The Manigotagan River is a whitewater river located in southeastern Manitoba , Canada . The river flows into the eastern side of Lake Winnipeg and it is a rare remote river of southern Canada . Situated at the river's mouth, near the shore of Lake Winnipeg, is the community of Manigotagan .
85-573: The name comes from the Cree language meaning "bad throat", which refers to the roar of the water that resembles the clearing of the throat. The last southern herd of woodland caribou in Canada can be found near this river and in Nopiming Provincial Park . Logging roads and overdevelopment can potentially threaten the important habitat and ecology of this area. The river is popular for canoeing, and
170-498: A badge (appear on the right). Environmental Enforcement Officers only carry baton and OC spray whereas Wildlife Enforcement Officers are also equipped with firearm. The minister may also appoint members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , fishery officers , parks officers , customs officers and conservation officers of provincial and territorial governments as enforcement officers and to allow them to exercise
255-870: A broad, high muzzle to increase the volume of the nasal cavity to warm and moisten the air before it enters the throat and lungs, bez tines set close to the brow tines, distinctive coat patterns, short legs and other adaptations for running long distances, and multiple behaviors suited to tundra, but not to forest (such as synchronized calving and aggregation during rutting and post-calving). As well, many genes, including those for vitamin D metabolism, fat metabolism, retinal development, circadian rhythm, and tolerance to cold temperatures, are found in tundra caribou that are lacking or rudimentary in forest types. For this reason, forest-adapted reindeer and caribou could not survive in tundra or polar deserts. Genetic research confirms this, documenting almost no introgression (interbreeding) of woodland caribou into barren-ground caribou and very few
340-549: A conservation specialist with the Alberta Wilderness Association in a radio interview was hopeful that the new Premier of Alberta Jim Prentice would work towards a new recovery plan. Campbell described the caribou as an "umbrella species." Caribou are leading indicators of old growth forest core areas. By protecting their ecosystem, water quality is protected and other native fish and bird species also benefit. Dave Hervieux , Alberta's caribou specialist, confirmed
425-532: A direct common ancestor. Molecular data also revealed that the four western Canadian montane ecotypes shared a common ancestor with modern barren-ground/tundra reindeer and caribou, but distantly, having diverged 120,000–130,000 years ago. They are subspecies of the Arctic caribou ( R. arcticus ). The name caribou was probably derived from the Mi'kmaq word xalibu or qalipu meaning "the one who paws". The caribou design on
510-409: A hunter. In British Columbia, from 2000 to 2011, woodland caribou were classified into three ecotypes – mountain, northern and boreal. In 2011 they were given "Designatable Unit" (DU) status corresponding to Osborn's caribou ( R. a. osborni ) DU7, Rocky Mountain caribou ( R. a. fortidens ) DU8 and Selkirk Mountains caribou ( R. a. montanus ) DU9 in the recent revision. The boreal woodland caribou DU6
595-450: A large area, making them more vulnerable to systematic habitat fragmentation. Population size is small: about 5,300 mature individuals, 6,500 total population. While there is uncertainty in the estimate (e.g. in the eastern Sahtu region), it is unlikely the total population size is larger than 10,000 in the NWT. Currently, there is variation across the NWT in rates and population declines in parts of
680-624: A mountain deer, ...exploiting the subalpine and alpine meadows...”. Rangifer originated in the Early Pleistocene, a 2+ million-year period of multiple glacier advances and retreats. Several named Rangifer fossils in Eurasia and North America predate the evolution of modern tundra reindeer. Archaeologists distinguish “modern” tundra reindeer and barren-ground caribou from primitive forms — living and extinct — that did not have adaptations to extreme cold and to long-distance migration. They include
765-625: A recent taxonomic revision. See Reindeer : Taxonomy), also known as Eastern woodland caribou , boreal forest caribou and forest-dwelling caribou , is a North American subspecies of reindeer (or caribou in North America ) found primarily in Canada with small populations in the United States. Unlike the Porcupine caribou and barren-ground caribou , boreal woodland caribou are primarily (but not always) sedentary. The boreal woodland caribou
850-488: A scathing review. Most other mammalogists accepted Banfield's classification for the species, R. tarandus , but continued to recognize the subspecies Labrador (Ungava) caribou ( R. t. caboti ), barren-ground caribou ( R. t. groenlandicus ), Newfoundland caribou ( R. t. terranovae ), Peary caribou ( R. t. pearyi ), and Osborn's caribou ( R. t. osborni ). A recent revision returns woodland caribou to species status with subspecies R. caribou terranovae , R. c. caboti and
