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137-473: Sir Duleep Singh , GCSI (6 September 1838 – 22 October 1893), also spelled Dalip Singh , and later in life nicknamed the "Black Prince of Perthshire ", was the fifth and last maharaja of the Sikh Empire from 1843, serving on the thrones of Kashmir , and Jammu till 1846; and on the throne of Punjab till 1849. He was Maharaja Ranjit Singh 's youngest son, the only child of Maharani Jind Kaur . He

274-460: A duet , Die Liebe hat uns nun vereint ("Love has now united us"). Felix Mendelssohn described Albert playing the Buckingham Palace organ "so charmingly and clearly and correctly that it would have done credit to any professional". After tuition from George Elvey , the organist at St George's Chapel, Windsor, Albert composed several choral pieces for Anglican worship, including settings of

411-584: A dukedom , marquessate or earldom , his eldest legitimate son (if he is the heir to a dukedom or marquessate with additional subsidiary peerages), and for the legitimate male issue of a duke or a marquess, who are styled 'Lord' followed by their first name. For instance, diplomat Lord Nicholas Gordon-Lennox , KCMG, KCVO, who was a younger son of the Duke of Richmond , continued to be styled as 'Lord Nicholas' following his knighthood in 1986, not 'Lord Sir Nicholas'. Other male heirs of an earl who lack courtesy titles , and

548-450: A junior Member of the house of Saxe-Coburg ". The position in which Albert was placed by his marriage, while one of distinction, also offered considerable difficulties; in his own words, "I am very happy and contented; but the difficulty in filling my place with the proper dignity is that I am only the husband, not the master in the house." The Queen's household was run by her former governess, Baroness Lehzen . Albert referred to her as

685-405: A minority government and the opposition took advantage of the marriage to weaken his position further. They opposed a British peerage for Albert and granted him a smaller annuity than previous consorts, £30,000 instead of the usual £50,000. Albert claimed that he had no need of a British peerage, writing: "It would almost be a step downwards, for as a Duke of Saxony, I feel myself much higher than

822-592: A peer —partly because of anti-German sentiment and a desire to exclude Albert from any political role. Albert's religious views provided a small amount of controversy when the marriage was debated in Parliament: although as a member of the Lutheran Evangelical Church Albert was a Protestant, the non- Episcopal nature of his church was considered worrisome. Of greater concern, however, was that some of Albert's family were Roman Catholic. Melbourne led

959-544: A "singular example of quartering differenced arms, [which] is not in accordance with the rules of Heraldry, and is in itself an heraldic contradiction." Prior to his marriage Albert used the arms of his father undifferenced, in accordance with German custom. Albert's Garter stall plate displays his arms surmounted by a royal crown with six crests for the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; these are from left to right: 1. "A bull's head caboshed Gules armed and ringed Argent, crowned Or,

1096-529: A Duke of York or Kent." For the next seventeen years, Albert was formally titled "HRH Prince Albert" until, on 25 June 1857, Victoria formally granted him the title Prince Consort . Victoria explained, in a letter to Lord Palmerston on 15 March 1857, that she was: "... inclined ... to content herself by simply giving her husband by Letters Patent the title of 'Prince Consort' which can injure no one while it will give him an English title consistent with his position, & avoid his being treated by Foreign Courts as

1233-561: A courier, Pundit Nehemiah Goreh , who was also intercepted and forbidden to contact the Maharani. Duleep Singh then decided to go himself. Under cover of a letter from Login he wrote to the British Resident in Kathmandu, who reported that the Maharani had 'much changed, was blind and had lost much of the energy which formerly characterised her.' The British government decided she was no longer

1370-630: A keen interest in the improvement of army training, and was involved in the establishment and development of Aldershot in Hampshire as a garrison town and training base in the 1850s. A wooden Royal Pavilion was built there in which he and Victoria would often stay when they attended military reviews. Albert established and endowed the Prince Consort's Library at Aldershot, which still exists. Biographies published after his death were typically heavy on eulogy. Theodore Martin 's five-volume magnum opus

1507-501: A knighthood for Charles Darwin, after the publication of On the Origin of Species , which was opposed by the Bishop of Oxford . Albert continued to devote himself to the education of his family and the management of the royal household. His children's governess, Lady Lyttelton , thought him unusually kind and patient, and described him joining in family games with enthusiasm. He felt keenly

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1644-859: A list of properties held by Sir Duleep Singh in India. All this renewed his connection with Sikhism. The British Government decided in 1886 against his return to India or his re-embracing Sikhism. Despite protests from the India Office , he set sail for 'home' on 30 March 1886. However, he was intercepted and arrested in Aden , then part of Aden Settlement , where the writ of the Viceroy of India began. He could not be stopped from an informal re-conversion ceremony in Aden, far less grand and symbolic than it would have been in India, done by emissaries sent by Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who

1781-541: A matter of British policy, he was to be culturally anglicised in every possible aspect. His health was reportedly poor and he was often sent to the hill station of Landour near Mussoorie in the Lower Himalaya for convalescence, at the time about 4 days' journey. He would remain for weeks at a time in Landour at a grand hilltop building called The Castle , which had been lavishly furnished to accommodate him. In 1853, under

