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104-738: According to the Treaty of Amiens of 1802, Britain was to evacuate Malta and restore the islands to the Order of St. John . The treaty also stated that at least half of Malta's garrison had to consist of 2000 Maltese soldiers led by native officers. Although the treaty was not implemented and the British did not evacuate Malta, the garrisons were readjusted, with the existing Maltese Light Infantry , Maltese Militia and Maltese Militia Coast Artillery being disbanded. The Maltese Provincial Battalions were set up by Civil Commissioner Sir Alexander Ball in 1802 to take over

208-497: A better rotation of vehicles in the streets and reduce permanent occupation of public space by the cars cluttering the highway. Amiens was once served by two tram lines  [ fr ] with a combined length of 10.7 kilometres (6.6 mi), opened in 1887. They intersected at Place Gambetta , one linking La Madeleine Cemetery  [ fr ] , the Church of Saint-Acheul , Cagnard bridge, Rue de Noyon and Rue Jules-Barni ;

312-551: A capacity of 1,200 beds. The author Jules Verne lived in Amiens from 1871 until his death in 1905, and served on the city council for 15 years. Amiens is the birthplace of French president Emmanuel Macron . The town was fought over during both World Wars, suffering significant damage, and was repeatedly occupied by both sides. The 1918 Battle of Amiens was the opening phase of the Hundred Days Offensive which directly led to

416-516: A defeat for most municipal and community carriers of the project, the new mayor of Amiens Brigitte Fouré , and by extension the new president of Amiens Métropole Alain Gest , decided to suspend the project at least during the time of their respective mandates, thus applying a campaign promise (the tram was at the heart of debate) and despite a project announcement of trams on tyres (of TVR type). Improvement of public transit would then be only by that of

520-456: A hard deadline. He was to return to London if he could not reach an agreement within eight days. Following a five-hour negotiating session that ended at 3 a.m. on 25 March, Cornwallis and Joseph signed the final agreement. Cornwallis was unhappy with the agreement, but he also worried about "the ruinous consequences of ... renewing a bloody and hopeless war." The treaty, beyond confirming "peace, friendship, and good understanding", called for

624-663: A large peacetime army of 180,000. Actions taken by Bonaparte after the treaty was signed heightened tensions with Britain and signatories to the other treaties. He used the time of peace to consolidate power and reorganise domestic administration in France and some of its client states. His effective annexation of the Cisalpine Republic and his decision to send French troops into the Helvetic Republic (Switzerland) in October 1802,

728-507: A natural narrowing of the river due to the advance of the rim of the Picard plateau in Saint-Pierre ( ford crossing ). The Amiens citadel is built on this limestone butte of the Picard plateau and Rue Saint-Pierre is a slightly inclined path to leave the city from the north. At this narrowing, a network of narrow canals led to the construction of bridges and buildings including textile mills in

832-479: A naval expedition to regain control over revolutionary Haiti and to occupy French Louisiana . Those moves, though not in violation of the treaty, were perceived by the British as a willingness by Bonaparte to threaten them on a global stage. Britain refused to remove troops from Egypt or Malta, as agreed upon in the treaty. Bonaparte formally protested the continuing British occupations and, in January 1803, published

936-492: A peace agreement. Otto, generally under detailed instructions from Bonaparte, engaged in negotiations with Hawkesbury in mid-1801. Unhappy with the dialogue with Otto, Hawkesbury sent diplomat Anthony Merry to Paris, who opened a second line of communications with the French foreign minister, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord . By mid-September, written negotiations had progressed to the point that Hawkesbury and Otto met to draft

1040-567: A police force and a coast guard. At times, the men also repaired roads, fences and fortifications. According to the treaty, the battalions' officers were to be Maltese nobles appointed by the Grand Master . However, Ball himself chose two Maltese pro-British nobles, the Marquis Paolo Parisi and Conte Luigi Maria Gatto, as the commanding officers of the 1st and 2nd Battalions respectively. He did not grant them commissions so as not to violate

1144-511: A preliminary agreement. On 30 September, they signed the preliminary agreement in London, which was published the next day. The terms of the preliminary agreement required Britain to restore most of the French colonial possessions that it had captured since 1794, to evacuate Malta and to withdraw from other occupied Mediterranean ports. Malta was to be restored to the Order of St. John , whose sovereignty

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1248-470: A public meeting with a group of diplomats the following month, Bonaparte again pressed Whitworth, implying that the British wanted war since they were not upholding their treaty obligations. The Russian ambassador, Arkadiy Ivanovich Morkov , reported the encounter back to St. Petersburg in stark terms. The implicit and explicit threats contained in the exchange may have played a role in Russia's eventual entry into

1352-518: A puff pastry tart made with leeks and cream. The first known settlement at this location was Samarobriva ("Somme bridge"), the central settlement of the Ambiani tribe, one of the principal tribes of Gaul . The Romans named the town Ambianum, meaning settlement of the Ambiani people. Amiens was part of Francia starting from the 5th century. The Normans sacked the city in 859 and again in 882. In 1113,