935-628: Is a stable population of boreal woodland caribou throughout a large portion of the Gwich’in Settlement Area that are an important food source for the Gwich’in, although they harvest them less than other caribou. Gwich’in living in Inuvik , Aklavik , Fort McPherson , and Tsiigehtchic harvest boreal woodland caribou, but not as much as other caribou. The Gwich'in prefer to hunt the Porcupine caribou or
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#17328523199491020-805: Is close to the many remote and pristine rivers along the east side of Lake Winnipeg. These eastern rivers in Manitoba are the last undeveloped rivers in Southern Canada. The river is protected in the Manigotagan River Provincial Park (which was designated as a provincial park by the Government of Manitoba in 2004) and Nopiming Provincial Park in Manitoba, as well as the Eagle-Snowshoe Conservation Reserve in Ontario. In 2008,
1105-782: Is found south of the St. Lawrence River, the barren-ground caribou which calves in the tundra, and in between, the forest-dwelling ecotype which lives all year long in the boreal forest. In west-central Alberta there are two ecotypes – boreal and mountain. In Québec there are three ecotypes with specific habitats and behavior – migratory barren-ground ecotype, the mountain ecotype and the forest-dwelling ecotype (boreal woodland caribou). In British Columbia caribou are classified into three ecotypes – Mountain, Northern, and Boreal. In Ontario caribou are classified into two ecotypes – forest-dwelling woodland caribou and forest-tundra woodland caribou. In Newfoundland and Labrador, woodland caribou are classified as part of
1190-772: Is in the Mackenzie River Delta area, the Northwest Territories. In 2000, in the Northwest Territories, boreal woodland caribou had a very large range and the population was assessed and was not considered to be at risk. The population is identified as NT1 for conservation purposes. Caribou geneticists recently discovered that the "woodland" caribou between the Mackenzie River and Great Bear Lake were not genetically members of boreal woodland caribou ( R. c. caribou ); instead, they are of Beringian-Eurasian Lineage, distantly related to Arctic caribou ( R. arcticus ) as per
1275-972: Is industrial development, which fragments their habitat and exposes them to greater predation. Scientists consider only 30% (17 of 57) of Canada’s boreal woodland caribou populations to be self-sustaining." Additionally, it was observed that the caribou “… are extremely sensitive to both natural (such as forest fires) and human disturbances, and to habitat damage and fragmentation brought about by resource exploration, road building, and other human activities. New forest growth (following destruction of vegetation) provides habitat and food for other ungulates, which in turn attracts more predators, putting pressure on woodland caribou." Compared to barren-ground caribou of mainland Canada and Alaska (see Barren-ground caribou ), boreal woodland caribou do not form large aggregations and are more dispersed, particularly at calving time. Their seasonal movements are not as extensive. Mallory and Hillis explained how, "In North America, populations of
1360-484: Is large crescent-shaped hooves that change shape with the season and that are adapted to walking in snow-covered and soft ground such as swamps and peat lands and assist in digging through snow to forage on lichens and other ground vegetation. The subspecies ecotype, boreal woodland caribou, have a shoulder height of approximately 1.0-1.2 m shoulder height and weigh 110–210 kg (242–462 lbs). Both male and female boreal woodland caribou have antlers during part of
1445-594: Is now only found in "the lowlands of the Boreal Plains and Taiga Plains ecoprovinces of the Alberta Plateau physiographic region, in the northeastern corner." This population was in an area with a high density of wolves and there was concern that the caribou herd was not self-sustaining. Density and population of boreal woodland caribou in British Columbia was not well known prior to 2000. In British Columbia
1530-463: Is the federal department in charge of conserving and protecting Canada's water resources. The Water Act (2000), a federal legislation, "supports and promotes the conservation and management of water, including the wise allocation and use of water.". The provinces are responsible for administering the Water Act (2000). In Alberta for example, Alberta Environment and Water is responsible for administering
1615-476: Is the third largest of the caribou ecotypes after the Selkirk Mountains caribou and Osborn's caribou (see Reindeer : Taxonomy) and is darker in color than the barren-ground caribou . Valerius Geist , specialist on large North American mammals, described the "true" woodland caribou as "the uniformly dark, small-maned type with the frontally emphasized, flat-beamed antlers" which is "scattered thinly along
1700-522: The 41st Canadian Parliament . By placing the emphasis on jobs, growth and prosperity significant changes have been made to the federal environmental assessment regime (EA) and environmental regulatory framework. In 2015, the newly elected Trudeau government changed the applied title of the department under the Federal Identity Program from Environment Canada to Environment and Climate Change Canada . The new administration said this change
