Malkasten (English: "Paintbox") is a progressive German artists' association, founded in Düsseldorf in 1848, during the March Revolution . Since 1867, their headquarters have been in the Pempelfort district.
60-566: During the unrest in 1848, artists also began to take part in political discussions. In August of that year, the Verein für demokratische Monarchie [ de ] held an event called the "Fest der Deutschen Einheit" (Festival for German Unity). Many artists and sculptors associated with the Düsseldorfer Malerschule took part in its artistic design. On the night of the celebration, they decided to establish an artist's association which,
120-673: A biergarten since 2014. Some of the extensions and annexes are still undergoing renovation, with financial support from the Gerda Henkel Foundation [ de ] . According to the minutes of the general meeting in April, 2019, the organization currently has 302 regular members (mostly artists); down from 403 in 2002, when the last official list was published, but up from 280 in 2018. In addition, there are approximately 170 "extraordinary" members (friends and sponsors), and five honorary members. Malkasten has four organizational units:
180-451: A colossal statue of a god. Without arms, it is unclear what the statue originally looked like. The original appearance of the Venus has been disputed since 1821, with de Clarac arguing that the Venus was a single figure holding an apple, whereas Quatremere held that she was part of a group, with her arms around another figure. Other proposed restorations have included the Venus holding wreaths,
240-565: A cornerstone of the Louvre's antiquities collection in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars , and its fame spread through distribution in photographs and three-dimensional copies. The statue inspired over 70 poems, influenced 19th-century art and the Surrealist movement in the early 20th century, and has been featured in various modern artistic projects, including film and advertising. In contrast to
300-456: A dove, or spears. Wilhelm Fröhner suggested in 1876 that the Venus de Milo 's right hand held the drapery slipping down from her hips, while the left held an apple; this theory was expanded on by Furtwängler. Kousser considers this the "most plausible" reconstruction. Scientific analyses conducted during restoration of the Venus in 2010 supported the theory that the arm fragment and hand holding
360-483: A duel in which he was killed. This incident served as inspiration for the classic novel, Effi Briest , by Theodor Fontane . For the Rhenish Millennium Celebration [ de ] in 1925, the members of Malkasten staged historical-themed parades, with hundreds of costumed participants. Three years later, they presented one of the last festivals honoring the artist, Albrecht Dürer . Throughout
420-443: A few days later, they named "Malkasten", at the suggestion of Karl Hübner . The name was meant to express the equality of every "color"; artistic and political. The 112 founding members included not only academic professors, such as Theodor Hildebrandt , Heinrich Mücke and Karl Ferdinand Sohn , but also Lorenz Clasen , the editor of the satirical journal Düsseldorfer Monathefte [ de ] , as well as many members of
480-447: A few weeks, the organization's statutes had been established, and the first Board of Directors elected. In the statutes it was stipulated that the KVM, as an "association for a sociable artistic life", should represent a heterogeneous membership and "has no other purpose than to discuss and promote the interests of art and artists, and to entertain each other socially". As early as 1849, the board
540-436: A marble statue; with a total value of 46,000 Thalers . Construction on the new clubhouse began in 1864, and the building was dedicated in 1867. The garden pond was decorated with a statue modeled after the " Venus de Milo ", made of the metal from melted paint tubes. Due to its relatively soft texture, the statue's buttocks became the target of people with crossbows , slings and blowguns . In September 1877, Emperor Wilhelm I
600-445: A metal tenon that would have supported the right arm. The Venus' flesh is polished smooth, but chisel marks are still visible on other surfaces. The drapery is more elaborately carved on the right-hand side of the statue than the left, perhaps because on the left-hand side it was originally obscured from view. Likewise the Venus is less finely-finished from behind, suggesting that it was originally intended to be viewed only from
660-476: A reproduction of the Venus in a performance, Yves Klein produced a copy in International Klein Blue , and artists including Arman , Clive Barker , and Jim Dine have all made sculptures inspired by the Venus. The iconic status of the Venus de Milo has meant that in the 20th century it has been used in film and advertising: a poster for the 1932 film Blonde Venus shows Marlene Dietrich as
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#1733116343979720-413: A work by Praxiteles. The scholarly consensus in the 19th century was that the Venus dated to the fourth century BC. In 1893, Adolf Furtwängler was the first to argue that it was in fact late Hellenistic, dating to c. 150 BC – c. 50 BC , and this dating continues to be widely accepted. One of the inscriptions discovered with the statue, which was drawn by Debay as fitting into
