ptolemies and Romans , though, the Red Sea's major port was Berenice to the north. The growth of the Muslim caliphate shifted trade first to the Hijaz and then to the Persian Gulf . The collapse of the Abbasids and growth of Fatimid Egypt changed this and Al-Qusayr and Aydhab became important emporia, trading with India and ferrying African pilgrims to Mecca . Suakin

4508-401: The expansionist Oromos , constantly taking swarthes of land by the Adalites. In 1577, Muhammad Gasa would be elected as ruler of Adal. The people believed due to his illustrious lineage he would be able to restore law and order in the Sultanate of Adal and defeat the pagan Oromo tribes who had ravaged countless towns and cities belonging to the Muslims . He would adopt the title of Imam ,

4600-471: The fall of the Adal Sultanate. Their migration marked the beginning of a new chapter in South Yemen's tribal landscape. The Dthambari/AlDonabir clan developed a reputation for raiding expeditions, targeting both rival clans and British allied caravans traversing the region. These raids were characterized by swift and decisive action, often resulting in the acquisition of valuable resources and livestock. Their mastery of guerrilla tactics and intimate knowledge of

4692-480: The federal government controlled most of the country. Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab , regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian National Defence Force 's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At

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4784-444: The following Sub-Clan. reer cismaan has the following sub-clan. Reer agoon has also the following sub-clan rer maxamed agoon: deputy speaker of Somali's Upper House. 2017 - 2022 Jubaland Jubaland ( Somali : Jubbaland ; Arabic : جوبالاند ; Italian : Oltregiuba ), or the Juba Valley (Somali: Dooxada Jubba ), is a Federal Member State in southern Somalia . Jubba River , stretching from Dolow to

4876-545: The following year. Led by Colonel Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale , the ASF administration renamed itself the Juba Valley Alliance in 2001. On 18 June of that year, an 11-member inter-clan council decided to ally the JVA with the newly forming Transitional Federal Government . In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamist organization, assumed control of much of Jubaland and other parts of southern Somalia and promptly imposed Sharia law . The Transitional Federal Government sought to re-establish its authority, and, with

4968-526: The formation of Jubaland and its process 'unconstitutional' and urged the process to be delayed until the parliament establishes laws and territorial boundaries of proposed regional states within Federal Somalia. This was rejected by the organisers of the Jubaland conference. Talks aimed at brokering an agreement between the Marehan and Ogaden as well as many smaller clans, began after Operation Linda Nchi started in October 2011. (ICG 2013) On 28 February 2013, more than 500 delegates convened in Kismayo to attend

5060-408: The formation of the Gob'ad sultanate by descendants of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi and they would battle off the Sultanate of Aussa for over two centuries, during this time period expanding to the city of Dire Dawa and Harar , however due to the growing Oromo threats, the tribes of Afar and the Sade clans would ally to defeat their greater foe, forming the Assaimara and Adoimara confederations,

5152-424: The highland Christian empire. Evident in these battles were the Somali archers , namely the Marehan and the Gerri archers, through whom al-Ghazi was able to defeat the numerically superior Ethiopian Army that consisted of 16,000 cavalry and more than 200,000 infantry . After the fall of the Sultanate , the tribe would go on to rule the Imamate of Aussa Another major ruler was Emir Nur ibn Mujahid who

5244-420: The history of Suakin, and in 2022, the online project Sudan Memory published historical photographs, architectural drawings and a 3D reconstruction of the town on its website. On 17 January 2018, as part of a rapprochement with Sudan, Turkey was granted a 99-year lease over Suakin island. Turkey plans to restore the ruined Ottoman port city on the island. On 12 June 2022, some 15,000 sheep drowned in

5336-414: The history of the Marehan. The Marehan's resistance against colonial powers was notable, especially their refusal to succumb to British mandates in Kenya's NFD, leading to their expulsion and subsequent refuge with the Talamoge sub-clan of the Ogaden and other neighboring tribes. Despite the challenges, the Marehan's legacy of resistance and their impact on the regional dynamics of Jubaland and beyond remain

5428-420: The largest branch of the tribe, Amanreer, they correspondingly divide into 4 sub clans,1) Weled Gwilei, (2) Weled Aliab, (3) Weled Kurbab Wagadab, and (4) the Amarar proper of the Ariab district. The tribe settled here during the conquests Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din who captured as far as Suakin in Sudan . To this day the tribe remains the majority of the city and the Ariab district. The Amarar are said to speak