1456-421: A recreated Order of St. John, whose sovereignty was to be guaranteed by all of the major European powers. Left unspecified in that proposal was the means by which the Order would be re-established; it had essentially dissolved upon French seizure of the island in 1798. Furthermore, none of the other powers had been consulted on the matter. On 14 March, London, under pressure to finalise the budget, gave Cornwallis

1560-509: A report by Horace Sebastiani that included observations on the ease with which France might capture Egypt, alarming most of the European powers. In an interview in February 1803 with Lord Whitworth , Britain's French ambassador, Bonaparte threatened war if Malta was not evacuated and implied that he could have already retaken Egypt. The exchange left Whitworth feeling he was given an ultimatum. In

1664-456: A result of numerous studies and conferences, elected representatives voted for the creation of a tram at the municipal Council of 15 November 2012. The project had been endorsed by the Communauté d'agglomération Amiens Métropole on 18 December 2012 and the commissioning of a first north–south tram route was scheduled for 2018/2019. Following the elections of 2014  [ fr ] , which were

1768-544: A separate convention, clarifying that the Batavian Republic was not to be financially responsible for the compensation paid to the House of Orange-Nassau . Preliminaries were signed in London on 1 October 1801. King George III proclaimed the cessation of hostilities on 12 October. Upper-class British visitors flocked to Paris in the second half of 1802. William Herschel took the opportunity to confer with his colleagues at

1872-628: A significant amount of tourism is based. Apart from the cathedral, there are the hortillonnages  [ fr ] , the Jules Verne House  [ fr ] , the Tour Perret , the Musée de Picardie , the zoo  [ fr ] , and the Saint-Leu and Saint-Maurice neighborhoods. A total of 60 monuments are listed in the inventory of monuments historiques , over 1600 places and monuments listed in

1976-449: A sketchbook from what he saw. Even the four Greek Horses of St Mark from Venice, which had been furtively removed in 1797, could now be viewed in an inner courtyard. William Hazlitt arrived at Paris on 16 October 1802. The Roman sculptures did not move him, but he spent most of three months studying and copying Italian masters in the Louvre. The English were not the only ones to profit by

2080-540: A stopover for leisure boats, which must go through a lock. The walls of the city's former dye factory are now those of the École supérieure d'art et de design d'Amiens  [ fr ] (ESAD) as well as those of the Faculty of Arts. The École supérieure d'ingénieurs en électronique et électrotechnique (ESIEE) is in the same neighborhood. As the Citadelle, it will be renovated by the architect Renzo Piano to accommodate

2184-487: Is a city and commune in northern France, located 120 km (75 mi) north of Paris and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Lille . It is the capital of the Somme department in the region of Hauts-de-France and had a population of 135,429, as of 2021. A central landmark of the city is Amiens Cathedral , the largest Gothic cathedral in France. Amiens also has one of the largest university hospitals in France, with

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2288-401: Is finally settled and that he will not recede from it in our next conversation." The Batavian Republic , whose economy depended on trade that had been ruined by the war, appointed Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck , its ambassador to France, to represent it in the peace negotiations. He arrived in Amiens on 9 December. The Dutch role in the negotiations was marked by a lack of respect on the part of

2392-576: Is for students. The area became the heart of the Amiens people's evenings, with many establishments (bars, restaurants, etc.) on Place du Don and Quai Bélu . The church is found at Rue Saint-Leu , located just between the Faculty of Science and Law-Economy (UPJV). Two theatres were established in the neighborhood, that of the Chés Cabotans (puppet shows in the Picard language ) and the Maison du Théâtre at

2496-443: Is served by: Amiens is served by several motorways: According to the urban transport plan (PDU) approved 19 December 2013 for the period 2013–2023 parking supply is considered abundant in Amiens. Although important, demand for parking is less than what is available (capacity reserves are still 20% minimum: If the road is sometimes saturated, the occupancy rate of the underground parking remains globally less than 100%). In 2013,

2600-649: The Armistice with Germany . The Royal Air Force heavily bombed the town during the Second World War . In the aftermath, the city was rebuilt according to Pierre Dufau 's plans with wider streets to ease traffic congestion. These newer structures were primarily built of brick, concrete and white stone with slate roofs. The architect Auguste Perret designed the Gare d'Amiens train station and nearby Tour Perret . Amiens has an important historical and cultural heritage, on which

2704-640: The Avre . The Selle enters from the northwest of Amiens, with two arms (including the Haute Selle) passing behind the Unicorn Stadium, the exhibition park, the megacity and horse racing track, then passing the end of the Promenade de la Hotoie and the zoo of Amiens, and to the right of the water treatment plant, in front of the island Sainte-Aragone, opposite the cemetery of La Madeleine in Amiens. The city developed in