780-544: Is an ancient Greek marble sculpture that was created during the Hellenistic period. Its exact dating is uncertain, but the modern consensus places it in the 2nd century BC, perhaps between 160 and 110 BC. It was rediscovered in 1820 on the island of Milos , Greece, and has been displayed at the Louvre Museum since 1821. Since the statue's discovery, it has become one of the most famous works of ancient Greek sculpture in
840-440: Is an over 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall Parian marble statue of a Greek goddess, most likely Aphrodite , depicted with a bare torso and drapery over the lower half of her body. The figure stands with her weight on her right leg, and the left leg raised; her head is turned to the left. The statue is missing both arms, the left foot, and the earlobes. There is a filled hole below her right breast that originally contained
900-508: The Salle de l'Isis was renovated in the 1880s, the Venus was given a new pedestal which allowed spectators to rotate the sculpture; at the same time the approach to the sculpture was filled with other ancient Venus statues. A proposal in 1919 to display the Venus alongside the Leonardo's Mona Lisa and Michelangelo 's Dying Slave and Rebellious Slave was never carried out, but in 1936,
960-691: The Acrocorinth , which depicted Aphrodite admiring herself in a shield. Christine Mitchell Havelock, who believes the Capuan Venus was based on the Venus de Milo , by contrast considers the Melian sculpture "a fresh invention" of the Hellenistic period. No ancient source can be securely identified as discussing the Venus de Milo , and there are neither enough surviving ancient statues, nor enough evidence about how ancient Greeks judged artistic quality, to judge how
1020-549: The Künstlerverein (artists' association), the affiliated Weinkellerei Malkasten GmbH ( wine cellar ), their bar, restaurant and catering operations, and the Stiftung Malkasten (Malkasten foundation). The catering service has been suspended since 2014. The foundation has been officially recognized as a non-profit organization since 2012. Its aim is to support the association in maintaining its historic buildings, as well as
1080-635: The Malkasten-Redoute , which was celebrated every year until 1938. In 1856, a group of members associated with Leutze and Hermann Becker , called for a "first gathering" of German visual artists in Bingen am Rhein . The meeting, held that September, brought together over 160 artists from twenty-one cities, and led to the establishment of the Allgemeine Deutsche Kunstgenossenschaft [ de ] (General German Art Cooperative);
1140-575: The Venus de Milo caught the attention of the surrealist movement . Erwin Blumenfeld and Clarence Sinclair Bull both made photomontages based on the Venus. Max Ernst used the Venus in his "instruction manuals"; René Magritte painted a plaster copy of the Venus, making her body pink, her robe blue, and leaving the head white; and Salvador Dalì based several paintings and sculptures, including his painting The Hallucinogenic Toreador , on her. In contemporary art , Niki de Saint-Phalle has used
1200-423: The Venus de Milo is perhaps the most famous ancient Greek statue in the world, seen by more than seven million visitors every year. It established itself as a key part of the Louvre's antiquities collection soon after its discovery. At this time, the Louvre had recently lost several major works following the Napoleonic Wars , as objects acquired by Napoleon were returned to their countries of origin. The Venus
1260-667: The Venus de Milo , while in 2003 Eva Green , wearing only a white sheet and black arm-length gloves, recreated the sculpture in The Dreamers . Actresses have frequently been compared to the Venus: an article in Photoplay in 1928 concluded the Joan Crawford was the Hollywood actress whose measurements most resembled the Venus de Milo , Clara Bow and Jean Harlow were both photographed as
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#17331163439791320-491: The apple of discord as a marble hand holding an apple was found alongside it; recent scientific analysis supports the identification of this hand as part of the sculpture. On the basis of a now-lost inscription found near the sculpture, it has been attributed to Alexandros from Antioch on the Maeander , though the name on the inscription is uncertain and its connection to the Venus is disputed. The Venus de Milo rapidly became
1380-463: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Verein für demokratische Monarchie " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try
1440-709: The 1920s, they presented lectures by notable writers, including Thomas Mann . Many Malkasten artists were persecuted during the Gleichschaltung (Nazification) of Germany, but the officials of the organization itself came to terms with the situation. Together with the Militant League for German Culture , they celebrated the "Nationale Erhebung" (National Uprising) and planted a " Hitler Oak [ de ] " dedicated to "Our Savior in Dire Straits" The membership structure itself remained unchanged until 1939, following
