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71-504: The Mangani are described by Burroughs as approximately man-sized, and appear to be a species intermediate between gorillas and chimpanzees . He also described them as “man-like apes which the natives of the Gobi speak of in whispers; but which no white man ever had seen [before Tarzan]” ( Jungle Tales of Tarzan : "The Battle for Teeka") implying a connection to the Almas or Yeti . There have been

142-405: A "train grunt". Recently, gorillas have been observed engaging in face-to-face sex , a trait once considered unique to humans and bonobos . Gorilla infants are vulnerable and dependent, thus mothers, their primary caregivers, are important to their survival. Male gorillas are not active in caring for the young, but they do play a role in socialising them to other youngsters. The silverback has

213-509: A brief period each time. By 12 months old, infants move up to five m (16 ft) from their mothers. At around 18–21 months, the distance between mother and offspring increases and they regularly spend time away from each other. In addition, nursing decreases to once every two hours. Infants spend only half of their time with their mothers by 30 months. They enter their juvenile period at their third year, and this lasts until their sixth year. At this time, gorillas are weaned and they sleep in

284-548: A chest of 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), and a weight of 219 kg (483 lb), shot in Alimbongo , northern Kivu in May 1938. The heaviest gorilla recorded was a 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) silverback shot in Ambam , Cameroon , which weighed 267 kg (589 lb). Males in captivity can be overweight and reach weights up to 310 kg (683 lb). The eastern gorilla

355-607: A few species in each habitat, mountain gorillas have flexible diets and can live in a variety of habitats. Eastern lowland gorillas have more diverse diets, which vary seasonally. Leaves and pith are commonly eaten, but fruits can make up as much as 25% of their diets. Since fruit is less available, lowland gorillas must travel farther each day, and their home ranges vary from 2.7 to 6.5 km (1.0 to 2.5 sq mi), with day ranges 154–2,280 m (0.096–1.417 mi). Eastern lowland gorillas will also eat insects, preferably ants. Western lowland gorillas depend on fruits more than

426-410: A largely supportive relationship with the infants in his troop and shields them from aggression within the group. Infants remain in contact with their mothers for the first five months and mothers stay near the silverback for protection. Infants suckle at least once per hour and sleep with their mothers in the same nest. Infants begin to break contact with their mothers after five months, but only for

497-417: A male while making eye contact. This serves to urge the male to mount her. If the male does not respond, then she will try to attract his attention by reaching towards him or slapping the ground. In multiple-male groups, solicitation indicates female preference, but females can be forced to mate with multiple males. Males incite copulation by approaching a female and displaying at her or touching her and giving

568-405: A new nest to sleep on each day; even if remaining in the same place, they do not use the previous one. Usually, they are made an hour before dusk, to be ready to sleep when night falls. Gorillas sleep longer than humans, an average of 12 hours per day. One possible predator of gorillas is the leopard . Gorilla remains have been found in leopard scat, but this may be the result of scavenging. When

639-459: A number of attempts to identify the fictional Mangani with an actual primate species. Science fiction author Philip José Farmer speculated they might be a variety of australopithecines such as Australopithecus in his pseudo-biography of Tarzan, Tarzan Alive . Walt Disney Pictures' 1999 animated feature film Tarzan , its sequels Tarzan & Jane and Tarzan II , and the television series The Legend of Tarzan based on it, portray

710-408: A relationship to the described language similar to that between the movies' euphonious " Tarzan yell " and the books' terrifying "victory cry of the bull ape" from which it supposedly derives; the example in each instance falls short of embodying the description. The word "mangani" is a compound, with man meaning "great" or "large" and gani meaning "ape" (or perhaps "people"). With modifications,

781-516: A result the name "Tarzan" is used nowhere in the film, except in the title. Walt Disney Pictures' 1999 animated feature film Tarzan , its sequels Tarzan & Jane and Tarzan II , and the television series The Legend of Tarzan based on it, portray the apes who raised Tarzan as gorillas. The only use of the term Mangani in the television series is as the proper name of an individual ghostly white ape who possesses mystical powers. The 2016 live-action film The Legend of Tarzan featured