2808-816: The Battle of Austerlitz effectively destroyed the Third Coalition. In 1806, Britain retook the Cape Colony from the Batavian Republic. Napoleon abolished the republic later that year in favour of the Kingdom of Holland , ruled by his brother Louis Bonaparte . However, in 1810, the Netherlands officially became a part of France. Amiens Amiens ( English: / æ ˈ m j æ̃ / or / ˈ æ m i ə n z / AM -ee-ənz ; French: [amjɛ̃] ; Picard : Anmien , Anmiens or Anmyin )

2912-629: The French Revolutionary calendar ) by Joseph Bonaparte and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace". The consequent peace lasted only one year (18 May 1803) and was the only period of general peace in Europe between 1793 and 1814 . Under the treaty, Britain recognised the French Republic. Together with the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), the Treaty of Amiens marked

3016-458: The Gare d'Amiens train station and nearby Tour Perret . Amiens, once regional prefecture of the former Picardy Region, is the prefecture of the Somme department, one of the three departments (with Oise and Aisne ) in the region. Located in the Paris Basin , the city benefits from a privileged geographical position, with close proximity to Paris, Lille , Rouen , London and Brussels . At

3120-524: The Haute-Picardie TGV station , allows access to the TGV network. It is served by buses from Amiens. Its isolated character earned it the name of gare des betteraves , or gare betteraves , at the time of its construction. In addition to Amiens – Glisy Aerodrome , bordering the town's eastern edge 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the center, there are several airports nearby. The Somme canal runs through

3224-562: The League of Armed Neutrality and led to a negotiated ceasefire. The French First Consul , Napoleon Bonaparte, first made truce proposals to British foreign secretary Lord Grenville as early as 1799. Because of the hardline stance of Grenville and Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger , their distrust of Bonaparte and obvious defects in the proposals, they were rejected out of hand. However, Pitt resigned in February 1801 over domestic issues and

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3328-554: The Middle Ages . The marshes of the old bed of the river Somme was used to dig peat. Farmers maintained rieux, canals and ditches by cleaning out the silt and used it to append to their vegetable garden plot. During the 20th century maintenance of the canals was stopped and gardens were gradually left to lie fallow or sold to private individuals who created pleasure gardens accessible by boat. The hydrographic network has always been an important city-operated asset. The river helped shape

3432-773: The Napoleonic Wars , which would rage in Europe for the following 12 years. Britain gave its official reasons for resuming hostilities as France's imperialist policies in the West Indies, Italy and Switzerland. On 17 May 1803, before the official declaration of war and without any warning, the Royal Navy captured all the French and Dutch merchant ships stationed in Britain or sailing around, seizing more than two million pounds of commodities and taking their crews as prisoners. In response to that provocation, on 22 May (2 Prairial , year XI),

3536-501: The Observatoire . In booths and temporary arcades in the courtyard of the Louvre , the third French exposition des produits français took place on 18–24 September. According to the memoirs of his private secretary, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne , Bonaparte "was, above all, delighted with the admiration the exhibition excited among the numerous foreigners who resorted to Paris during

3640-622: The River Somme to the east of the city and allows circumvention of the city by motorway-type roads. The A16 and A29 autoroutes, the RN1 and the RN25 form a bypass-type motorway around the city that the population has called the Rocade d'Amiens    [ fr ] or Amiens ring road. Initially constituting national roads which are downgraded today, mostly as departmental roads, the greater urban area of Amiens

3744-612: The Seven Islands Republic , established by France on the Ionian Islands that are now part of Greece . Both sides were to be allowed access to the outposts on the Cape of Good Hope . In a blow to Spain, the preliminary agreement included a secret clause in which Trinidad was to remain with Britain. Spain would finally recover the island of Menorca . News of the signing was greeted across Europe with joy. The celebrations of peace,

3848-706: The TGV Haute-Picardie station also provides access to the Charles-de-Gaulle Airport station . On the horizon of 2025, the Roissy–Picardie Link will put Amiens 55 minutes from Paris Charles-de-Gaulle Airport and its TGV station. By train, Amiens is located at: Since antiquity, Amiens has been a crossroads of important routes. The contemporary city is served by the A16 and A29 autoroutes. The Jules Verne Viaduct , 943 metres (3,094 ft) long, crosses

3952-696: The Third Coalition . Morkov also reported rumours that Bonaparte would seize Hamburg as well as Hanover if war was renewed. Although Alexander wanted to avoid war, that news apparently forced his hand; he began collecting troops on the Baltic coast in late March. The Russian foreign minister wrote of the situation, "The intention already expressed by the First Consul of striking blows against England wherever he can, and under this pretext of sending his troops into Hanover [and] Northern Germany ... entirely transforms

4056-708: The United Kingdom at the end of the War of the Second Coalition . It marked the end of the French Revolutionary Wars ; after a short peace it set the stage for the Napoleonic Wars . Britain gave up most of its recent conquests; France was to evacuate Naples and Egypt . Britain retained Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and Trinidad . It was signed in the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) of Amiens on 25 March 1802 (4 Germinal X in