1500-609: The Hellenstic period; the Venus de Milo was placed between the classical and Hellenistic galleries. During the Second World War the sculpture was once again removed from the Louvre for safekeeping, and stored in the Château de Valençay . In 1964 it was exhibited in Tokyo and Kyoto; this is the only time the sculpture has left France since it was acquired by the Louvre. In 1972 an experiment
1560-459: The Louvre, three French scholars had published papers on the statue, disagreeing on all aspects of its interpretation: Toussaint-Bernard Éméric-David thought it dated to c. 420 BC – c. 380 BC , between sculptors Phidias and Praxiteles ; Quatremère de Quincy attributed it to the mid-fourth century and the circle of Praxiteles; and the Comte de Clarac thought it a later copy of
1620-522: The Malerschule; including Johann Peter Hasenclever , Joseph Fay , Johann Wilhelm Preyer , Peter Schwingen and the German-born American painter, Emanuel Leutze , who played a key role in developing an art community that was independent of the academies. Although women became active in the organization well before the end of the 19th century, they were not admitted as members until 1977. Within
1680-500: The Venus for magazines. Advertisements for Kellogg's cornflakes , an early speakerphone made by General Telephone & Electronics , Levi's jeans and Mercedes-Benz cars have all used the Venus. In contrast with the popular and artistic appreciation of the Venus, since Fürtwangler re-dated the sculpture to the Hellenistic period some scholars have been more critical. In his History of Greek Art , Martin Robertson argues that
1740-562: The Venus have been published. In the 19th century paintings of the Venus often depicted statuettes of the figure, for instance in Honoré Daumier 's The Connoisseur . 19th-century artists also used the Venus as a model: Max Klinger based the Minerva in his Judgement of Paris on the Venus de Milo; Eugene Delacroix may have used it for Liberty Leading the People . In the early 20th century,
1800-401: The Venus. It was brought to France, where Louis XVIII had it installed in the Louvre. Contrary to the usual practice at the time, on the recommendation of Quatremère de Quincy , the Venus was not significantly restored but was exhibited in the state in which she was discovered. Quatremère, who believed that the Venus was originally part of a group with a sculpture of Mars, argued that as
1860-464: The apple found alongside the sculpture were originally part of the Venus; Martinez argues that the identification of the sculpture as Venus holding an apple is thus definitively proved. Hamiaux suggests that the Venus de Milo is of the same sculptural type as the Capuan Venus and another sculpture of Aphrodite from Perge. She argues that all derive from the cult statue in the temple of Aphrodite on
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1920-441: The assistant gymnasiarch . The other, recorded on a drawing made by Auguste Debay , preserves part of a sculptor's signature. Both inscriptions are now lost. Other sculptural fragments found around the same time include a third herm, two further arms, and a foot with sandal. Dumont D'Urville wrote an account of the find. According to his testimony, the Venus statue was found in a quadrangular niche . If this findspot were
1980-480: The entire Mars was missing it was impossible to restore the sculpture. The Venus de Milo was initially installed in the Louvre in 1821; it was rapidly moved twice before finding a long-term home in the Salle du Tibre where it remained until 1848. From there it was moved to the Salle de l'Isis , where it remained until being removed from the museum in 1870 for protection during the Paris Commune . When
2040-417: The farmer uncovered two large pieces of the sculpture and a third, smaller piece. A fragment of an arm, a hand holding an apple, and two herms were also found alongside the statue. Two inscriptions were also apparently found with the Venus. One, transcribed by Dumont D'Urville , a French naval officer who arrived on Milos shortly after the discovery, commemorates a dedication by one Bakchios son of Satios,
2100-457: The find to the Comte de Marcellus , assistant to Charles François de Riffardeau, marquis de Rivière , the French ambassador. Rivière agreed that Marcellus should go to Melos to buy the statue. By the time Marcellus arrived at Melos, the farmer who discovered the statue had already received another offer to buy it, and it had been loaded onto a ship; the French intervened and Marcellus was able to buy
2160-538: The finds the plaque is shown as the base of one of the herms found alongside the Venus. As the inscription is lost, its connection to the Venus cannot be either proven or disproven. Magiddis suggested that the Venus de Milo was carved by the same sculptor who also made the Poseidon of Melos . Isméni Trianti has suggested that three further sculptures found in Melos can be attributed to the same artist: two statues of women, and