5520-437: The largest in the South West State of Somalia , constituting the majority of the Yeed , Qansahdhere , Dinsoor districts. The grazing boundaries of the tribe also extend from the cities of Burgabo in Badhadhe District , to Barawe . The Hubeer and Yantar tribes are of Marehan origin and dominate the Dinsoor and Qansahdhere regions where they live with the unrahanweynized brothers the Yabar Husayn. The tribe also own

5612-409: The largest salt lakes in the world, Lake Assal . The kingdom would successfully defeat the Oromo forces numerous times and would become the most powerful Muslim polity in all of east Africa . The kingdom would later fall with the expansion of the Mudaito dynasty of the Afar , who would exterminate the native Marehan and Facaaye of the Awash valley , pushing them eastwards, this would lead to

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5704-400: The majority have been Oromized, however there are still a huge number of Somalis in the city. They can also be found in Bale in places such as Ginir (woreda) , and Shewa , mainly in the city of Adama . The tribe can also be found scattered all over Amhara , Tigray and Gurage , the majority of which are descendants of remnants from the Adal wars. The Amarar tribe are descendants of

5796-409: The majority of the Bajuuni islands including Kooyama. The Marehan settled in Raas Mareexaan during the early 1900's establishing it near the Bajuuni islands. They are the largest Somali tribe in Ethiopia, constituting the majority of the Dollo Zone and the Shilavo (woreda) , they can also be found in small numbers in Mustahil (woreda) . In southern Ethiopia they dominate the whole northern half of

5888-411: The military campaigns of the empire, he established the city deep in the plains of Afar . Gasa would successfully defeat the Oromo incurssion, defeating their forces and liberating the city of Zeila to the outskirts of Adal .He would be given the nickname "Gasaasle" as he arrived with multiple battalions. He would come to an unfortunate ending in 1584, when he would die against the Oromo forces in

5980-448: The most expansive polity on the peninsula. The Marehan tribe was unique in Somali history, establishing their own significant ethnostates, as evidenced by various maps from the late 1700s to the mid-1800s, until the eventual decline of the kingdom. In the 1830s, the Talha sub-clan of the Marehan migrated to the southern regions, including the South West State of Somalia , Jubaland , and the Northern Frontier District . Their settlement on

6072-546: The opening of a conference, which would discuss and plan the proposed formation of Jubaland. A 32-strong technical committee chaired by Ma'alin Mohamed Ibrahim, the deputy of the Raskamboni movement , was established along with several sub-committees whose purpose was to oversee the process. The conference was attended by several high-profile politicians, including Professor Mohamed Abdi Mohamed (Gandhi) and former TFG Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke . On 2 April 2013, delegates at Kismayo conference were presented with

6164-481: The pact was brokered by the Foreign Ministry of Ethiopia and came after protracted bilateral talks. Under the terms of the agreement, Jubaland will be administered for a two-year period by a Juba Interim Administration and led by the region's incumbent president, Ahmed Mohamed Islam. The regional president will serve as the chairperson of a new Executive Council, to which he will appoint three deputies. Management of Kismayo's seaport and airport will also be transferred to

6256-431: The purest form of the Beja language . Between the 17th and 18th centuries, the Marehan were reported to have lived in an area that extended from the Bandar Siyada on the Gulf of Aden to beyond Ras el-Khail on the Indian Ocean, or much of northern Somalia. The clan are recorded as having played a significant role in Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi 's campaigns against Ethiopia during the 16th century. The commander of

6348-435: The refugees, who fled to Suakin instead of Dongola , were all slaughtered. Despite the town's formal submission to the Mamluks in 1317, O. G. S. Crawford believed that the city remained a center of Christianity into the 13th century. Muslim immigrants such as the Banu Kanz gradually transformed this: Ibn Battuta records that in 1332, there was a Muslim "sultan" of Suakin, al-Sharif Zaid ibn-Abi Numayy ibn-'Ajlan, who

6440-416: The region's other principal settlements. Other cities such as Jamame and Jilib are currently occupied by Al-Shabaab . During the Middle Ages, the influential Somali Ajuran Sultanate held sway over the territory, followed in turn by the Geledi Sultanate . They were later incorporated into British East Africa . In 1925, Jubaland was ceded to Italy, forming a part of Italian Somaliland . On 1 July 1960,

6532-507: The region, along with the rest of Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland , became part of the independent Somali Republic . During the Middle Ages , the influential Somali Ajuran Empire held sway over the territory now known as Ajuran, followed in turn by the Geledi Sultanate during the early modern period . From 1836 until 1861, parts of Jubaland were nominally claimed by the Sultanate of Muscat (now in Oman ). The Geledi Sultanate that controlled this entire region later joined