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852-402: A result, fights do not occur very frequently. The ritualized charge display is unique to gorillas. The entire sequence has nine steps: (1) progressively quickening hooting, (2) symbolic feeding, (3) rising bipedally, (4) throwing vegetation, (5) chest-beating with cupped hands, (6) one leg kick, (7) sideways running, two-legged to four-legged, (8) slapping and tearing vegetation, and (9) thumping

923-479: A separate nest from their mothers. After their offspring are weaned, females begin to ovulate and soon become pregnant again. The presence of play partners, including the silverback, minimizes conflicts in weaning between mother and offspring. Twenty-five distinct vocalisations are recognised, many of which are used primarily for group communication within dense vegetation. Sounds classified as grunts and barks are heard most frequently while traveling, and indicate

994-508: A token individual, Cheeta , a chimpanzee. The chief exception is the 1984 Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes , which adheres closely to Burroughs' description; in this film, adult Mangani are portrayed by human actors in ape costumes, while the roles of immature Mangani are taken by chimpanzees. However, the Mangani language is not used in the film, with subtitles or otherwise, and as

1065-598: A troop tend to be friendly towards each other and associate closely. Otherwise, females have few friendly encounters and commonly act aggressively towards each other. Females may fight for social access to males and a male may intervene. Male gorillas have weak social bonds, particularly in multiple-male groups with apparent dominance hierarchies and strong competition for mates. Males in all-male groups, though, tend to have friendly interactions and socialise through play, grooming, and staying together, and occasionally they even engage in homosexual interactions. Severe aggression

1136-778: Is a character, and a particular interest in literary symbols at work in the stories. Galloway's book also contains a useful index. Both Holtsmark and Galloway approach the stories seriously and positively, providing a counter to a largely dismissive earlier reception. Galloway records that "Tarzan's First Love" has been reprinted in Love Stories , edited by Martin Levin and High Adventure , edited by Cynthia Manson and Charles Ardai. Galloway records that "The Battle for Teeka" also appeared in Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine in May 1964 as well as Ellery Queen's 1970 Anthology (1969). Stories from

1207-625: Is a collection of 12 loosely connected short stories of Tarzan's late teenage years, set within a year or two before Tarzan first sees white people including Jane Porter. According to Tarzan Alive , Philip José Farmer 's study of the ape man's life and career, the incidents of this book occurred from February, 1907-August, 1908 (aside from the eclipse incident in the final tale, there apparently having been no such eclipse visible from equatorial Africa during this period). Erling B. Holtsmark explores these stories topically in Tarzan and Tradition along with

1278-675: Is a collection of twelve loosely connected short stories by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs , comprising the sixth book in order of publication in his series of twenty-four books about the title character Tarzan . Chronologically the events recounted in it occur within Chapter 11 of the first Tarzan novel, Tarzan of the Apes , between Tarzan's avenging of his ape foster mother's death and his becoming leader of his ape tribe. The stories ran monthly in Blue Book magazine , September 1916 through August 1917 before book publication in 1919. The book

1349-409: Is comprised of almost half water as well as morning dew", although both mountain and lowland gorillas have been observed drinking. Gorillas construct nests for daytime and night use. Nests tend to be simple aggregations of branches and leaves about 2 to 5 ft (0.61 to 1.52 m) in diameter and are constructed by individuals. Gorillas, unlike chimpanzees or orangutans, tend to sleep in nests on

1420-528: Is divided between rest periods and travel or feeding periods. Diets differ between and within species. Mountain gorillas mostly eat foliage, such as leaves, stems, pith, and shoots, while fruit makes up a very small part of their diets. Mountain gorilla food is widely distributed and neither individuals nor groups have to compete with one another. Their home ranges vary from 3 to 15 km (1.2 to 5.8 sq mi), and their movements range around 500 m (0.31 mi) or less on an average day. Despite eating

1491-468: Is full of haire, but not very thicke, and it is a dunnish colour. . . Hee goeth alwaies vpon his legs, and carrieth his hands clasped on the nape of his necke, when he goeth upon the ground... They goe many together, and kill many Negroes that trauaile in the Woods . . . Those Pongos are neuer taken aliue, because they are so strong, that ten men cannot hold one of them... A century and a half after Battel's story