1785-728: The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA 1992, 1999) with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act , 2012. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act , Species at Risk Act , The National Energy Board Act , the Canadian Oil and Gas Operations Act , the Nuclear Safety and Control Act , the Fisheries Act (for example, closing the Experimental Lakes Area ) all underwent major changes under Bill C-38 of
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#17328523199491870-594: The Cariboo district of central British Columbia relates to their once-large numbers there, but they have almost vanished from that area in the last century. There are a number of populations in British Columbia that are currently being monitored. In 2006 there were approximately 200 to 340 individual boreal woodland caribou in the BC1 Maxhamish DU, north of Fort Nelson , BC2 Calendar. The BC3 Snake-Sahtahneh boreal woodland caribou are non-migratory. In BC4 Parker DU, there
1955-656: The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Environment Canada reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34,000 boreal woodland caribou in 51 ranges remaining in Canada.( Environment Canada , 2011b). In a joint report by the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (CPAWS) and the David Suzuki Foundation , on the status of boreal woodland caribou, it was claimed that "the biggest risk to caribou
2040-597: The Manitoba Eco-Network 's mapping centre launched a new GIS map of the river, along with a website. It is a unique map and website combination that details all the features along the river, and it is a first of its kind in Canada for a river map. This article related to a river in Manitoba , Canada is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Boreal woodland caribou The boreal woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus caribou ; but subject to
2125-478: The Royal Canadian Mint quarter was first used in 1937. The boreal woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus caribou ; but subject to a recent taxonomic revision. See Reindeer : Taxonomy) is also referred to as the woodland caribou, woodland caribou (boreal group) and forest-dwelling caribou. The Mi'kmaq people referred to caribou as xalibu or qalipu which means "the one who paws." The word "caribous"
2210-627: The Water Act (2000) and the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (2000). Provinces environmental ministries primarily lead Water for Life (2003) programs. Provinces also implement and oversee "regulation of municipal drinking water, wastewater, and storm drainage systems." The 1997 Kyoto Accord caused Minister David Anderson and the Chretien government to launch the Government of Canada Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change , which
2295-533: The boreal forest from the Northwest Territories to Labrador (but not Newfoundland ). Their former range stretched south into the contiguous United States . By 2019, the last individual in the Lower 48 (a female) was captured and taken to a rehab center in British Columbia, thus marking the extirpation of the caribou in the contiguous U.S. The boreal woodland caribou was designated as Threatened in 2002 by
2380-457: The 2013 report findings that "woodland caribou are declining rapidly across Alberta." "The report suggests the population viability of caribou is compromised and supports recovery-based actions to reverse the trend." Canadian Press correspondent Bob Weber revealed in March 2015 that the government of Alberta had planned to sell energy leases on 21,000 hectares in the habitat in northwestern Alberta of
2465-629: The 2019 appeal of the provinces of Alberta , Ontario , and Saskatchewan and ruled in Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act that the GHGPPA was constitutional. On April 6, 2022 Equinor 's project on the Bay du Nord property was approved under Section 54 of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 by the federal cabinet and Minister Guilbeault. The CEAA was used because
2550-465: The 2022 revision of the genus, and the best model showed that they likely descended from Osborn's caribou ( R. a. osborni ) and adopted woodland caribou-like behaviors and ecology. The southernmost populations of the boreal woodland caribou are isolated populations on Lake Superior in Ontario, Canada such as the Slate Islands and Michipicoten Island . The Species at Risk Committee's (SARC) assessed
2635-525: The ABMI report was released during a period of "controversy over Alberta's recent sales of oil and gas development leases in areas populated by both boreal and mountain caribou." The OSR "comprises about 20%" of the province's land area. By November 2014 it was apparent that the recovery plan adopted by the Alberta government had not been implemented as development expanded in the oil sands. However Carolyn Campbell ,
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2720-458: The Alberta government has been culling wolves, up to a hundred a year. In June 2014, an Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI) report funded by the Canadian government revealed dwindling numbers between 1994 through 2014 in all populations of all six herds — including the threatened boreal woodland and the endangered mountain woodland caribou — with ranges in the oil sands region (OSR) of