2220-470: The first Chairman of the revived organization, from 1945 to 1955. In 1977, Helga Radener-Blaschke [ de ] was the first woman to be accepted as a full member of Malkasten. Since 1992, efforts have been made to open the premises and engage with the wider public. The "Jacobihaus" contains lounges and an archive, while the "Hentrichhaus" offers a theater, artist cellar, restaurant and bar. The surrounding park, now known as Malkastenpark , has had
2280-471: The first national organization of artists in Germany. As the association grew, it became impractical to hold meetings and events in rented venues, which were often too small or too expensive. From 1857, efforts were made to acquire land on which to build a permanent meeting hall and administrative offices. They eventually focused their attention on a parcel near Schloss Jägerhof , which was the former residence of
2340-414: The front. While the body of the Venus is depicted in a realistic style, the head is more idealised. The lips are slightly open, showing teeth, and the eyes and mouth are small. The sculpture has been minimally restored: only the tip of the nose, lower lip, big toe on the right foot, and some of the drapery. Stylistically, the sculpture combines elements of classical and Hellenistic art. Features such as
2400-405: The missing section of the statue's plinth, names the sculptor as [---]andros, son of [M]enides, of Antioch on the Maeander . The inscription must date to after 280 BC, when Antioch on the Maeander was founded; the lettering of the inscription suggests a date of 150–50 BC. Maggidis argues based on this inscription, as well as the style of the statue and the increasing prosperity of Melos in
2460-465: The number of angles through which they pass. In architectural terms, she is a baroque composition with classic effect". The Venus de Milo was discovered on 8 April 1820 by a Greek farmer on the island of Milos , then still part of the Ottoman Empire . Olivier Voutier , a French sailor interested in archaeology, witnessed the discovery and encouraged the farmer to continue digging. Voutier and
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2520-506: The original context for the Venus, the niche and the gymnasiarch's inscription suggests that the Venus de Milo was installed in the gymnasium of Melos. An alternative theory proposed by Salomon Reinach is that the findspot was instead the remains of a lime kiln , and that the other fragments had no connection to the Venus; this theory is dismissed by Christofilis Maggidis as having "no factual basis". After stopping in Melos, D'Urville's ship sailed to Constantinople , where he reported
2580-516: The outbreak of World War II . Up to then, the number of members was steady at around 400. Although some sacrifices had to be made, the strong sense of community enabled them to survive the Great Depression and the Nazi regime. After 1945, their heavily damaged buildings were rebuilt, according to plans created by the architects Helmut Hentrich and Hans Heuser [ de ] . Hentrich served as
2640-1317: The park, and preserve its independence. The association's board organizes ongoing exhibitions, artist talks, concerts, film screenings, lectures and other cultural events in the buildings and in the park. Access to the events is open to all interested parties, mostly free of charge or at a low price. Verein f%C3%BCr demokratische Monarchie Look for Verein für demokratische Monarchie on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Verein für demokratische Monarchie in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
2700-411: The period due to Roman involvement on the island which he suggests is a plausible context for the commissioning of the sculpture, that it probably dates to c. 150 BC – c. 110 BC . Rachel Kousser agrees with Furtwängler's dates for the sculpture. Marianne Hamiaux suggests c. 160 BC – c. 140 BC . The association of the fragmentary artist's signature with
2760-450: The philosopher, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi . The City of Düsseldorf wanted to keep it from falling into the hands of speculators so, in 1861, they approved Malkasten's request to incorporate and acquire the property. To finance the acquisition, the corporation's Chairman, Otto Euler [ de ] , organized a lottery. The artists provided oil paintings (in gilded frames), watercolors, lithographs , prints and photographs, as well as
2820-424: The popular appreciation of the sculpture, scholars have been more critical. Though upon its discovery the Venus was considered a classical masterpiece, since it was re-dated to the Hellenistic period classicists have neglected the Venus in favour of studying sculptures mentioned in ancient written sources, even though they only survive as later copies which are technically inferior to the Venus. The Venus de Milo
2880-484: The purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for the first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verein_für_demokratische_Monarchie " Venus de Milo The Venus de Milo or Aphrodite of Melos