6624-492: The regional police. UN Special Envoy to Somalia Nicholas Kay hailed the pact as "a breakthrough that unlocks the door for a better future for Somalia," with AUC, UN, EU and IGAD representatives also present at the signing. On 16 September 2014, President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud officially opened a reconciliation conference in Kismayo. The summit was aimed at Jubaland's Lower Juba, Middle Juba and Gedo constituencies, and

6716-726: The sinking of the Badr 1 in the port of Suakin. The buildings of Suakin were largely constructed of madrepore , or rock-coral, taken from the sea-bed. The vernacular style of construction under the Ottomans was akin to that of Jiddah in Arabia and Mitsiwa in Ethiopia. The houses, which had a white plaster finish, were up to four storeys in height and often built in blocks or terraces of three or more, separated by narrow streets. They had large casement windows (Arab. rushān) and doors of Java teak surmounted by carved stone door-hoods and denticulated parapets. From

6808-638: The son of Wazir Abbas in his war against the grand sons of Uthman the Abyssinian and his sub clan would go on to rule the Emirate of Harar . Marehan had multiple powerful important leaders within the Adal such as Garad Hirabu , who was given the title Emir of the Somalis. During the Adal war there were 3 generals who were Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , Garad Hirabu Goita Tedros and Sultan Muhammad. Garad Hirabu would save

6900-443: The terrain made them a formidable force in the region. Within the Dthambari/AlDonabir clan, a complex social structure exists, organized around a system of subclans. These subclans, numbering 22 in total, are led by influential leaders who exercise authority and resolve disputes within their respective communities. Despite their warrior heritage, the clan places great emphasis on unity, cooperation, and mutual support. They came under

6992-610: The territory on 29 July 1925, consisting of contemporary Italian stamps overprinted Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba). Britain retained control of the southern half of the partitioned Jubaland territory, which was later called the Northern Frontier District (NFD). Britain wanted to give Jubaland to Fascist Italy in exchange for returning the Italian Islands of the Aegean to Greece , but Benito Mussolini 's government rejected

7084-452: The title of the traditional religious leader of the Muslims, and the title used by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi . He would relocate the capital of the kingdom to Awsa , a city inhabited by the Marehan tribe, named after the ancestor of the largest branch Awsame. The relocation took place after the pagan Oromo tribes conducted frequent raids on Harar , and so to establish stability and focus on

7176-549: The town. Some trade was kept up with the Sultanate of Sennar , but by the 18th and 19th centuries, the Swiss traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt found two-thirds of the homes in ruins. The Khedive Isma'il received Suakin from the Ottomans in 1865 and attempted to revitalize it: Egypt built new houses, mills, mosques, hospitals, and a church for immigrant Copts . The British Army was involved at Suakin in 1883–1885 and Lord Kitchener

7268-644: The tribe include Birta Dheer, Istanbul, Qudus, Goobweyn, Berhan and Buulo xaaji. The tribe can also be found in Galmudug , where they constitute the largest tribe in Galgaduud , owning the largest city and most urban district Abudwak . The tribe also make up the majority clan of the Wajir East Constituency , living all the way up to the road and have a huge presence in Mandera and Garissa . The tribe are also one of

7360-439: Was Tristão da Cunha , and the commander of the army was a man named Afonso de Albuquerque . Four hundred Portuguese infantrymen attacked Barawe and artillery ships pounded the city with mortars. Six thousand Somali troops successfully defeated their forces. Abadir crushed the rebellion with the aid of his followers and after the final victory; he transferred the control of the conquered land to this companions and an army from

7452-464: Was also appointed as the Minister for Finance. On 25 November 2024, Jubaland's President Madobe was elected to a third term in regional elections. On 28 November, Somalia claimed that the regional election had been held without federal involvement. Somalia and Jubaland issued warrants accusing each other's presidents of treason, and Jubaland suspended relations with the federal government. Jubaland has

7544-501: Was attended by delegates from across the nation and abroad. On 30 December 2014, Jubaland President Ahmed Mohamed Islam (Madobe) and South West State President Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan signed a 4-point Memorandum of Understanding on federalization, security, the 2016 general elections, trade, and the constitution. The bilateral accord was signed in the presence of representatives from the two regional states, including politicians, traditional leaders and civil society activists. Among