2805-491: The Early Pleistocene of Omsk, Russia dates back to 2.1-1.8 Ma and suggests northern Eurasia as a center of reindeer origin (Bondarev et al. 2017). Its pedicles (antler bases), unlike modern reindeer, are inclined backward and set parallel to each other, demonstrating the primitive morphology for archaic cervids. The oldest North American Rangifer fossil is from the Yukon, 1.6 million years before present (BP). Rangifer “evolved as
2890-677: The Environment Peter Kent announced Canada's withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol one day after negotiators from nearly 200 countries meeting in Durban, South Africa at the 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference (November 28 – December 11), completed a marathon of climate talks to establish a new treaty to limit carbon emissions. The Durban talks were leading to a new binding treaty with targets for all countries to take effect in 2020. Kent argued that, "The Kyoto protocol does not cover
2975-454: The MB1 The Bog (a small, local population), MB2 Kississing (a small, local population), MB3 Naosap, MB4 Reed, MB5 North Interlake (a small, local population), MB6 William Lake (a small, local population), MB7 Wabowden, MB8 Wapisu, MB9 Manitoba North, MB10 Manitoba South, MB11 Manitoba East, MB12 Atikaki-Berens and MB13 Owl-Flinstone (a small local population). In their Annual Report 2006–2007,
3060-861: The Northwest Territories List of Species at Risk as a threatened species. Management authorities include NWT Conference of Management Authorities (CMA) for boreal woodland caribou are the Government of the NWT, the Tłįchǫ Government , the Wildlife Management Advisory Council (NWT), the Gwich'in Renewable Resources Board, the Sahtu Renewable Resources Board and the Wek'eezhii Renewable Resources Board. There
3145-551: The Office of the Environmental Commissioner of Ontario argued that, "Woodland caribou represent the "hard-to-perceive, slow-motion crisis" that faces many species at risk." "Woodland caribou are a sensitive indicator of the ecological effects of development in northern Ontario. The success or failure of conservation efforts for this species also may serve as a benchmark to measure the sustainability of policy choices made by
3230-634: The Ontario government." Environment Canada Environment and Climate Change Canada ( ECCC ; French : Environnement et Changement climatique Canada ) is the department of the Government of Canada responsible for coordinating environmental policies and programs, as well as preserving and enhancing the natural environment and renewable resources. It is also colloquially known by its former name, Environment Canada ( EC ; French: Environnement Canada ). The minister of environment and climate change has been Steven Guilbeault since October 26, 2021; Environment and Climate Change Canada supports
3315-944: The Southern Mountains National Ecological Area (SMNEA) were federally listed as "Threatened" by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ). The 16 northern caribou herds of the Northern Mountains Ecological Area (NMNEA) are listed as of "Special Concern" federally. This includes the Pink Mountain Herd which is locally, provincially and federally of concern. In 1996 there were 1,300 animals. The population declined from 1,300 in 1996 to 850 animals in 2002 and continues to decline. In 2014, COSEWIC classified Selkirk Mountain caribou and Rocky Mountain caribou as Endangered and Osborn's caribou as Threatened. The name of
3400-622: The air). The federal government is responsible for the management of toxic substances in the country (e.g., benzene ). The department provides stewardship of the Environmental Choice Program , which provides consumers with an eco-labelling for products manufactured within Canada or services that meet international label standards of (GEN) Global Ecolabelling Network . Under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA 1999) (R.S., 1999, c. 33), ECCC became
3485-570: The assessment was initiated before that law was voided by the IAA. The department is divided into several geographic regions: The department has several organizations which carry out specific tasks: The Impact Assessment Agency of Canada is an arms-length agency that reports to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change. Parks Canada , which manages the Canadian National Parks system,
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3570-433: The barren-ground Bluenose caribou herd, who travel in large herds, when they are available. Many hunters claimed that boreal woodland caribou that form very small groups, are wilder and are both hard to see and hard to hunt. They are very smart, cunning and elusive. However, at times due to their natural curiosity, they may freeze, standing as if they were trying to hide, unlike the Porcupine or Bluenose caribou that will outrun
3655-461: The barren-ground caribou and their legs and heads are longer. The boreal woodland caribou is well-adapted to cold environments, with a compact body covered with a thick and long coat (thicker in winter than in summer). They have a large blunt muzzle, short wide ears and a small tail. Adults have a brown to dark-brown coat in summer, becoming greyer in winter. Adults have a distinctive creamy-white neck, mane, shoulder stripe, underbelly, underside of