4160-821: The failure of his army in Haiti , so he gave it up and sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States. The Democratic-Republican administration of President Thomas Jefferson used British banks to fund the Louisiana Purchase , reduced the American military budget, and partly dismantled the Hamiltonian Federalist financial program. The French West Indies as result of the treaty no longer needed to use American ships to move their products to Europe. Although

4264-482: The general inventory of cultural heritage , and 187 objects listed in the inventory of monuments historiques. During December, the town hosts the largest Christmas market in northern France. It is known for a few local foods, including " macarons d'Amiens ", almond paste biscuits; "tuiles amienoises", chocolate and orange curved biscuits; "pâté de canard d'Amiens", duck pâté in pastry; "la ficelle Picarde", an oven-baked cheese-topped crêpe ; and " flamiche aux poireaux ",

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4368-473: The 1960s, has been renovated and expanded on occasion. The Faculty of Law and Economics has also been transferred since the mid-1990s from the campus (offset to the south of the city) to its new location at the foot of the cathedral. The open-air parking it replaces was a "gap" in the landscape dating from World War II . Nonetheless, it allowed an unobstructed view of the cathedral. Most of the buildings have been renovated and transformed into housing much of which

4472-477: The 2nd Battalion. By the following year, the unit was based at Cottonera . During the plague epidemic of 1813–14 , the Provincial Battalion assisted the civil authorities in trying to contain the outbreak. This led to a drastic decrease in the number of new recruits, who did not want to risk getting infected themselves. The battalion's reduction and disbandment was seen as inevitable by late 1813. By 1815,

4576-438: The Batavian Republic and its new constitution that was ratified by a sham election and brought the republic into closer alignment with its dominant partner. British newspaper readers followed the events, presented in strong moralising colours. Hawkesbury wrote of Bonaparte's action at Lyon that it was a "gross breach of faith" exhibiting an "inclination to insult Europe". Writing from London, he informed Cornwallis that it "created

4680-539: The Continent now, and bring it to its knees in the future, made war...inevitable." The British government balked at implementing certain terms of the treaty, such as evacuating their naval presence from Malta. After the initial fervour, objections to the treaty quickly grew in Britain, where it seemed to the governing class that they were making all the concessions and ratifying recent developments. Prime Minister Addington did not undertake military demobilisation, but maintained

4784-602: The First Consul on the matter. In January 1802, Napoleon travelled to Lyon to accept the presidency of the Italian Republic , a nominally-independent client republic that covered northern Italy and had been established in 1797. That act violated the Treaty of Lunéville, in which Bonaparte agreed to guarantee the independence of the Italian and other client republics. He also continued to support French General Pierre Augereau 's reactionary coup d'état of 18 September 1801 in

4888-449: The First Consul ordered the arrest of all British males between the ages of 18 and 60 in France and Italy, trapping many travelling civilians. The acts were denounced as illegal by all the major powers. Bonaparte claimed in the French press that the British prisoners that he had taken amounted to 10,000, but French documents compiled in Paris a few months later show that the numbers were 1,181. It

4992-418: The French , assembled armies on the coast of France to invade Great Britain , but Austria and Russia, Britain's allies, were preparing to invade France. The French armies were christened La Grande Armée and secretly left the coast to march against Austria and Russia before those armies could combine. The Grande Armée defeated Austria at Ulm the day before the Battle of Trafalgar , and Napoleon's victory at

5096-531: The French, who thought of them as a "vanquished and conquered" client whose present government "owed them everything". Schimmelpenninck and Cornwallis negotiated agreements on the status of Ceylon, which was to remain British; the Cape Colony , which was to be returned to the Dutch but to be open to all; and the indemnification of the deposed House of Orange-Nassau for its losses. However, Joseph did not immediately agree to their terms, presumably needing to consult with

5200-479: The Longueau bus survived. A few old Parisian buses were also used in an extremely reduced service. These buses as well as the surviving bus were then converted to city gas and equipped with tanks on the roof covered by a huge white dome. This service continued until approximately 1946. There were only two urban lines: An east–west line (Saint-Acheul – Montieres) and a northeast–southwest line (Beauville – road to Rouen). It

5304-529: The Netherlands. Frederick Kagan argues that Britain was irritated in particular by Napoleon's assertion of control over Switzerland . Furthermore, Britons felt insulted when Napoleon stated that their country deserved no voice in European affairs, even though King George III was an elector of the Holy Roman Empire . For its part, Russia decided that the intervention in Switzerland indicated that Napoleon

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5408-413: The Second Coalition started well for the coalition, with successes in Egypt, Italy and Germany. The success proved to be short-lived, however; after France's victories at the battles of Marengo and Hohenlinden , Austria, Russia and Naples sued for peace, with Austria eventually signing the Treaty of Lunéville . Horatio Nelson 's victory at the Battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801 halted the creation of

