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67-699: The Malaysian Communist Party ( MCP ) was a merger of the Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist-Leninist (CPM-ML) and the Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction (CPM-RF). Both factions split out from the Malayan Communist Party in the 1970s. MCP traced its roots to splinter groups amongst communist guerrillas in southern Thailand in the 1970s. The party conducted armed struggle in the Malaysian-Thai border areas between 1983 and 1987. The former CPM-RF members lay down their arms on 13 March 1987 and

134-484: A Comintern courier was intercepted by the police, about six raids were conducted from June to December saw several party members were arrested and documents seized, sending the party into disarray. Information extracted from the courier indicated at this point there were 1,500 members and 10,000 sympathisers. Despite this setback, the MCP gained influence in the trade union movement and organised several strikes, most notably at

201-629: A war of national liberation against the British Empire during the Malayan Emergency . After the departure of British colonial forces from the Federation of Malaya , the party fought in a third guerrilla campaign against both the Malaysian and Singaporean governments in an attempt to create a communist state in the region, before disbanding in 1989. Today, due to historical connotations surrounding

268-528: A Central Military Committee which consisted of the politburo and some of the MPLA's regimental commanders and political officers. The most influential members of the politburo were Chin Peng , Yeung Kwo and Lau Lee . At this point the army had about 4000 soldiers, about 10% women. It was divided into ten Regiments, nine of which were predominantly Chinese and one of which was composed mostly of Malays and Indians. The latter

335-550: A People's Republic of Malaysia, abolishing 'all reactionary laws', respect of religious freedom, confiscating companies under foreign monopoly capital and bureaucratic monopoly capital, seize lands occupied by big landlords (but not lands owned by wealthy farmers, tani kaya ), redistributing already nationalised lands to landless peasants, eradicate forced labour, equality of all nationalities of Malaysia, oppose imperialism and neo-colonialism, upholding proletarian internationalism . Moreover, whilst CPM insisted on organising in both in

402-473: A deputy COO at no loss of income. Some sources within the company attributed Pandey's ouster as editor to his poor management style and ethical breaches. Some staffers who worked with Pandey cited his creation of a hostile workplace environment and unprofessional behavior. Five current and former staffers blamed him for driving away many newsroom employees, creating a toxic environment and breaching ethics. Meanwhile, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha denied that

469-402: A general food-control program called 'Operation Starvation' was instituted. In 'food restricted areas', eating was only permitted at home, not at cafes and restaurants or workplaces. Shop keepers had to keep strict account of all food sold, and canned goods had to be punctured at time of sale to necessitate their being used promptly. Widespread burning of villages suspected of Communist sympathies

536-551: A letters page where expatriate and Thai regulars exchange opinions on local and international concerns. According to the Post , more than half of its total readership are Thai nationals. During the tenure of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra , the Post largely toed the government line—at one point bowing to government pressure by firing a reporter who had exposed cracks in the runway of the prestige project Suvarnabhumi Airport along with

603-501: A rising atmosphere of tension, the government outlawed the burgeoning trade union federations on 12 June 1948. Then on 16 June they declared a state of emergency after three European planters were murdered by Communists in Perak state. The police were given sweeping powers of arrest, and punishments including the death penalty could be administered without an ordinary trial. In the two weeks following hundreds of MCP members were arrested, and

670-519: Is required. Foreign staff write for the newspaper's news, op-ed, sports, business, and features sections. In a country where media censorship is common, the Bangkok Post portrays itself as being comparatively free. There are instances where the newspaper has been accused of self-censorship to avoid controversy or conflict with powerful individuals, including adherence to the country's strict lèse-majesté law, which prohibits open criticism of members of

737-677: The Batu Arang coal mine in 1935. They also set up workers' committees at some workplaces. These committees, and the strikes, were promptly crushed by troops and police. Many ethnic Chinese strikers were deported to China, where they were often executed by the Chinese Nationalist government as Communists. After Japan invaded China in 1937, there was a rapprochement between the Malayan Kuomintang and Communists, paralleling that in China. Under

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804-521: The Briggs Plan of 1950. By the mid-1950s about 500,000 people (roughly 10% of Malaya's population) had been moved into compounds, termed 'New Villages', which were surrounded by high barbed wire fences and guarded by police. On mines and estates, employees did not face relocation but merely 'regroupment' into guarded compounds on site. About 650,000 people were regrouped in this manner. In addition, in June 1951,