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1562-403: Is further difference in how many copies each gene has. gibbons  (family Hylobatidae) orangutans  (genus Pongo ) gorillas (genus Gorilla ) humans  (genus  Homo ) chimpanzees (genus  Pan ) Until recently, gorillas were considered to be a single species, with three subspecies: the western lowland gorilla, the eastern lowland gorilla and

1633-416: Is likely to be a tactic against this. However, while gorilla troops usually disband after the silverback dies, female eastern lowlands gorillas and their offspring have been recorded staying together until a new silverback transfers into the group. This likely serves as protection from leopards. The silverback is the centre of the troop's attention, making all the decisions, mediating conflicts, determining

1704-409: Is more darkly coloured than the western gorilla, with the mountain gorilla being the darkest of all. The mountain gorilla also has the thickest hair. The western lowland gorilla can be brown or greyish with a reddish forehead. In addition, gorillas that live in lowland forest are more slender and agile than the more bulky mountain gorillas. The eastern gorilla also has a longer face and broader chest than

1775-778: Is rare in stable groups, but when two mountain gorilla groups meet the two silverbacks can sometimes engage in a fight to the death, using their canines to cause deep, gaping injuries. Females mature at 10–12 years (earlier in captivity), and males at 11–13 years. A female's first ovulatory cycle occurs when she is six years of age, and is followed by a two-year period of adolescent infertility. The estrous cycle lasts 30–33 days, with outward ovulation signs subtle compared to those of chimpanzees. The gestation period lasts 8.5 months. Female mountain gorillas first give birth at 10 years of age and have four-year interbirth intervals. Males can be fertile before reaching adulthood. Gorillas mate year round. Females will purse their lips and slowly approach

1846-517: Is the oldest gorilla ever; oldest female gorilla ever; oldest living gorilla and oldest living female gorilla. The oldest male gorilla ever was Ozoum , who reached to the final age of 61 years, 24 days. The oldest living male gorilla is Guhonda, aged 53 years, 332 days. Gorillas have a patchy distribution. The range of the two species is separated by the Congo River and its tributaries . The western gorilla lives in west central Africa, while

1917-647: Is typically more than 12 years of age, and is named for the distinctive patch of silver hair on his back, which comes with maturity. Silverbacks have large canine teeth that also come with maturity. Both males and females tend to emigrate from their natal groups. For mountain gorillas, females disperse from their natal troops more than males. Mountain gorillas and western lowland gorillas also commonly transfer to second new groups. Mature males also tend to leave their groups and establish their own troops by attracting emigrating females. However, male mountain gorillas sometimes stay in their natal troops and become subordinate to

1988-771: The Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes , ranging in altitude from 2,200 to 4,300 metres (7,200 to 14,100 ft). Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level , with western lowland gorillas living in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda . There are thought to be around 316,000 western gorillas in

2059-556: The Mangani (and indeed most jungle animals) as susceptible to occasional bouts of madness in which they will lash out violently and unpredictably at other living creatures in their vicinity. Tarzan is raised in the tribe of Kerchak , based in the coastal jungle of equatorial Africa, as shown in Tarzan of the Apes and Jungle Tales of Tarzan . As an adult he comes to lead this tribe; later, he becomes accepted in other tribes of Mangani , such as

2130-544: The Mangani as a distinct species of ape, describing them as being more aggressive and dangerous than gorillas. The Mangani themselves were computer-generated images using motion capture technology. Poems in Mangani have been written by members of the Oulipo group, like Jacques Jouet , Jacques Roubaud , or Hervé Le Tellier . Gorilla Gorilla gorilla Gorilla beringei Gorillas are herbivorous , predominantly ground-dwelling great apes that inhabit

2201-448: The Mangani outside the medium of their origin have varied. The Tarzan comic strip and comic books generally have no difficulty in visualizing them according to Burroughs' vision, though the Tarzan comic books published by Malibu Comics in the early 1990s suggested the Mangani were a variety of Bigfoot or Sasquatch. In the live-action Tarzan films they have generally been represented by