5512-414: The United States to prevent its capture by Britain. Bonaparte made "every concession that could be considered as demanded or even imposed by the British government" by offering to guarantee the integrity of the Ottoman Empire, place Malta in the hands of a neutral third party and form a convention to satisfy Britain on other issues. His rejection of a British offer involving a ten-year lease of Malta prompted

5616-477: The United States, whose merchants competed with those of Spain. Following that sale, Charles wrote that he was prepared to throw off alliance with France: "neither break with France, nor break with England." Britain ended the uneasy truce created by the Treaty of Amiens when it declared war on France in May 1803. The British were increasingly angered by Napoleon's re-ordering of the international system in Western Europe, especially in Switzerland, Germany, Italy and

5720-498: The advent of peace. Much as it had been at the start of the wars in 1793, Spain remained diplomatically caught between Britain and France, but in the period just after the signing of the Treaty of Amiens, a number of actions on the part of the French government antagonised the Spanish. France's unwillingness to block the cession of Trinidad to Britain was one of the things that most irritated King Charles IV . Spanish economic interests were further injured when Bonaparte sold Louisiana to

5824-416: The agglomeration of Amiens. The establishment of dedicated bus lanes began in 2006. Former Mayor Gilles de Robien had envisioned the creation of a tram  [ fr ] , but the choice of dedicated bus lanes had been preferred for reasons of cost and patronage. His successor, Mayor Gilles Demailly  [ fr ] , had been considering the development of a TSCP in the metropolitan area. As

5928-403: The altitude varies between 14 and 106 metres (46 and 348 ft). The main stem of the River Somme passes through Amiens and is generally benign, except during exceptional floods that can last up to several weeks (such as in spring 2001). It is also, on its southeastern outskirts, close to Camon and Longueau , the confluence with its main tributary on the left bank (to the south), and

6032-420: The antiwar Whig opposition in Parliament . Napoleon used the interlude for major internal reforms such as the promulgation of the new legal system under the Napoleonic Code , making peace with the Vatican by the Concordat , and issuing a new constitution that gave him lifetime control. France made territorial gains in Switzerland and Italy. However, Napoleon's goal of a North American Empire collapsed with

6136-486: The belief that would jeopardise the more important negotiations with France. Pressure continued to mount on the British negotiators for a peace deal, in part because budget discussions were underway in Parliament, and the prospect of continued war was another significant factor. The principal sticking point in the late negotiations was the status of Malta. Bonaparte eventually proposed that the British were to withdraw within three months of signing, with control passed back to

6240-440: The breach of the treaty. They falsely claimed that hostile French preparations had forced them into that action and that they were engaged in serious negotiations. To cover up their deception, the ministry issued a sudden ultimatum to France, demanding an evacuation of Holland and Switzerland and British control of Malta for ten years. The exchange prompted an exodus of foreigners from France, and Bonaparte quickly sold Louisiana to

6344-471: The bus network. Indeed, in December of the same year, the Community Council approved funding for a study (the sixth in 20 years) relating to the establishment of a rapid transit bus network (BHNS), which should enter into service in March 2019, and whose vehicles could be electric. Amiens has developed two bike services: Buscyclette and Velam  [ fr ] . In 2012, Amiens Métropole had 100 kilometres (62 mi) of routes for cyclists. Despite

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6448-428: The change of majority, the Gilles Demailly  [ fr ] team launched a consultation with the population. From 2011, residential parking was extended to the Gare-La-Vallée and Riolan neighborhoods, then in 2012 to the Noyon neighborhood and the area east of the Riolan sector. In 2014, 2,600 parking spaces were affected by this system which allowed city residents more parking near their homes in order to promote

6552-440: The city counted approximately 70,000 public parking spaces, including 8,400 in the city center and in its immediate vicinity, where 70% of places are paid. As of 2007 , a residential parking system has been deployed in Saint-Anne ward to cope with congestion in the streets caused by SNCF railway station users. During the campaign for the municipal election of 2008 , parking was one of the important topics of debate. A year after

6656-417: The city to Boulogne-sur-Mer . During the 1870 Battle of Amiens , the city was occupied by invading Prussian forces. The town was fought over during both the First and Second World Wars, suffering significant damage and being occupied several times by both sides. The 1918 Battle of Amiens was the opening phase of the Hundred Days Offensive which led directly to the Armistice with Germany that ended

6760-402: The city was recognized by King Louis VI of France , and in 1185 it was linked to the Crown of France. In 1597, Spanish soldiers held the city during the six-month Siege of Amiens , before Henry IV regained control. During the 18th and 19th century, the textile tradition of Amiens became famous for its velours . As a result of the French Revolution , the provinces of France were dismantled and

6864-445: The continent and pointing out that Switzerland had been occupied by French troops when the treaty was signed. He also demanded for the British government to censor the strongly anti-French British press and to expel French expatriates from British soil. Those demands were perceived in London as affronts to British sovereignty. Bonaparte also took advantage of the loosening of the British blockade of French ports to organise and dispatch