871-724: The Communist Party of Malaya ( CPM ), was a Marxist–Leninist and anti-imperialist communist party which was active in British Malaya and later, the modern states of Malaysia and Singapore from 1930 to 1989. It was responsible for the creation of both the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army and the Malayan National Liberation Army . The party led resistance efforts against the Japanese occupation of Malaya and Singapore during World War II , and later fought

938-573: The Japanese Empire invaded Malaya. The British colonial authorities now accepted the MCP's standing offer of military co-operation. On 15 December, all left-wing political prisoners were released. From 20 December the British military began to train party members in guerrilla warfare at the hastily established 101st Special Training School (101st STS) in Singapore. About 165 MCP members were trained before

1005-625: The Thai Royal Family . Yet another example was the newspaper's failure during the Vietnam War to report on bombing forays made from US Air Force bases in Thailand over military targets in North Vietnam and Cambodia , none of which received coverage in the local press. Throughout the early-2000s, the Bangkok Post took positions that were, at times, generally favorable to the government. After

1072-631: The Thai election of 2011 the paper took a largely anti-Thaksin position aligned with the Yellow Shirts and the Democrat Party . The Bangkok Post was at one time well known among expatriates for Bernard Trink 's weekly Nite Owl column, which covered the nightlife of Bangkok. Trink's column was published from 1966 (originally in the Bangkok World ) until 2004, when it was discontinued. The newspaper has

1139-496: The 'Emergency' was over. However, Emergency restrictions remained in place in the area near the Thailand border. In the mid 1960s the US State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 2000. Bangkok Post From July 2016 until mid-May 2018, the editor of the Bangkok Post was Umesh Pandey . On 14 May 2018, Pandey was "forced to step down" as editor after refusing to soften coverage critical of

1206-509: The (Malaysian part of) Malaya and Singapore, MCP acknowledged the Malaysian statehood and the political separation between Malaysia and Singapore. MCP was estimated to have around 800 fighters, according to Thai military sourced quoted in the Bangkok Post the MCP merger brought together some 500 guerrilla fighters from CPM/ML and some 300 guerrilla fighters from the CPM/RF (whilst the original CPM

1273-568: The 8th MNLA regiment broke away, forming CPM/RF. Later the second district of the 12th MNLA regiment, based at the Betong West Camp, broke away and formed CPM/ML. Both CPM/RF and CPM/ML repeatedly denounced the CPM leader Chin Peng as counter-revolutionary. MCP called on CPM members to join the new party. The merger of CPM/RF and CPM/ML had been preceded by failed reconciliation talks in Beijing between

1340-790: The BMA was immediately faced with strikes and demonstrations in which the Communists played an active part. Several were put down by armed force and the leaders banished. The MCP also exerted influence through parliamentary parties such as the Malayan Democratic Union (MDU) and the Malay Nationalist Party (MNP). In 1946, amid a discontent with the leadership's cautious line, an investigation commenced into rumours of Lai Teck 's treachery. Before he could be questioned in March 1947, Lai Teck fled

1407-439: The British defences collapsed. These fighters, scantily armed and equipped by the hard-pressed British, hurriedly dispersed and attempted to harass the occupying army. Just before Singapore fell to the Japanese on 15 February 1942, the party began organising armed resistance in the state of Johore . Soon four armed groups, which became known as 'Regiments', were formed, with 101st STS trainees serving as nuclei. In March this force

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1474-499: The CPM and the break-away groups. MCP sought to apply Marxism–Leninism to Malaysian conditions. Both of the founding factions of MCP had rejected the application of the Maoist line of encircling the cities from the country-side in Malaysian context, as the peasantry was predominantly Malay whilst communist cadres were predominantly Chinese. MCP sought to gain support from both Chinese urban workers as well as Malay peasants. MCP called for

1541-565: The Chirathivat family (owners of Central Group ), the South China Morning Post of Hong Kong and GMM Grammy Pcl , Thailand's biggest media and entertainment company. Post Publishing PLC, publisher of the Bangkok Post , Post Today (daily Thai language business), and M2F (free Thai language daily) newspapers, returned a modest profit of 450,000 baht in 2016 compared to a 42.1 million baht loss in 2015. On 14 May 2018, Pandey