2940-409: The same room. The Venus de Milo is probably a sculpture of the goddess Aphrodite , but its fragmentary state makes secure identification difficult. The earliest written accounts of the sculpture, by a French captain and the French vice-consul on Melos, both identify it as representing Aphrodite holding the apple of discord , apparently on the basis of the now-lost hand holding an apple found with
3000-401: The sculpture was once again moved to the Salle de la Vénus de Milo to accommodate the volume of visitors to the Louvre; the other Venus statues were removed to focus visitors on the Venus de Milo . At this time the route for visitors through the Louvre was modified to be more chronological, coming through galleries of archaic and classical sculpture before arriving in a gallery dedicated to
3060-427: The sculpture would have been received in the ancient world. But, according to Kenneth Clark (in 1949), "within a few years of her discovery in 1820, the Venus de Milo had taken the central, impregnable position formerly occupied by the Venus de' Medici , and even now that she has lost favour with connoisseurs and archaeologists she has held her place in popular imagery as a symbol, or trade mark, of Beauty". Today
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#17331163439793120-511: The sculpture, and thus the identification of the sculptor as Alexandros of Antioch, is not universally accepted. Kousser and Jean-Luc Martinez both question this connection. Kousser notes that though the plaque is shown fitting into the broken base of the Venus in Debay's drawing, the drawing shows no evidence of the sculpture's missing left foot which would have rested on it, while in Voutier's sketch of
3180-411: The sculpture. An alternative identification proposed by Reinach is that she represents the sea-goddess Amphitrite , and was originally grouped with a sculpture of Poseidon from Melos, discovered in 1878. Other proposed identifications include a Muse , Nemesis , or Sappho . The authorship and date of the Venus de Milo were both disputed from its discovery. Within a month of its acquisition by
3240-544: The small, regular eyes and mouth, and the strong brow and nose, are classical in style, while the shape of the torso and the deeply carved drapery are Hellenistic. Kenneth Clark describes the figure as "the last great work of antique Greece", and "of all the works of antiquity one of the most complex and the most artful. ...[the sculptor] has consciously attempted to give the effect of a 5th-century work", while also using "the inventions of his own time"; "the planes of her body are so large and calm that at first we do not realise
3300-459: The world. The Venus de Milo is believed to depict Aphrodite , the Greek goddess of love, whose Roman counterpart was Venus . Made of Parian marble , the statue is larger than life size, standing over 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high. The statue is missing both arms. The original position of these missing arms is uncertain. The sculpture was originally identified as depicting Aphrodite holding
3360-427: Was able to officially announce that almost all of Düsseldorf's male artists had joined the association. Following the decision that non-artists could join, it became a focal point for Düsseldorf's intellectual community. The composer, Robert Schumann , was admitted as a member in 1850. The public at large was able to participate in some of the group's activities, through events such as a masked ball and carnival, known as
3420-530: Was followed by a banquet. The event made such an impression on the public officials of Düsseldorf that a mural of it was painted in the meeting room of the new Town Hall [ de ] in 1894. In the early 1880s, the Rittmeister , Armand von Ardenne [ de ] , and his wife, Elisabeth [ de ] , became acquainted with the magistrate, Emil Hartwich , at a Malkasten event. The subsequent love affair between Elisabeth and Emil led to
3480-401: Was made with a new site for the sculpture, and it was temporarily moved to allow renovations in the 1980s and 1990s; by 1999 the volume of visitors to the Venus was causing problems and the Louvre authorities were considering returning the sculpture to its previous setting. In 2010 the sculpture was installed in its new setting, with the sculptural fragments discovered alongside it on display in
3540-535: Was soon one of the most famous antiquities in Europe; in the 19th century it was distributed in plaster casts, photographs, and bronze copies. A plaster cast was sent to the Berlin Academy in 1822, only a year after the Louvre acquired the Venus, and a cast was displayed at The Crystal Palace . The Venus de Milo has been the subject of both literature and the visual arts since its discovery. More than 70 poems about
3600-453: Was the guest of honor for the presentation of several tableaux vivants ; one of which depicted General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , crossing the Rhine near Kaub , with Prussian and Russian forces, thereby initiating the campaign in north-east France (1814) . The script for the event and the staging were produced by Karl Hoff , with music composed by Julius Tausch [ de ] . This
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