3740-539: The biological status of the boreal woodland caribou (formerly Rangifer tarandus caribou ) in the NWT as Threatened, in their completed assessment and status report dated 5 December 2012, submitted in compliance with the Species at Risk (NWT) Act. The SARC 2012 report provided the following reasons for its assessment: "Boreal caribou need large tracts of undisturbed habitat so they can spread out to minimize predation risk. This adaptation results in naturally low densities across
3825-474: The boreal population of caribou, which is subdivided into two ecotypes: the migratory forest-tundra and the sedentary forest-dwelling. In the Northwest Territories, the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society identified five types of caribou – boreal woodland caribou, northern mountain woodland caribou, barren-ground caribou, Peary caribou and the Dolphin-Union caribou herd. "The Boreal woodland caribou live in
3910-399: The conduct of external affairs." The Canada Water Act (proclaimed on September 30, 1970) provides the framework for cooperation with provinces and territories in the conservation, development, and utilization of Canada's water resources. The Canadian Environmental Protection Act , 1999, completes the framework for the protection and of water resources. Environment and Climate Change Canada
3995-402: The conservation status of caribou "is important from both federal and provincial perspectives because declining populations have been recognized globally (Vors and Boyce 2009), nationally (Sleep 2007), and provincially (Wittmer et al. 2005)." Following a 2006 survey of mountain and boreal caribou populations in 2006, they were blue-listed within British Columbia. The 15 northern caribou herds of
4080-603: The country receiving it and is prohibited by that country from being imported or conveyed in transit" to be covered under Canadian regulation and therefore subject to prior informed consent procedures. Since Canada ratified the Basel Convention on August 28, 1992, and as of August 2011, the Enforcement Branch has initiated 176 investigations for violations under EIHWHRMR, some of which are still in progress. There have been 19 prosecutions undertaken for non-compliance with
4165-534: The creation, management and protection of wildlife areas' to preserve habitats, particularly for at risk species and requires permits for specified activities in designated wildlife areas. The Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act (2000) "supports and promotes the protection, enhancement, and wise use of the environment. The Act's individual regulations cover a wide range of activities, from beverage container recycling and pesticide sales, potable water, to wastewater and storm drainage." First enacted in 1917,
4250-592: The emissions are not covered by the Kyoto Protocol (the US and China) have the largest emissions, being responsible for 41% of the Kyoto Protocol. China's emissions increased by over 200% from 1990 to 2009 as canny industrialists moved there to avoid taxation. By 2011 the magnesium industry in Canada, which had been ranked second in 2000, had been regulated out of existence. Harper and Jim Flaherty 's 2012 federal budget 's Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act replaced
4335-594: The endangered Redrock-Prairie Creek boreal woodland caribou herd which both the Alberta provincial government and the Canadian federal government had promised to protect. However, on 5 March the government announced it would postpone the oil and gas lease auction in this endangered caribou range. In Saskatchewan the boreal woodland caribou are in what is called the SK1 Boreal Shield, an area with very low anthropogenic disturbance, but very high fire disturbance. In Manitoba there are several small populations including
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#17328523199494420-443: The extinct caribou Torontoceros [Rangifer] hypogaeus , had features (robust and short pedicles, smooth antler surface, and high position of second tine) that relate it to forest caribou. For this reason (in addition to molecular data showing lack of shared haplotypes and great genetic distance, as well as morphological and ecological differences) woodland caribou cannot be conspecific with barren-ground caribou because they do not share
4505-619: The federal government." The minister provides political direction and is responsible for the department to Parliament , with the day-to-day operations being managed by the deputy minister . Under the Constitution of Canada , responsibility for environmental management in Canada is a shared responsibility between the federal government and provincial governments. For example, provincial governments have primary authority for resource management including permitting industrial waste discharges (e.g., to
4590-607: The forests east of the Mackenzie Mountains and tend to live in small groups. They prefer to stay within the forest for most of the year and do not migrate." Ecotypes are useful descriptors in that they categorize populations by habitat on a broad scale, but they cannot substitute for taxonomic distinctions. In 2012 Environment Canada identified 51 Rangifer tarandus caribou (boreal woodland caribou) or boreal ecotype of forest-dwelling woodland caribou ranges in Canada. The northernmost range of boreal woodland caribou in Canada