7636-558: Was briefly part of the Adal Sultanate . Suakin was sieged by the Portuguese in 1513 and captured briefly in 1541 . Following the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517, the Ottoman Empire became the major power in the Red Sea . After a brief period of Ottoman-Portuguese struggles in the Red Sea, Özdemir Pasha occupied Suakin in the early 1550s. Though it was only loosely controlled, until

7728-412: Was first mentioned by name in the 10th century by al-Hamdani , who says it was already an ancient town. At that time, Suakin was a small Beja settlement, but it began to expand after the abandonment of the port of Badi to its south. The Crusades and Mongol invasions drove more trade into the region: there are a number of references to Venetian merchants residing at Suakin and Massawa as early as

7820-576: Was formerly the region's chief port, but is now secondary to Port Sudan , about 50 kilometres (30 mi) north. Suakin used to be considered the height of medieval luxury on the Red Sea, but the old city built of coral is now in ruins. In 1983, the adjacent historic mainland town, known as the Geyf, had a population of 18,030 and the 2009 population was estimated at 43,337. Ferries run daily from Suakin to Jeddah in Saudi Arabia . The Beja name for Suakin

7912-409: Was in an effort to unite the local Muslim ethnic populace in to a single umbrella identity, the “Harari Muslim”. Abadir was instrumental in forming the confederation of Muslim states called Zayla, Somalia and Djibouti and had Harar as its capitol. In 1234/35, Abadir and several of his companions left Harar for a pilgrimage to Mecca, where they stayed until 1279. Prior to his departure, Abadir handed

8004-1005: Was inaugurated at an official ceremony at the presidential palace in Kismayo . Federal lawmaker Sheikh Abdi Yusuf was therein elected as interim speaker, and 75 MPs were sworn into the new regional legislature. On 7 May 2015, an inauguration ceremony was held in Kismayo for the Jubaland administration's first regional parliament. The event was attended by President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud , Vice President of Puntland Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar , Foreign Minister of Kenya Amina Mohamed , Foreign Minister of Ethiopia Tedros Adhanom , IGAD Executive Secretary Mahboub Maalim , IGAD Envoy to Somalia Ambassador Mohamed Abdi Afey , and other international representatives. On 20 May 2015, Jubaland's newly formed regional cabinet had its first reshuffle, with Minister for Water and Mineral Resources Abdinoor Adan transferred to Minister for Information and former Minister for Finance Mohamed Aw-Yussuf filling his previous docket. Former Minister for Information Ibrahim Bajuun

8096-647: Was named as a wise man, was born in the city of Harar, and conquered the Sultanate of Ifat. This Emir attacked without orders the Abyssinians who were sitting in the region of Fatagar , Ifat , Dawaro and Shewa . Prince Mohammed, who ruled Zeila for thirty years (, was defeated in that war by Abun Adashe , who was the prince of Dawaro , and the same man whose daughter was betrothed by the Abyssinian king called Na'od. The Somali wars in Abyssinia led Emperor Na'od to send

8188-419: Was the second conqueror of Ethiopia, he was the commander of the elite Melesay unit, and he would capture the south eastern provinces of Ethiopia . He successfully defeated the forces of Gelawdewos and killed him in the battle of Fatagar . He also built the walls of Harar spanning a whooping 3.9 kms, a UNESCO world heritage site, and the longest fortified walls in east Africa. His son aided Talha ibn Abbas ,

8280-699: Was the series of internal migrations into the Jubba regions by Somalis from other parts of the country. Between 1974 and 1975, a major drought referred to as the Abaartii Dabadheer ("The Lingering Drought") affected the northern regions of Somalia. The Soviet Union , which at the time maintained strategic relations with the Siad Barre government, airlifted some 90,000 people from the devastated regions of Hobyo and Caynaba . New small settlements referred to as Danwadaagaha ("Collective Settlements") were then created in

8372-456: Was the son of a Meccan sharif . Following the region's inheritance laws, he had inherited the local leadership from his Bejan maternal uncles. With the decline of Mamluk power in the late 14th century, the Hedareb tribe took over the port city and made it their capital. Suakin then established itself as the most important north east African port along the Red Sea . In the fifteenth century, Suakin

8464-681: Was there in this period leading the Egyptian Army contingent. Suakin was his headquarters and his force survived a lengthy siege there. The Australian colonial forces of Victoria offered their torpedo boat HMVS Childers and gunboats HMVS Victoria and HMVS Albert , which arrived in Suakin on 19 March 1884 on their delivery voyage from Britain, only to be released as fighting had moved inland. They departed on 23 March, arriving in Melbourne on 25 June 1884. An essentially civilian military force of 770 men from New South Wales , including some of

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