6968-419: The crossroads of major European routes of travel ( A1 , A16 and A29 ), the city is also at the heart of a major rail star. As the crow flies , the city is 115 kilometres (71 mi) north of Paris, 97 kilometres (60 mi) south-west of Lille, 100 kilometres (62 mi) north-east of Rouen, 162 kilometres (101 mi) east-north-east of Le Havre and 144 kilometres (89 mi) north-west of Reims . At

7072-676: The deployment of parking facilities over the entire territory of the city, close to the facilities frequented by bikers, as well as cyclist right-turns  [ fr ] at traffic lights or even the maintenance of existing facilities. There are three railway stations: Connections from these two stations include to Lille via Arras and Douai , to Boulogne via Abbeville , to Paris-Nord via Creil or Compiègne , to Reims via Tergnier , and to Rouen . Many regional and extra regional links (Normandie, Grand Est and Île-de-France) pass through Amiens, especially by TER Hauts-de-France . A station located 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Amiens,

7176-439: The development of a bicycle plan in 1997 which was planning the development of 500 kilometres (310 mi) of equipped cycleways, the network of the territory in terms of paths is still incomplete. The blueprint of the bicycle facilities of the agglomeration (SDAC) provides, over a period of 10 years (2014–2024), for 188 kilometres (117 mi) of cycle routes and equips 490 sites for the parking of bikes. This plan also includes

7280-401: The end of the Second Coalition , which had waged war against Revolutionary France since 1798. The United Kingdom wanted the peace to enable restoration of trade with continental Europe . It also wanted to end its isolation from other powers, and achieved that goal by a rapprochement with Russia that provided the momentum to negotiate the treaty with France. The peace of Amiens also mollified

7384-461: The following: Two days after signing the treaty, all four parties signed an addendum, specifically acknowledging that the failure to use the languages of all of the signatory powers (the treaty was published in English and French) was not prejudicial and should not be viewed as setting a precedent. It also stated that the omission of any individual's titles was unintentional and not intended to be prejudicial. The Dutch and French representatives signed

7488-637: The foot of the Saint-Leu Church. There is also La Lune des Pirates , a concert hall. Located to the west of the Citadelle , and east of the La Madeleine Cemetery  [ fr ] , this very old working-class neighborhood of Amiens acted as an industrial center in the 18th century. It is currently undergoing significant housing renovation and development. Bordered by the Canal de la Somme , it offers

7592-502: The foot of the cathedral, traversed by canals, this picturesque area was largely rehabilitated during the 1990s. It extends to the Somme canal, located more to the north, at the foot of the Coteau Saint-Pierre on which the fortress of Jean Errard , called Citadelle , was built. Historically, it was the poor neighborhood of the city, where butchers, tanners and dyers gathered. Amiens University's Faculty of Sciences, present since

7696-409: The greatest alarm in this country, and there are many persons who were pacifically disposed and who since this event are desirous of renewing the war." The Spanish negotiator, Marquis José Nicolás de Azara , did not arrive in Amiens until early February 1802. After some preliminary negotiations, he proposed to Cornwallis that Britain and Spain make a separate agreement, but Cornwallis rejected that in

7800-467: The halcyon lull in hostilities. From London, the Russian Semyon Vorontsov noted to a correspondent, "I hear that our gentlemen are making extravagant purchases in Paris. That fool Demidov has ordered a porcelain dinner service every plate of which costs 16 gold louis." For those who could not get there, Helmina von Chézy collected her impressions in a series of vignettes contributed to

7904-488: The identity of the landscape, urban and economic territory. It is around the Saint-Leu and Saint-Maurice neighborhoods that border the River Somme, as well as most of the administrative and civil area of the current city center which the city has developed since antiquity . The Canal de la Somme dates from the beginning of the 19th century and the bridge at the foot of the citadel was built after World War II . Amiens has

8008-483: The journal Französische Miscellen , and F. W. Blagdon and John Carr were among those who brought up to date curious English readers, who had felt starved for unbiased accounts of "a people under the influence [ ] of a political change, hitherto unparalleled.... During a separation of ten years, we have received very little account of this extraordinary people, which could be relied on," Carr noted in his Preface. A number of French émigrés returned to France, under

8112-480: The long run Napoleon's intentions were hostile to British national interests. Furthermore, Napoleon was not ready for war, making it seem an optimal time for Britain to try to stop him. Britain therefore seized upon the Malta issue by refusing to follow the terms of the Treaty of Amiens that required its evacuation of the island. Schroeder says that most historians agree that Napoleon's "determination to exclude Britain from

8216-552: The nature of this war as it relates to our interests and obligations." When France moved to occupy Switzerland, the British had issued orders for their military not to return Cape Colony to the Dutch, as stipulated in the Treaty of Amiens, only to countermand them when the Swiss failed to resist. In March 1803, the British ministry received notice that Cape Colony had been reoccupied by the military, and it promptly ordered military preparations to guard against possible French retaliation for