4675-600: The four western montane ecotypes under Arctic caribou, R. arcticus Richardson 1829, as subspecies. By 1949, when Rudolph M. Anderson published the first compendium of Canadian mammals (Anderson knew caribou: he had led biological expeditions from Point Barrow, Alaska to the Coronation Gulf in 1908-1912 and 1913-1916 and was then Chief of the Biology Division of the Canadian Natural History Museum),
4760-546: The lead federal department to ensure the cleanup of hazardous waste and oil spills for which the government is responsible, and to provide technical assistance to other jurisdictions and the private sector as required. The department is also responsible for international environmental issues (e.g., Canada-US air issues). CEPA was the central piece of Canada's environmental legislation but was replaced when budget implementation Bill C-38 entered into effect in June 2012. "Recognizing
4845-431: The minister's mandate to: "preserve and enhance the quality of the natural environment, including water, air, soil, flora and fauna; conserve Canada's renewable resources; conserve and protect Canada's water resources; forecast daily weather conditions and warnings, and provide detailed meteorological information to all of Canada; enforce rules relating to boundary waters; and coordinate environmental policies and programs for
4930-584: The mountainous and lowland plateau areas of west-central and northern British Columbia, from the Williston Lake area in the north-central part of the province north to the Yukon and northwest to Atlin, and southeast along the east side of the Rocky Mountains near Kakwa Park and the Alberta border." There are 16 woodland caribou herds in Alberta and their ranges are all on Crown land. In west-central Alberta there are two ecotypes – boreal and mountain. "Seven of
5015-594: The need for better environmental management, the federal government passed the Canada Water Act in 1970 and created the Department of the Environment in 1971, entrusting the Inland Waters Directorate with providing national leadership for freshwater management. Under the Constitution Act , 1867 , the provinces are "owners" of the water resources and have wide responsibilities in their day-to-day management. The federal government has certain specific responsibilities relating to water, such as fisheries and navigation, as well as exercising certain overall responsibilities such as
5100-479: The nominate subspecies R. c. caribou . Caribou herds are classified by ecotype depending on several behavioral factors – predominant habitat use (northern, tundra, mountain, forest, boreal forest, forest-dwelling), spacing (dispersed or aggregated) and migration patterns (sedentary or migratory). Caribou herds can be classified as a northern or mountain woodland ecotype. In eastern North America caribou are classified into three ecotypes – "the mountain caribou which
5185-408: The northern Alberta boreal forests. This represented "annual rates of decline ranging from 4.6% to 15.2% from 1999 to 2012" in the OSR. The ABMI report concluded that it is unlikely these herds would gain new members from other Alberta caribou herds as the OSR herds are "genetically distinct" from other boreal woodland caribou populations. According to a June 2014 article in The Wall Street Journal ,
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#17328523199495270-594: The other way. This is evidence of reproductive isolation, a hallmark of species definitions. In North America, DNA analysis shows that woodland caribou (originally Cervus tarandus caribou Gmelin 1788 ) diverged from primitive ancestors of tundra/barren-ground caribou not during the last glacial maximum, 26,000–19,000 years ago, as previously assumed, but in the Middle Pleistocene around 357,000 years ago. At that time, modern tundra caribou had not even evolved. Woodland caribou are likely more related to extinct forest caribou subspecies than to barren-ground caribou. For example,
5355-546: The powers of peace officers . There are two designations of enforcement officers: Environmental Enforcement and Wildlife Enforcement. The former administers the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and pollution provisions of the Fisheries Act and corresponding regulations. The latter enforces Migratory Birds Convention Act , Canada Wildlife Act , Species at Risk Act and The Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act . All officers wear dark green uniform with black ties and
5440-416: The powers of Department of Environment officers. The Export and Import of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Recyclable Material Regulations (EIHWHRMR) operates with a few basic premises, one of which being that electronic waste is either "intact" or "not intact". The various annexes define hazardous waste in Canada, and also deem any waste that is "...considered or defined as hazardous under the legislation of
5525-514: The precarious position of the "true" woodland caribou. A recent revision, recognizing Labrador and Newfoundland caribou as distinct subspecies of woodland caribou, partially rectifies this problem. They prefer lichen-rich, mature forests, and mainly live in marshes, bogs, lakes and river regions. The historic range of the woodland caribou covered over half of present-day Canada, stretching from Yukon to Newfoundland and Labrador . The national meta-population of this sedentary boreal ecotype spans