1608-545: The Dutch East Indies, which did not then have their own Communist parties. The party operated as an illegal organisation under British colonial rule. On 29 April 1930, a raid conducted by the Singapore Special Branch on a vacant house at 24 Nassim Road in Singapore almost ended the MCP as eight of its original founding members were arrested before being imprisoned or deported back to China. In June 1931, after

1675-633: The Emergency Regulations, a cessation of hostilities, reform of Malaya's political system, democratic rights, support for world peace, and attention to other matters including education, health, welfare, and industrial production. The negotiations commenced in the Government English School (now as Sekolah Kebangsaan Tunku Putera) near Baling town in southeastern Kedah state, in northern Malaya, on 28 December 1955. They lasted more than eight hours, and were spread over two days. The MCP

1742-698: The Fourth Army Region of the Royal Thai Army . On 26 April 1987, Voice of the People of Malaysia announced that the radio broadcasts would cease the following day. Notably the agreement to cease hostilities was done between the two military forces (Second Military District of the MPLA and the Fourth Army Region of the Royal Thai Army respectively), rather than on political level. In doing so the Thai government avoided

1809-451: The MCP and a return to the pre-conflict situation. The Government demanded the dissolution of the MCP, and the talks broke down. In 1956 Chin Peng wrote to Tunku Abdul Rahman offering to resume negotiations. This was rejected by Rahman in a broadcast on 2 April. In April 1957, Hor Lung, a Politburo member in charge of the Southern operations of the MPLA since 1953, was bribed to surrender to

1876-668: The MCP, communism as an ideology remains a taboo political topic in both countries. The communist movement actually appeared in Pahang earlier around the middle of the 1920s. At that time, the Communist Youth League was formed in the Chinese settlement centers such as in Raub , Bentong , Mentakab and Manchis . The followers of this movement are mostly made up of Chinese students who are in their teens and early twenties. They have been taught

1943-577: The MPAJA avoided engagements and concentrated on consolidation, amassing 4,500 soldiers by Spring 1943. From May 1943, British commandos from Force 136 infiltrated Malaya and made contact with the guerrillas. Early in 1944 an agreement was reached whereby the MPAJA would accept some direction from the Allied South East Asia Command (SEAC) and the Allies would give the MPAJA weapons and supplies. It

2010-422: The MPAJA. The MPAJA consolidated this support by providing protection. O'Ballance estimates that in mid-1942 the regimental strengths were about 100 in the first Regiment, 160 in the 2nd, 360 in the 3rd, and 250 in the 4th. At this time a 5th, 6th, and 7th Regiment were formed. This army, which included women, was conceived as both a military and political force, along Maoist lines. When Singapore fell, Lai Teck

2077-484: The MPLA existed mainly in Perak and the Southern part of Johore. By early 1959 the MPLA was active only around the Thai border. Meanwhile, on 31 August 1957, Malaya became independent from Britain. Tunku Abdul Rahman became prime minister. The Director of Operations against the insurrection, however, remained a British General, namely Lieutenant-General Archibald Cassels . On 31 July 1960 the government formally declared that

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2144-613: The Malay police force and the civilian population and began to forcibly raise funds. Many in the rank and file advocated revolution. The cautious approach which was favoured by Lai Teck and a majority of the leadership prevailed—a decision which was later viewed as a major missed opportunity. On 12 September the British Military Administration (BMA) was installed at Kuala Lumpur. Later that year MPAJA reluctantly agreed to disband. Weapons were handed in at ceremonies where

2211-575: The OSS itself, although there is no proof of this. Nevertheless, under MacDonald's stewardship, the Bangkok Post was reasonably independent and employed many young reporters, including Peter Arnett and T. D. Allman , who later became known internationally. Alex MacDonald left Thailand after a military coup in the early 1950s, and the newspaper was later acquired by Roy Thomson . The paper has since changed hands. Major shareholders in Post Publishing include

2278-461: The People of Malaysia' (previously the 'Voice of the People of Malaya', new name announced 11 December 1983). The Voice of the People of Malaysia was broadcast in Malay, Standard Chinese, Cantonese and Tamil. With the establishment of diplomatic relations between Thailand and the People's Republic of China in 1976 and the cessation of Chinese logistic support for the Communist Party of Thailand in 1981,