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2272-617: The Apes (1972), which adapted the original Tarzan novel. Marvel Comics adapted seven of the stories, including "Tarzan Rescues the Moon", "The God of Tarzan", "The Lion", "A Jungle Joke" and "The Battle for Teeka" in Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle nos. 7, 9, and 12-14, dated December 1977, February 1978, and May–July 1978, as well as "Tarzan's First Love" and "The End of Bukawai" in Tarzan Annual no. 1, dated December 1977. Malibu Comics adapted one of

2343-541: The Foreign Legion ), and the more man-like Sagoths of Pellucidar ( Tarzan at the Earth's Core ). In the later Tarzan novels, Tarzan converses in Mangani with his monkey companion Nkima more often than with the Mangani themselves. In the crossover novel King Kong vs. Tarzan , the giant, prehistoric ape King Kong possibly also understands the language; although it is left ambiguous whether he actually understood it or

2414-941: The Jewels of Opar , Jungle Tales of Tarzan , Tarzan the Untamed ), the ninth ( Tarzan and the Golden Lion ), the 11th and 12th ( Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle , Tarzan and the Lost Empire ), the 14th ( Tarzan the Invincible ), the 18th ( Tarzan and the Leopard Men ), the 20th ( Tarzan and the Forbidden City ), the 23rd ( Tarzan and the Madman ), and the 26th ( Tarzan: The Lost Adventure ). A list of tribal groups of Mangani and individual named Mangani associated with them as portrayed in

2485-462: The Tarzan novels follows, together with the titles of the books in which they appear or are referenced. Individuals associated with more than one tribe may be listed more than once. Tribe of Go-lat Tribe of Kerchak (later of Tarzan, Terkoz, Karnath, Pagth) Tribe of Mal-gash (also called the tribe of Ho-den and the Servants of God) Tribe of Molak Tribe of Toyat Tribe of Ungo (possibly

2556-437: The apes who raised Tarzan as gorillas, though in the books gorillas, called Bolgani by the Mangani , are explicitly stated to be a separate species. As described by Burroughs, Mangani are organized in tribal bands ruled by dominant males, or "kings", which subsist by foraging for fruit, grubs, insects, and sometimes meat, in localized territories. Tribes are generally identified by the names of their kings. Burroughs portrays

2627-428: The average weight of 42 wild adult male gorillas at 144 kg, while Smith and Jungers (1997) found the average weight of 19 wild adult male gorillas to be 169 kg. Adult male gorillas are known as silverbacks due to the characteristic silver hair on their backs reaching to the hips. The tallest gorilla recorded was a 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) silverback with an arm span of 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in),

2698-507: The book have been adapted into comic form on a number of occasions. Charlton Comics adapted eight of the stories, including "The Capture of Tarzan", "The Fight for the Balu", "The Battle for Teeka", "Tarzan Rescues the Moon", "The Nightmare", "The God of Tarzan", "The Lion" and "A Jungle Joke" in Jungle Tales of Tarzan nos. 1-4, dated December 1964-June 1965. Gold Key Comics adapted four of

2769-451: The chimpanzee genus. The species name was derived from Ancient Greek Γόριλλαι (gorillai)  'tribe of hairy women', as described by Hanno. The closest relatives of gorillas are the other two Homininae genera, chimpanzees and humans, all of them having diverged from a common ancestor about 7 million years ago. Human gene sequences differ only 1.6% on average from the sequences of corresponding gorilla genes, but there

2840-464: The city 350 years later at the end of the Punic Wars , 146 BC. In 1625 Andrew Battel mentioned the existence of the animal, under the name Pongo: This Pongo is in all proportion like a man, but... he is more like a Giant in stature, than a man: for he is very tall, [and] hath a man's face, hollow-eyed, with long haire vpon his browes. His face and eares are without haire, and his hands also. His bodie

2911-408: The eastern gorilla lives in east central Africa. Between the species, and even within the species, gorillas live in a variety of habitats and elevations. Gorilla habitat ranges from montane forest to swampland. Eastern gorillas inhabit montane and submontane forests between 650 and 4,000 m (2,130 and 13,120 ft) above sea level. Mountain gorillas live in montane forests at the higher end of