8320-522: The other from the Church of Saint-Pierre at the racecourse, by the streets of Saint-Leu, Frédéric-Petit and Colbert. Electrified in 1899, the network grew to seven lines totaling 19 kilometres (12 mi) in 1906. From 1932, Longueau was linked to Amiens by a bus service. German bombing in 1940 destroyed most of the city center and hit the Jules-Ferry Road tram depot, totally destroying the tram fleet. Only

8424-477: The pamphlets, poems, and odes proliferated in French , English , German , and other languages. Actors happily depicted the treaty at dinner theatres, vaudeville, and the legitimate stage. In Britain there were illuminations and fireworks. Peace, it was thought in Britain, would lead to the withdrawal of the income tax imposed by Pitt, a reduction of grain prices and a revival of markets. In November 1801, Cornwallis

8528-452: The peace." Among the visitors was Charles James Fox , who received a personal tour from minister Jean-Antoine Chaptal . Within the Louvre, in addition to the display of recent works in the Salon of 1802 , visitors could see the display of Italian paintings and Roman sculptures collected from all over Italy under the stringent terms of the Treaty of Tolentino . J. M. W. Turner was able to fill

8632-572: The reactivation of the British blockade of the French coast. Bonaparte, who was not fully prepared to resume the war, made moves designed to show renewed preparations for an invasion of Britain. Matters reached a diplomatic crisis point when the British rejected the idea of mediation by Tsar Alexander and, on 10 May, ordered Whitworth to withdraw from Paris if the French did not accede to their demands in 36 hours. Last-minute attempts at negotiation by Talleyrand failed, and Whitworth left France on 13 May. Britain declared war on France on 18 May, thus starting

8736-447: The regional level, Amiens is located 53 kilometres (33 mi) north of Beauvais , 71 kilometres (44 mi) west of Saint-Quentin , 66 kilometres (41 mi) from Compiègne and 102 kilometres (63 mi) from Laon . In area, Amiens is the third-largest settlement in the Somme, after Crécy-en-Ponthieu and Hornoy-le-Bourg . The area of the commune is 4,946 hectares (12,220 acres);

8840-635: The role of the Maltese Militia. The original plan was to have two infantry battalions of 1000 men each, but eventually two battalions of 700 men each were set up. In addition, two other corps were also raised at the same time: the Malta Coast Artillery and the Maltese Veterans . The 1st Provincial Battalion was headquartered at Fort Manoel , while the 2nd Provincial Battalion was based at Fort Ricasoli . The Provincials' roles included serving as

8944-413: The terms of relaxed restrictions upon them. French visitors also came to England. Wax artist Marie Tussaud came to London and established an exhibition similar to one she had in Paris. The balloonist André-Jacques Garnerin staged displays in London and made a balloon flight from London to Colchester in 45 minutes. The Spanish economy, which had been badly affected by the war, began to recover with

9048-627: The terms of the Treaty did not favour his country, British Prime Minister Henry Addington used the interlude to rebuild British strength, so that when fighting renewed in spring 1803 , the Royal Navy quickly gained control of the seas. However the isolationist foreign policy of the United States , which was hostile to both Britain and France, and strongly opposed by the Federalist minority in Congress, came under heavy pressure from all sides. The War of

9152-422: The territory was organised into departments . Much of Picardy became the newly created department of Somme with Amiens as the departmental capital. During the industrial revolution , the city walls were demolished, opening up space for large boulevards around the town center. The Henriville neighborhood in the south of the city was developed around this time. In 1848, the first railway arrived in Amiens, linking

9256-459: The town to the English Channel . This canal is linked to the Canal du Nord (Paris to Lille metropolitan area). Amiens comprises a number of neighborhoods ( French : quartiers ) with their own characteristics, including Saint-Leu, St-Maurice, Henriville, and Saint-Acheul. St-Leu forms part of Amiens, north of the city center. It has many older wooden and brick houses and several canals. At

9360-575: The treaty. This move was criticized by the French, and eventually the Napoleonic Wars broke out in 1803 after multiple violations of various terms of the treaty by both the British and the French. The number of recruits in the Provincials severely depleted in 1805, when many men resigned to volunteer in the newly-established Royal Regiment of Malta . 23 men of the 2nd Provincials died in a gunpowder magazine explosion in Birgu on 18 July 1806. What remained of

9464-500: The two battalions were merged into a single battalion based at Fort Manoel and commanded by Parisi in October 1806. Since the men had agreed to a maximum of five years of service, there were plans to disband the Provincials. However, Ball was against this and the terms of service were renewed in 1807 and again in 1812. Parisi resigned his commission in 1811, and he was succeeded by the Conte Luigi Maria Gatto, former commander of

