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25-726: The Majeerteen Sultanates played an important role in the pre-independence era of Somalia. The Majeerteen also held many other significant government posts in the 1960s and 1970s, and continue to play a key role in Puntland state and Somalia as a whole. For the treaty between the Majeerteen and colonial powers, see "treaties". The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in Somalia's northern regions of Bari , Nugal and Mudug . They can also be found in Kismayo in southern Somalia due to migrations starting in

50-620: A rivalry between the Cali Saleebaan and Cumar Maxamuud in an effort to weaken the Majeerteen in general. Historically, the Majeerteen formed part of a coastal trading network around the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean , along with other subclans. Before the famous Majeerteen Sultanate there was the Sultanate of Amaanle (Abdirahman Awe) which was overthrown and overtaken by Osman Mahamuud who became

75-627: A threat by the Italians, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea , as was his son Ali Yusuf , the heir apparent to his throne. Osman Yusuf Kenadid , the son of the first Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid , was a famous poet and scholar. Osman Yusuf Kenadid was the inventor of the first phonetically standard script for the Somali language in the 1920s, the Osmanya Script. Following

100-408: A two year resistance by Boqor Osman and Majeerteen rebels, Italian Somaliland came under the full authority of Rome by late 1927. Long-lasting Italian costal bombardments on urban settlements and naval blockades were utilized by colonial forces to suppress the rebels. There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from

125-600: Is the capital of the region and the largest city in Bari. The region is part of the autonomous Somali state of Puntland . It is bordered by Sool and Sanaag to the west, Nugal to the south, the Gulf of Aden to the north and the Guardafui Channel to the east. It is located on the tip of the Horn of Africa . Its name, Bari, literally means East in Somali. In terms of landmass, Bari

150-461: Is the largest region in Somalia. The highest point in this region is Mount Bahaya , the third tallest mountain in Somalia with an elevation of 2120 meters; other notable peaks include Karkaar and Cal Miskaad mountains. In 2024, Islamic State (IS) fighters wrested control of the Cal Miskaad (Al Miskaad) mountain range in Bari from rival militant group Al Shabaab . Most of the inhabitants of

175-589: The World Bank 's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom 's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001 . Bari, Somalia Bari ( Somali : Bari , Arabic : بري ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in northeastern Somalia that consists of six districts: Qandala , Iskushuban , Aluula , Bosaso , Bandarbeyla , and Qardho . The port city of Bosaso

200-452: The 19th century along with their fellow members of the larger Harti subclan, the Dhulbahante , Dishiishe and Warsangeli . The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in the land in-between Murcanyo , Bandar Siyad an ancient port town facing the Gulf of Aden , and Garacad a coastal port town, facing the Indian Ocean and all the land in between which corresponds to the area encompassing

225-481: The Bari region belong to the Somali ethnic group including Warsangeli , Majeerteen ,madhibaan Deshiishe , Kaskiqabe ,Leelkase Darood clans and other clans According to the 2015 Population Estimation Survey, the population was 1,887,568 inhabitants. This figure combines both the rural and urban populations of Bari as well all IDPs (internally displaced persons). In the official administrative divisions of Somalia ,

250-592: The Bari region consists of the following seven districts: The Bari region is the largest region of the 18 administrative regions of Somalia and it contains following districts. In 1998, Bari became a part of Puntland , an autonomous region in northeastern Somalia. In the Transitional Constitution of the Puntland Regional Government of 2001, Puntland's territory is defined in terms of Somalia's official regions, Bari being one of them. In

275-537: The Dhulbahante. Likewise, in late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with the Italians , making his realm an Italian protectorate . His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over

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300-869: The Horn of Africa. Therefore, the Majerteen are settled in what is literally considered to be 'the Horn of Africa'. Some Majeerteen people are also found in the Somali Region in Ethiopia , specifically in the Dollo Zone near the Somalia border. The Majeerteen are part of Darod subclans within Somalia. The Majeerteen are more commonly found in the cities of Bosaso , Garowe and Galkacyo which are all regional capitals of Bari, Somalia , Nugal, Somalia and Mudug respectively. The Osman Mahmud (Cismaan Maxamuud), Omar Mahmud (Cumar Maxamuud), and Isse Mahmoud (Ciise Maxamuud) comprise