5610-555: The provisions of the EIHWHRMR some of which are still before the courts. The department administers and assists in the administration of nearly c. 24 acts through regulations and through "voluntary and regulated agreements with individuals or multiple parties in Canada and elsewhere to define mutual commitments, roles and responsibilities and actions on specific environmental issues." The Canada National Parks Act governs Parks Canada Agency . Canada Wildlife Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. W-9) Amended in June 2012 by Bill C-38 'allows for
5695-663: The range of a species, individuals may display considerable morphological, genetic, and behavioral variability reflective of both plasticity and adaptation to local environments." COSEWIC developed Designated Unit (DU) attribution to add to classifications already in use. The recent revision is consistent with COSEWIC's designations and gives them Latin names according to international rules of zoological nomenclature. Further information can be found in Reindeer : Taxonomy. Until 1919, taxonomists had named 13 species of caribou in North America. As definitions of "species" evolved, taxonomists began to rein in this excess, for example, bringing
5780-425: The range of an important population of woodland caribou is contained within the Park, and about a third of Alberta’s population of this threatened species is dependent on the Park." The AB5 Little Smoky Herd "is the most critically disturbed boreal caribou habitat in the country" with "only five per cent of intact forest left in the Little Smoky Range." By 2012 there were only 80 animals left in this herd. Since 2005
5865-568: The same species — Rangifer tarandus — there are differences. The term "Caribou" refers to the "various subspecies present in North America" and the term "reindeer" is used to describe the "domesticated, semi-domesticated or wild subspecies found in Eurasia." Some reindeer have been introduced to North America. Woodland caribou, a rather large subspecies, is a medium-sized ungulate which inhabits boreal and subarctic environments and exhibits "tremendous variation in ecology, genetics, behavior and morphology." A distinctive characteristic of all caribou
5950-420: The southern NWT where the majority of boreal caribou occur. Current and future threats leading to habitat fragmentation are expected to increase. A continuing decline in the amount of secure habitat and population size is projected." Based on this 2012 SARC report, the NWT Conference of Management Authorities (CMA) undertook further studies and in October 2013, reached a consensus to add boreal woodland caribou to
6035-446: The southern rim of North American caribou distribution". Geist asserted that "the true woodland caribou is very rare, in very great difficulties and requires the most urgent of attention", but suggests that this urgency is compromised by the inclusion of the Newfoundland caribou, the Labrador caribou, and Osborn's caribou in the Rangifer tarandus caribou subspecies. In Geist's opinion, the inclusion of these additional populations obscures
6120-630: The tail and patch above each hoof. (Boreal Caribou ATK Reports, 2010–2011) Female boreal woodland caribou reach maturity at 16 months, and males at 18–20. Males usually do not breed before reaching three or four years of age, due to the hierarchical nature of the herd and competition with older males. Their reproduction rate is low. Breeding occurs at the end of September and the beginning of October. Calves are born in mid-June. Precise dates may vary based on geographical region. For conservation and herd management purposes, migratory herds are often defined in terms of female natal philopatry or natal homing –
6205-695: The ten most-at-risk herds are in Alberta and are generally well-known to be under severe threat." There are 12 designated units for conservation purposes including the most-at-risk herds, AB2 Bistcho, Little Smoky, a small isolated local population at risk of extirpation, AB1 Chinchaga in Alberta and British Columbia, AB8 Richardson, AB6 Red Earth, AB11 Nipisi, a small local population, and AB7 West Side Athabasca River. The remaining herds are AB3 Yates, AB4 Caribou Mountains, AB9 East Side Athabasca River, AB10 Cold Lake and AB12 Slave Lake (a small, local population). The Banff National Park population of Central Mountain DU8 caribou
6290-560: The tendency to return to natal calving areas. Female boreal woodland caribou and their newborn calves are more vulnerable to predation than migratory caribou, as they often calve separate from the rest of the herd and remain solitary until mid-winter. Previous classifications of Rangifer tarandus , either with prevailing taxonomy on subspecies, designations based on ecotypes, or natural population groupings, failed to capture "the variability of caribou across their range in Canada" needed for effective species conservation and management. "Across