2345-493: The Thai authorities were emboldened to confront the communist armed forces in the country. A joint military-civilian campaign against the MCP was launched, modelled after a similar campaign against Thai communist insurgents in north-eastern Thailand . In particular the Second MPLA Military District was affected by the Thai campaign. On 28 December 1983, the Thai military announced a joint Malaysian-Thai offensive in

2412-730: The Thai forces. A reconciliation ceremony was held outside of Betong, presided over by the Commander of the Fourth Army Region Lt.-Gen. Visith Artkhumwong and attended by Thai military and civilian officials. The former MCP/MPLA guerrillas were resettled five peace villages; four along the road between Betong and Yala and one in Sadao. Communist Party of Malaya [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics [REDACTED] Former parties Former parties Former parties The Malayan Communist Party ( MCP ), officially

2479-559: The aim of coercing material aid, information, and silence. This policy contributed to a loss in popular support and was repudiated by the CEC in September 1951. On 1 February 1949 the MPABA changed its name to ' Malayan National Liberation Army ' (MNLA) and The party began to campaign for a Peoples' Democratic Republic of Malaya, which included Singapore. The MPLA had a General Headquarters controlled by

2546-528: The border areas. In 1984 and 1985 Thai authorities sent out peace feelers to MCP. On 14 April 1987, the Voice of the People of Malaysia announced an agreement between the MPLA and the Thai authorities, whereby MPLA would cease its armed struggle whilst the Thai authorities would respect the 'dignity of [the MPLA] members'. As per the announcement, on 27 and 28 April 1987 some 700 MPLA guerrillas were expected to surrender to

2613-556: The building of a people's democratic united front to defeat 'the reactionary Kuala Lumpur regime'. The party argued that "[t]he reactionary Kuala Lumpur regime is using various means to implement its suppressive, discriminatory, and divide-and-rule policy and is deliberately pitting various groups against one another and destroying the harmony among these groups. Furthermore, they are colluding more actively with foreign monopolistic and capitalistic groups and developing through various means bureaucratic, monopolistic capitalists, accelerating

2680-476: The country with party funds. Badly shaken, the Central Executive Committee kept the defection secret for a year while they struggled to come to terms with it. The 26-year-old Chin Peng was chosen as the new Secretary General. A senior officer in the MPAJA 5th Regiment in Perak, he had been the party's principal liaison with Force 136 . The party's stance became more resolutely anti-British. Amid

2747-484: The former CPM-ML members lay down theirs on 28 April 1987. It eventually accepted a deal for cessation of hostilities with the Thai military and its cadres were resettled in 5 'friendship villages'. The party was formed on 5 December 1983 through the merger of two Communist Party of Malaya splinter groups; the Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction and the Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist . The two key leaders of MCP were Ah Leng (General Secretary of

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2814-470: The government pressured the Post to reassign Pandey, dismissing the action as "an issue within a private company." The Bangkok Post employs (April 2015) 179 journalists, including reporters, rewriters, editors, copy editors, photographers, and designers. Twenty-nine foreign nationals work as copy editors and print and digital news editors. Sunday editor Paul Ruffini is an Australian national. Many Post staff reporters are Thai nationals, as fluency in Thai

2881-599: The ideals of communism by some of their teachers and are usually encouraged to show opposition to capitalism, colonial oppression and western imperialism in their public meetings and discussion groups. In April 1930 the South Seas Communist Party was dissolved and was replaced by the Communist Party of Malaya. While its primary responsibility was Malaya and Singapore, the party was also active in Thailand and

2948-465: The issue of having accorded legitimacy to a communist insurgent force from a neighbouring country. In exchange for cessation of hostilities MPLA guerrillas were settled in 'friendship villages' in southern Thailand and were given guarantees against deportation to Malaysia. On 28 April 1987, some 542 MPLA guerrillas (537 according to another account) emerged from the jungle. 252 of the guerrillas who surrendered were women. They surrendered their equipment to