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2982-643: The elevation range, while eastern lowland gorillas live in submontane forests at the lower end. In addition, eastern lowland gorillas live in montane bamboo forests, as well as lowland forests ranging from 600–3,308 m (1,969–10,853 ft) in elevation. Western gorillas live in both lowland swamp forests and montane forests, at elevations ranging from sea level to 1,600 m (5,200 ft). Western lowland gorillas live in swamp and lowland forests ranging up to 1,600 m (5,200 ft), and Cross River gorillas live in low-lying and submontane forests ranging from 150–1,600 m (490–5,250 ft). A gorilla's day

3053-512: The first five Tarzan novels. The book is indexed to provide help in locating the commentary on each story. Stan Galloway's The Teenage Tarzan: A Literary Analysis of Edgar Rice Burroughs' Jungle Tales of Tarzan provides the first extended study of this collection of short stories. The Teenage Tarzan explores each story, usually in the order of composition, with references to Tarzan of the Apes and other books written by Burroughs. The study includes reference to other media as well, where Tarzan

3124-496: The general population. Studies have shown gorilla blood is not reactive to anti-A and anti-B monoclonal antibodies , which would, in humans, indicate type O blood . Due to novel sequences, though, it is different enough to not conform with the human ABO blood group system , into which the other great apes fit. A gorilla's lifespan is normally between 35 and 40 years, although zoo gorillas may live for 50 years or more in rare circumstances . At 67 years, 332 days, Fatou

3195-539: The ground with palms to end display. A gorilla's chest-beat may vary in frequency depending on its size. Smaller ones tend to have higher frequencies, while larger ones tend to be lower. They also do it the most when females are ready to mate. Gorillas are considered highly intelligent. A few individuals in captivity, such as Koko , have been taught a subset of sign language . Like the other great apes , gorillas can laugh, grieve, have "rich emotional lives", develop strong family bonds, make and use tools, and think about

3266-403: The ground. The young nest with their mothers, but construct nests after three years of age, initially close to those of their mothers. Gorilla nests are distributed arbitrarily and use of tree species for site and construction appears to be opportunistic. Nest-building by great apes is now considered to be not just animal architecture , but as an important instance of tool use . Gorillas make

3337-506: The group is attacked by humans, leopards, or other gorillas, an individual silverback will protect the group, even at the cost of his own life. Gorillas do not appear to directly compete with chimpanzees in areas where they overlap. When fruit is abundant, gorilla and chimpanzee diets converge, but when fruit is scarce gorillas resort to vegetation. The two apes may also feed on different species, whether fruit or insects. Gorillas and chimpanzees may ignore or avoid each other when feeding on

3408-538: The hand posture of 77 mountain gorillas at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (8% of the population) found that knuckle walking was done only 60% of the time, and they also supported their weight on their fists, the backs of their hands/feet, and on their palms/soles (with the digits flexed). Such a range of hand postures was previously thought to have been used by only orangutans. Studies of gorilla handedness have yielded varying results, with some arguing for no preference for either hand, and others right-hand dominance for

3479-630: The history of Hanno the Navigator ( c. 500 BC), a Carthaginian explorer on an expedition to the west African coast to the area that later became Sierra Leone . Members of the expedition encountered "savage people, the greater part of whom were women, whose bodies were hairy, and whom our interpreters called Gorillae". It is unknown whether what the explorers encountered were what we now call gorillas, another species of ape or monkeys, or humans. Skins of gorillai women, brought back by Hanno, are reputed to have been kept at Carthage until Rome destroyed

3550-519: The language of my tribe—the great apes who were Kerchak's; and a little of the languages of Tantor, the elephant, and Numa, the lion, and of the other folks of the jungle I understand." The Mangani language as described by Burroughs is made up largely of grunts and growls representing nouns and various basic concepts. The bestial quality of the speech, however, does not come through in the rather large lexicon of Mangani words Burroughs actually provides. The depicted language can be thought of as bearing

3621-506: The leader being called a silverback. The eastern gorilla is distinguished from the western by darker fur colour and some other minor morphological differences. Gorillas tend to live 35–40 years in the wild. Gorillas' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forest in Sub-Saharan Africa . Although their range covers a small percentage of Sub-Saharan Africa, gorillas cover a wide range of elevations. The mountain gorilla inhabits