6375-457: The woodland caribou subspecies typically form small, isolated herds in winter, but are relatively sedentary, and migrate only short distances (50 – 150 km) during the rest of the year." See Evolution in main page, Reindeer . Following are excerpts relating to boreal woodland caribou. Reindeer originated in a Late Pliocene North American-Beringian radiation of New World deer [Geist 1998). A frontoparietal skull fragment of Rangifer sp. from
6460-482: The woodland caribou was one of just four recognized species: Arctic caribou ( R. arcticus ), Peary caribou ( R. pearyi ), Ungava caribou ( R. caboti ), and Woodland caribou ( R. caribou ). Anderson left the Newfoundland caribou as a subspecies of woodland caribou, R. caribou terranovae . By mid-century, the taxonomic pendulum was swinging the other way. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott had brought all reindeer and caribou in
6545-501: The world under one species, Rangifer tarandus. In 1961, A. W. F. "Frank" Banfield , who had succeeded Anderson as Chief of the CMNH Biology Division, published a revision of the genus Rangifer that was widely rejected by other caribou specialists. He reduced the number of living subspecies in Canada to two, renaming barren-ground caribou as R. t. groenlandicus and woodland caribou as R. t. caribou . McTaggart-Cowan published
6630-547: The world's largest two emitters, the United States and China, and therefore cannot work." In 2010 Canada, Japan and Russia said they would not accept new Kyoto commitments. Canada is the only country to repudiate the Kyoto Accord. Kent argued that since Canada could not meet targets, it needed to avoid the $ 14 billion in penalties for not achieving its goals. This decision drew widespread international response. States for which
6715-411: The year, although some females may have only one antler or no antlers at all (Boreal Caribou ATK Reports, 2010–2011). On the males these grow so quickly each year that velvety lumps in March can become a rack measuring more than a metre in length by August. Antlers of boreal woodland caribou are flattened, compact, and relatively dense. Boreal woodland caribou antlers are thicker and broader than those of
6800-728: Was a small local population of 20 individuals in 2006. BC5 Prophet (small local population). According to Forest and Wildlife Ecologist, R. Scott McNay, "The northern ecotype of woodland caribou is a classification based on regional location and behaviour rather than taxonomy and refers to woodland caribou of northern British Columbia. Northern caribou forage primarily on terrestrial lichens (Cladina spp. and Cladonia spp.) in winter and, in comparison to other woodland caribou, also generally have distinct horizontal as well as vertical change in location when migrating from low-elevation winter ranges in early winter to higher-elevation ranges in late winter (Heard & Vagt 1998). Northern caribou occur in
6885-723: Was extirpated in 2009 when the last five were killed by an avalanche. A herd is protected in the Caribou Mountains Wildland Park in Alberta . The Redrock-Prairie Creek (RPC) herd, located north of Jasper, in northwestern Alberta is also endangered. Land use practices in their range includes "timber harvesting, extensive oil and gas exploration and production, coal mining, roads, recreational off-road vehicle use, recreational hunting, and commercial trapping." "The Park contains relatively undisturbed and lichen-rich forests, favoured habitat for woodland caribou. About 80 percent of
6970-406: Was first published in print in the 1610 publication on the history of New France by Marc Lescarbot . Lescarbot partially based his writing on his expedition to 1606–1607 to Acadia where he encountered the Mi'kmaq people. Silas Tertius Rand included the term kaleboo in his Mi'kmaq-English Dictionary in 1888. According to the 2019 Species at Risk Act (SARA), while caribou and reindeer were
7055-650: Was made in order to "reflect the government's priorities". In early 2018 the government of Justin Trudeau passed the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (GHGPPA). In early 2019, the government of Justin Trudeau passed the Impact Assessment Act and Canadian Energy Regulator Act s (IAA and CERA) under minister Catherine McKenna . On March 25, 2021, the Supreme Court of Canada rejected
7140-806: Was mentioned in passing by the Governor-General in her January 30, 2000 Speech from the Throne . Despite strong objections from the governments of Saskatchewan, Alberta and Ontario and the federal Official Opposition, in securing Canadian ratification of the Kyoto Protocol in December 2002. In 2004 Anderson was successful in getting the Species at Risk Act passed by Parliament and signed into law. Other initiatives involved improving air and water quality and established improved federal provincial cooperation on environmental issues. In December 2011, Stephen Harper 's Minister of
7225-512: Was removed from Environment Canada and became an agency reporting to the minister of Canadian heritage in 1998. In 2003, responsibility for Parks Canada was returned to the minister of the environment's portfolio. The Enforcement Branch is responsible for ensuring compliance with several federal statutes. Enforcement officers are appointed pursuant to section 217(3) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act , having all
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