3015-546: The new economic policy, and crazily confiscating and selling the country's natural resources." After the founding of the party the adoption of a new party constitution and a party programme for New Democratic Revolution were announced. The latter document, adopted at the first sitting of the MCP Central Committee on 5 December 1983 contained ten points; including the 'overthrow the reactionary regime, bureaucratic capitalists, feudalism and imperialism', establishment of

3082-411: The news editor, while The Nation , the Post' s competitor, actively campaigned for Thaksin to resign. Bangkok Post columnist Andrew Biggs , who had previously worked at The Nation , views the Post as the "more staid" of the two dailies. He noted that both publications have been "...champions of democracy. The Nation was just a little more vocal about it." Biggs's column in the Bangkok Post

3149-464: The party was declared illegal on 23 July. Party militants regrouped in the jungle as the Malayan Peoples' Anti-British Army (MPABA), many ex-MPAJA personnel. The initial commander, Lau Yew , was killed in action on 16 July. Chin Peng narrowly escaped arrest and rejoined his comrades with difficulty. During this period the MCP also engaged in intimidation, including assassination, of civilians with

3216-526: The party, hailing from CPM/ML) and Huang Chen (former CPM/RF leader). MCP traced its roots to a crisis in the CPM in the Thai–Malaysian border regions following a 1968–1970 internal purge. Up to 200 cadres were estimated to have killed in the purge, resulting in two out of four guerrilla camps of the Malayan National Liberation Army in the area rebelling against the CPM leadership. In 1970 the Sadao Camp of

3283-435: The ruling military junta. The Bangkok Post was founded by Alexander MacDonald, a former OSS officer, and his Thai associate, Prasit Lulitanond. Thailand at the time was the only Southeast Asian country to have a Soviet Embassy . The U.S. embassy felt it needed an independent, but generally pro-American newspaper to counter Soviet views. Some claim the financing came directly from the US State Department or possibly even

3350-405: The security forces. By July 1957, about 30,000 square miles (approximately 78,000 km²) out of Malaya's total area of 50,850 square miles (approximately 130,000 km²) had been declared by the government as 'White Areas' – areas where the MPLA had essentially been eliminated and the Emergency Regulations withdrawn. In August 1957, Kuala Lumpur and district were declared 'White'. By mid 1958

3417-402: The three races of Malaya. Road or rail ambushes were favoured by the guerrillas, averaging about 17 per month from September 1949 to February 1950, and 56 per month from then until September 1950, peaking at 100 in the latter month. To prevent peasants, particularly squatters, from aiding the guerrillas, the British commenced relocation, which became a major component of British strategy under

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3484-400: The wartime role of the army was praised. Six thousand eight-hundred soldiers were officially disbanded, but a proportion of weapons were withheld, particularly handguns. The party was still not legal but able to operate without repression. The MCP adopted a 'National Front' policy, building a broad coalition to work for national independence within legal means. Due to bad economic conditions,

3551-665: The wing of the Kuomintang, the MCP was able to operate more easily. Anti-Japanese sentiment among Malayan Chinese gave the party a great opportunity to recruit members and raise funds under the banner of defence of China. At this time, the party was infiltrated by an apparent British agent, Lai Teck , who became its Secretary-General in April 1939. Despite this severe security breach, the Party continued to operate effectively. By mid-1939 it claimed about 40,000 members, about half in Singapore. The MCP

3618-428: Was "forced to step down" as editor after refusing to soften coverage critical of the ruling military junta. He said the board of directors had asked him to "tone down" the newspaper's reporting and editorials on the actions of the military government, especially its suppression of free speech and election postponements. In a written statement by Pandey issued on 14 May, he said, "When asked to tone down I did not budge and

3685-495: Was abandoned after mass deaths, and the government instead adopted strategy of offering the aborigines' aid and building forts in aborigine territory. In July 1955 Malaya's first general elections took place, with Tunku Abdul Rahman becoming Chief Minister. One of his first acts was to declare a partial amnesty. The amnesty remained in place until 8 February 1956 but resulted in only 73 surrenders. On 24 September 1955 Chin Peng wrote to Rahman offering to negotiate peace. This

3752-642: Was accepted and on 17 October two government representatives, Too Joon Hing, an Assistant Minister of Education, and I.S. Wylie, the Deputy Commissioner of the Federation police, met Chin Peng and another member of the MCP Central Executive Committee at Klian Intan . Two further meetings followed in November. On 24 December the MCP released a new 'Eight Point Program' which called for an end to