325-737: The Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force. The relationship between the Sultanate of Hobyo and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a British contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 's Dervish forces . Viewed as too much of

350-550: The Maxamuud Saleebaan, along with Ali Saleebaan and Ugaar Saleebaan which all forms the major subclan of Saleebaan Maxamed (Majeerteen) which a 2010 study identifies as both the main division of Majeerteen and a central and unifying entity in Puntland. During the 1960s, the Osman Mahamud , Ali Saleebaan (or Cali Saleebaan), Wadalmoge and Ciise Maxamuud formed a powerful business class in Kismayo , while Siad Barre exploited

375-469: The domestic front. Osman Mahamuud's Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the late-1800s by a power struggle between himself and his ambitious cousin, Yusuf Ali Kenadid who founded the Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878. Initially he wanted to seize control of the neighbouring Majeerteen Sultanate, ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamud . However, Yusuf Ali Kenadid was unsuccessful in his endeavour, and

400-655: The founders of Raas Assayr state. The leaders of this prospective polity retracted their claims a few months later in June 2012, indicating that they now supported Puntland and were satisfied with the Puntland authorities' new development projects in the region. On 8 April 2013, the Puntland government announced the creation of a new region named Gardafuul . Carved out of the Bari region, it consists of three districts and has its capital at Alula . Osman Mohamoud (king) Osman Mahamuud ( Somali : Cismaan Maxamuud , Arabic : عثمان محمود ), also known as Uthman III ibn Mahmud ,

425-435: The late 19th century, all extant Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Britain or Italy, except for Dhulbahante & Darawiish sultan Diiriye Guure . In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with the Italians , making his realm an Italian protectorate . His rival Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed

450-617: The northeastern Cape Guardafui headland, Boqor Osman's kingdom entered into an informal agreement with Britain , wherein the British agreed to pay the King annual subsidies to protect shipwrecked British crews and guard wrecks against plunder. The agreement, however, remained unratified, as the British feared that doing so would "give other powers a precedent for making agreements with the Somalis, who seemed ready to enter into relations with all comers." In

475-418: The organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, as well as a professional army. Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist. In the late 19th century, all extant northern Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy, except for

500-437: The protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over the Majeerteen Sultanate. In signing the agreements, the rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories. The terms of each treaty specified that Italy

525-458: The subsequent King and Sultan. The Majeerteen Sultanate was founded in the early-16th century and came to prominence in the 19th century, under the reign of the resourceful King ( Boqor ) Osman Mahamuud . His Sultanate controlled Bari Karkaar, Nugaal and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on

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550-467: The years thereafter, Puntland changed its internal administrative division, and the Bari region was split in two: the southern half, roughly coinciding with the Qardho and Bandarbayla Districts, became the new region of Karkaar (also spelled as Karkar). It was subdivided into five new districts: Qardho, Bandarbayla, Waiye , Rako and Hafun Armo District . The northern half continued to be known as Bari and

575-612: Was a Somali king. He led the Majeerteen Sultanate during the 19th century. The Majeerteen Sultanate was established by Somalis from the Majeerteen Darod clan. Osman Mahamuud was the son of Mahmud V ibn Yusuf, who had ruled the Sultanate from 1844 to 1860. Mahmud fils thereafter assumed the throne, governing under the regal title of Boqor (King). The Majeerteen Sultanate rose to prominence that century under Boqor Osman's guidance. Due to consistent ship crashes along

600-618: Was eventually forced into exile in Yemen . A decade later, in the 1870s, Yusuf Ali Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local Hawiye clans and establish the Kingdom of Hobyo in 1878. As with the Majeerteen Sultanate, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of

625-502: Was split into seven districts: five of them keeping their original names ( Bosaso , Iskushuban , Ufayn , Qandala and Alula ), as well as three new ones: Carmo , Tisjiic and Bargal . Radio Galkacyo reported on 19 April 2011 that a new administration, called Raas Asayr, had been declared in parts of Bari Region. Farah Mahmud Yusuf was reported to have been elected as its president. Later, Barre Fatah Said there were possibilities of starting negotiation between Puntland Government and

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