9568-584: The typical oceanic climate of the north of France, with relatively mild winters, cool summers, and rainfall well distributed throughout the year. Amiens is a hub between the Île de France and the rest of northern France; Normandy and Benelux ; and France and Great Britain. Amiens is not directly on principal European road and rail arteries, such as the A1 motorway and the Paris-Lille TGV train line, at present. However, due to its position halfway between

9672-641: The unit consisted of four companies. The Maltese Provincial Battalions were amalgamated with the Coast Artillery and the Veterans to form the Royal Malta Fencible Regiment on 16 February 1815. Treaty of Amiens The Treaty of Amiens ( French : la paix d'Amiens , lit.   ' the peace of Amiens ' ) temporarily ended hostilities between France , the Spanish Empire , and

9776-568: The university departments (UFR) of: letters, history and geography, languages, the École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation  [ fr ] (ESPE), the House of Languages, the House of Research and the University Library in 2015. The Jardin des plantes  [ fr ] , known as the Jardin du Roy within the city, is also located in this neighborhood. The Henriville neighborhood

9880-436: The urban areas of Lille and Paris, Amiens has good conditions for service and accessibility, including motorways (at the junction of the A16 and A29 ). Amiens station is served by regional train services to destinations that include Rouen, Calais, Lille, Reims, Compiègne and Paris-Nord. Saint-Roch (Somme) station in the western part of the city is served by local trains towards Rouen and Abbeville. A regular bus route with

9984-462: The war. In June 1944 following D-Day , Amiens was heavily bombed by the Royal Air Force. The town was liberated by British forces on 31 August. The city was rebuilt according to Pierre Dufau 's plans with a focus on widening the streets to ease traffic congestion. These newer structures were primarily built of brick, concrete and white stone with slate roofs. The architect Auguste Perret designed

10088-490: Was another violation of the Treaty of Lunéville. However, Britain had not signed that treaty, and the powers that had signed it tolerated Napoleon's actions. Tsar Alexander had just congratulated Bonaparte for withdrawing from there and other places, but the Swiss move increased the belief in his cabinet that Bonaparte was not to be trusted. Bonaparte met British protests over the action with belligerent statements, again denying Britain's right to be formally involved in matters on

10192-523: Was decided after the war to serve the city by a trolleybus with one route to Longueau. This was only in part realized, serving Saint-Acheul, Rouen, La Madeleine and Saint-Pierre. In 1964, trolleybuses were abandoned and the bus became ubiquitous in Amiens transportation. The current public transport network  [ fr ] consists of a bus network managed by the Ametis mixed economy company  [ fr ] , whose network covers Amiens Métropole ,

10296-599: Was mostly built during the 19th century after the demolition of the city wall. It lies at the south of the town center. It has numerous bourgeois houses and townhouses , predominantly in brick, blending architectural styles of the period, including neoclassical , troubadour and neo-Gothic . There are also private mansions, such as the Acloque mansion and the house of Jules Verne . The Saint-Acheul neighborhood( IPA: [sɛ̃t‿aʃœl] ) existed before Amiens' inception, as people have lived there since prehistoric times. This

10400-446: Was not looking toward a peaceful resolution of his differences with the other European powers. Britain was labouring under a sense of loss of control, as well as loss of markets, and was worried by Napoleon's possible threat to its overseas colonies. Frank McLynn argues that Britain went to war in 1803 out of a "mixture of economic motives and national neuroses – an irrational anxiety about Napoleon's motives and intentions." However, in

10504-404: Was not until the abdication of Bonaparte in 1814 that the last of the imprisoned British civilians were allowed to return home. Addington proved an ineffective prime minister in wartime and was replaced on 10 May 1804 with William Pitt, who formed the Third Coalition . Pitt was involved in failed assassination attempts on Bonaparte's life by Cadoudal and Pichegru . Napoleon, now Emperor of

10608-437: Was replaced by the more accommodating Henry Addington . At that point Britain was motivated by the danger of a war with Russia. Addington's foreign secretary, Robert Jenkinson, Lord Hawkesbury , immediately opened communications with Louis Guillaume Otto , the French commissary for prisoners of war in London through whom Bonaparte had made his earlier proposals. Hawkesbury stated that he wanted to open discussions on terms for

10712-549: Was sent to France with plenipotentiary powers to negotiate a final agreement. The expectation among the British populace that peace was at hand put enormous pressure on Cornwallis, something that Bonaparte realised and capitalised on. The French negotiators, Napoleon's brother Joseph as well as Talleyrand, constantly shifted their positions, leaving Cornwallis to write, "I feel it as the most unpleasant circumstance attending this unpleasant business that, after I have obtained his acquiescence on any point, I can have no confidence that it

10816-408: Was to be guaranteed by one or more powers, to be determined at the final peace. France was to restore Egypt to Ottoman control, to withdraw from most of the Italian peninsula and to agree to preserve Portuguese sovereignty. Ceylon , previously a Dutch territory, was to remain with the British, and Newfoundland fishery rights were to be restored to their prewar status. Britain was also to recognise

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