3819-422: Was also common in the early years. As a military strategy, these restrictive measures were highly successful. By 1953 the MPLA was often short of food and its numbers declined. Faced with failure to establish any 'Liberated Areas', MCP renewed its work with trade unions and political parties. The MPLA, for its part, began to increasingly rely on Malaya's aboriginal population for support. Internment of Aborigines

3886-481: Was arrested by the Japanese and became their agent. On 1 September 1942, acting on his information, the Japanese launched a dawn raid on a secret conference of more than 100 MCP and MPAJA leaders at the Batu Caves just north of Kuala Lumpur , killing most. The loss of personnel forced the MPAJA to abandon its political commissar system, and the military commanders became the heads of the regiments. Following this setback

3953-474: Was blunt in letting those who make decisions know that I would rather lose my position than bow my head." The Post issued a statement on 16 May to assure its readers of its continued commitment to "editorial independence". A senior Post official said that, "This is not an issue of government interference or press freedom per se,...This is simply an internal organisational matter." Pandey was not fired, but transferred to another high-ranking post as assistant to

4020-478: Was dubbed the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) and began sabotage and ambushes against the Japanese. The Japanese responded with reprisals against Chinese civilians. These reprisals, coupled with increasing economic hardship, caused large numbers of Malayan Chinese to flee the cities. They became squatters at the forest margins, where they became the main source of recruits, food, and other assistance for

4087-473: Was ended with the 30 December 2019 edition. A special Learning section of the Bangkok Post website helps Thais learn to read English by using the daily newspaper. Vocabulary, reading questions, video and web resources are provided for a selection of articles every day. Articles are taken from the general news, tourism, entertainment, and business sections of the newspaper. The targeted audience includes individuals studying English and teachers using articles in

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4154-516: Was estimated to have between 800 and 1,300 fighters at the time). MCP had an armed wing, the Malaysian People's Liberation Army (MPLA). It had a front organisation, named the Malaysian People's Liberation League (previously known as the Malayan People's Liberation Union, the erstwhile front organisation of CPM/ML). It ran a clandestine radio broadcast from southern Thailand, named the 'Voice of

4221-435: Was filled by the MPAJA. In many places, especially Chinese areas, they were greeted as heroes as they emerged from the forest. The British recognised the MPAJA's authority, paying its soldiers for the role in the reoccupation. The guerrillas, meanwhile, seized Japanese arms and recruited freely, forming an 8th Regiment and lifting their armed strength over 6,000. At the same time they launched reprisals against collaborators in

4288-507: Was headed by a Central Executive Committee of twelve to fifteen members. About six of these were appointed to the Political Bureau ( Politburo ) which ran the party when the C.E.C was not in session. Each State had State Central Executive Committee and was in turn subdivided into several Districts. The smallest unit of organisation was the Party cell, which typically consisted of the members from one workplace or village. Large Party Congresses were held on an occasional basis. On 8 December 1941,

4355-401: Was not until the spring of 1945, however, that significant amounts of material began to arrive by air drop. Japan's surrender on 15 August 1945 caught the combatants in Malaya by surprise. The first British contingent of reoccupation troops did not arrive until 3 September; Singapore was reoccupied only on the 8th. The Japanese garrison withdrew from the countryside, leaving a power vacuum that

4422-404: Was represented by Chin Peng , the Secretary-General, Rashid Maidin and Chen Tien , head of the MCP's Central Propaganda Department. On the other side were three elected national representatives; Tunku Abdul Rahman , chief minister of the Federation, Dato Tan Cheng-Lock, President of the MCA , and David Marshall, Chief Minister of the Colony of Singapore . Chin Peng wanted legal recognition of

4489-525: Was successfully eliminated by the British who wished to confine the insurgency to the Chinese community. A civilian organisation called the Min Yuen supported the MPLA, collecting supplies and information. The MPLA lived in jungle or forest camps similar to—or even the same as—to those which the MPAJA had used. By mid 1950 they, with the help of the Min Yuen, had acquired uniforms. These were of either khaki or jungle green British pattern. The MPAJA and MPLA usually wore three stars on their caps, signifying

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