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3692-642: The lowland gorillas suggest that the western and eastern lowland populations diverged around 261 thousand years ago. Wild male gorillas weigh 136 to 227 kg (300 to 500 lb), while adult females weigh 68–113 kg (150–250 lb). Adult males are 1.4 to 1.8 m (4 ft 7 in to 5 ft 11 in) tall, with an arm span that stretches from 2.3 to 2.6 m (7 ft 7 in to 8 ft 6 in). Female gorillas are shorter at 1.25 to 1.5 m (4 ft 1 in to 4 ft 11 in), with smaller arm spans. Colin Groves (1970) calculated

3763-540: The mountain gorilla. There is now agreement that there are two species, each with two subspecies. More recently, a third subspecies has been claimed to exist in one of the species. The separate species and subspecies developed from a single type of gorilla during the Ice Age , when their forest habitats shrank and became isolated from each other. Primatologists continue to explore the relationships between various gorilla populations. The species and subspecies listed here are

3834-778: The movements of the group, leading the others to feeding sites, and taking responsibility for the safety and well-being of the troop. Younger males subordinate to the silverback, known as blackbacks, may serve as backup protection. Blackbacks are aged between 8 and 12 years and lack the silver back hair. The bond that a silverback has with his females forms the core of gorilla social life. Bonds between them are maintained by grooming and staying close together. Females form strong relationships with males to gain mating opportunities and protection from predators and infanticidal outside males. However, aggressive behaviours between males and females do occur, but rarely lead to serious injury. Relationships between females may vary. Maternally related females in

3905-590: The ones upon which most scientists agree. [REDACTED] 2,600 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] The proposed third subspecies of Gorilla beringei , which has not yet received a trinomen , is the Bwindi population of the mountain gorilla, sometimes called the Bwindi gorilla . Some variations that distinguish the classifications of gorilla include varying density, size, hair colour, length, culture, and facial widths. Population genetics of

3976-474: The others and they are more dispersed across their range. They travel even farther than the other gorilla subspecies, at 1,105 m (0.687 mi) per day on average, and have larger home ranges of 7–14 km (2.7–5.4 sq mi). Western lowland gorillas have less access to terrestrial herbs, although they can access aquatic herbs in some areas. Termites and ants are also eaten. Gorillas rarely drink water "because they consume succulent vegetation that

4047-556: The past and future. Some researchers believe gorillas have spiritual feelings or religious sentiments. They have been shown to have cultures in different areas revolving around different methods of food preparation, and will show individual colour preferences . The following observations were made by a team led by Thomas Breuer of the Wildlife Conservation Society in September 2005. Gorillas are now known to use tools in

4118-457: The same as the later tribe of Zutho) Tribe of Zutho (split from the earlier tribe of Toyat, possibly the same as the later tribe of Ungo) Tribe of Zu-yad Rogue (tribeless) Mangani The Mangani language is represented in the books as a primal universal language shared by many primate species in addition to the Mangani themselves, including monkeys ( Jungle Tales of Tarzan and others), gorillas, Indonesian orangutans ( Tarzan and

4189-422: The same tree, but they have also been documented to form social bonds. Conversely, coalitions of chimpanzees have been observed attacking families of gorillas including silverbacks and killing infants. Gorillas live in groups called troops. Troops tend to be made of one adult male or silverback, with a harem of multiple adult females and their offspring. However, multiple-male troops also exist. A silverback

4260-444: The second in two parts in Tarzan nos. 252-253, dated August–September 1976, and the third in Tarzan no. 257, dated January 1977. Burne Hogarth , illustrator and former Tarzan comic strip artist, adapted four of the stories, including "Tarzan's First Love", "The Capture of Tarzan", "The God of Tarzan" and "The Nightmare" in his showcase graphic novel Jungle Tales of Tarzan (1976), a follow-up to his earlier graphic novel Tarzan of

4331-401: The silverback. If the silverback dies, these males may be able to become dominant or mate with the females. This behaviour has not been observed in eastern lowland gorillas. In a single male group, when the silverback dies, the females and their offspring disperse and find a new troop. Without a silverback to protect them, the infants will likely fall victim to infanticide . Joining a new group

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4402-473: The stories, including "The Capture of Tarzan", "The God of Tarzan", "Tarzan and the Black Boy" and "A Jungle Joke" in Tarzan nos. 169-170, dated July–August 1967, with scripts by Gaylord DuBois and art by Alberto Giolitti . DC Comics adapted three of the stories, including "The Capture of Tarzan", "The Fight for the Balu" and "The Nightmare" in Tarzan nos. 212-214, dated September–November 1972, reprinting

4473-473: The term is also applied to humans, gomangani ("dark-great-ape") for black-skinned humans and tarmangani ("light-great-ape") for white-skinned humans , suggesting that the Mangani regard human beings as variations on their own type. Notably, gorillas do not seem to be regarded as " man " gani , but as a different type of "ape," bolgani ("flat" or "earth-bound ape"). Some examples (with translation) of Burroughs' Mangani words follow. Attempts to portray

4544-487: The tribe of Molak in The Beasts of Tarzan . Tarzan continued to associate occasionally with his original tribe until cast out in Tarzan and the Golden Lion , as the result of a Tarzan impersonator having murdered one of its members. Altogether, Mangani appear in 15 of the Tarzan books; the first through seventh ( Tarzan of the Apes , The Return of Tarzan , The Beasts of Tarzan , The Son of Tarzan , Tarzan and

4615-600: The tropical forests of equatorial Africa . The genus Gorilla is divided into two species: the eastern gorilla and the western gorilla , and either four or five subspecies . The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans , from 95 to 99% depending on what is included, and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after chimpanzees . Gorillas are the largest living primates , reaching heights between 1.25 and 1.8 metres, weights between 100 and 270 kg, and arm spans up to 2.6 metres, depending on species and sex. They tend to live in troops, with

4686-520: The western gorilla. Like humans, gorillas have individual fingerprints. Their eye colour is dark brown, framed by a black ring around the iris. Gorilla facial structure is described as mandibular prognathism , that is, the mandible protrudes farther out than the maxilla . Adult males also have a prominent sagittal crest . Gorillas move around by knuckle-walking , although they sometimes walk upright for short distances, typically while carrying food or in defensive situations. A 2018 study investigating

4757-531: The whereabouts of individual group members. They may also be used during social interactions when discipline is required. Screams and roars signal alarm or warning, and are produced most often by silverbacks. Deep, rumbling belches suggest contentment and are heard frequently during feeding and resting periods. They are the most common form of intragroup communication. For this reason, conflicts are most often resolved by displays and other threat behaviours that are intended to intimidate without becoming physical. As

4828-540: The wild, and 5,000 eastern gorillas. Both species are classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN; all subspecies are classified as Critically Endangered with the exception of the mountain gorilla, which is classified as Endangered . There are many threats to their survival, such as poaching, habitat destruction, and disease, which threaten the survival of the species. However, conservation efforts have been successful in some areas where they live. The word gorilla comes from

4899-527: The wild. A female gorilla in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of Congo was recorded using a stick as if to gauge the depth of water whilst crossing a swamp. A second female was seen using a tree stump as a bridge and also as a support whilst fishing in the swamp. This means all of the great apes are now known to use tools. Jungle Tales of Tarzan Jungle Tales of Tarzan

4970-424: Was copying what Tarzan said in Mangani . Other jungle animals are described as having their own bestial languages, but also as being able to understand Mangani to varying degrees. Whether the Mangani in turn understand any other animal languages is uncertain; Tarzan, at least, comprehends to some extent at least a few. In Tarzan of the Apes , before learning any spoken human languages, he avers "I speak only

5041-461: Was published, one writer claimed that "the large species, described by Buffon and other authors as of the size of a man, is held by many to be a Chimera ." The American physician and missionary Thomas Staughton Savage and naturalist Jeffries Wyman first described the western gorilla in 1847 from specimens obtained in Liberia . They called it Troglodytes gorilla , using the then-current name of

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