1918-536: A patron and purchaser of pictures and sculpture, the commission was set up to promote the fine arts in Britain. The commission's work was slow, and the palace's architect, Charles Barry , took many decisions out of the commissioners' hands by decorating rooms with ornate furnishings that were treated as part of the architecture. Albert was more successful as a private patron and collector. Among his notable purchases were early German and Italian paintings—such as Lucas Cranach

2055-559: A picture frame. Duleep Singh remembered his servant James Cawood who died in 1865 with a gravestone in Killin cemetery, Killin, Scotland. A 2017 film, The Black Prince , by the Indian-born film director Kavi Raz told the story of Duleep and his relationship with Queen Victoria. Maharaja Duleep Singh's character is featured in Ubisoft 's Assassin's Creed: Syndicate game. He is featured as

2192-529: A public carriage ride, Albert and the pregnant Victoria were shot at by Edward Oxford , who was later judged insane. Neither Albert nor Victoria was hurt, and Albert was praised in the newspapers for his courage and coolness during the attack. He was gaining public support as well as political influence, which showed itself practically when, in August, Parliament passed the Regency Act 1840 to designate him regent in

2329-557: A realignment of the Saxon duchies the following year; and Albert's father became the first reigning duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . Albert and his elder brother, Ernest , spent their youth in close companionship, which was marred by their parents' turbulent marriage and eventual separation and divorce. After their mother was exiled from court in 1824, she married her lover, Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Pölzig and Beiersdorf . She presumably never saw her children again, and died of cancer at

2466-612: A reputation for supporting public causes, such as educational reform and the abolition of slavery worldwide, and he was entrusted with running the Queen's household , office and estates. He was heavily involved with the organisation of the Great Exhibition of 1851, which was a resounding success. Victoria came to depend more and more on Albert's support and guidance. He aided the development of Britain's constitutional monarchy by persuading his wife to be less partisan in her dealings with

2603-617: A threat and she was allowed to join her son on 16 January 1861 at Spence's Hotel in Calcutta and return with him to England. In 1858 the lease of Castle Menzies expired and Duleep Singh rented the house at Auchlyne from the Earl of Breadalbane . He was known for a lavish lifestyle, shooting parties, and a love of dressing in Highland costume and soon had the nickname "the Black Prince of Perthshire". (At

2740-579: A title rather than 'hey' or 'oi, you' or whatever", and dismissed the male/female issue as "just the way the English language works". In the Southern United States , the term 'sir' is often used to address someone in a position of authority or respect, and is commonly used in schools and universities by students to address their teachers and professors. Whereas the British and Commonwealth female equivalent

2877-550: A trip to Coburg in October 1860, when he was driving alone in a carriage drawn by four horses that suddenly bolted. As the horses continued to gallop toward a wagon waiting at a railway crossing, Albert jumped for his life from the carriage. One of the horses was killed in the collision, and Albert was badly shaken though his only physical injuries were cuts and bruises. He confided in his brother and eldest daughter that he sensed that his time had come. Victoria's mother and Albert's aunt,

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3014-445: A variant of sire , which was already used in English since at least c.  1205 (after 139 years of Norman rule) as a title placed before a name and denoting knighthood, and to address the (male) Sovereign since c.  1225 , with additional general senses of 'father, male parent' is from c.  1250 , and 'important elderly man' from 1362. The prefix is used with the holder's given name or full name, but never with

3151-714: A wish to go back to India but it was suggested by the East India Company Board he take a tour of the European continent, which he did with Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login. He was a member of the Photographic Society, later the Royal Photographic Society , from 1855 until his death. On his return from Continental Europe in 1855 he was given an annual pension of £25,000 a year (approximately £3,000,000 in today's value) provided he "remain obedient to

3288-457: A young Duleep Singh, which based on his real-life struggle as an exiled ruler in Victorian London . Sir Traditionally, as governed by law and custom, Sir is used for men who are knights and belong to certain orders of chivalry , as well as later applied to baronets and other offices. As the female equivalent for knighthood is damehood, the suo jure female equivalent term

3425-658: Is Miss , students will often refer to female teachers as Ma'am . In the Northeast United States , particularly New England , there remains influence of both the British and French traditions as noted above; in general parlance, teachers, authority-figures, and so forth, are referred to by a title of respect such as 'Sir' for males and 'Miss', ' Ms ', or 'Mrs' for females: 'Miss' for unmarried, younger females; 'Ms' for senior, elder, or ranking females that may or may not be married; and 'Mrs' for married or widowed females. If not specifically using their rank or title, 'sir'

3562-514: Is ridiculous: it doesn't match 'Sir' at all. It's just one of the names you can call an unmarried woman", and that "It's a depressing example of how women are given low status and men, no matter how young or new in the job they are, are given high status". This view is not unchallenged, however. The chief executive of the Brook Learning Trust, Debbie Coslett, said "... they call me 'Miss', I'm fine with that. They're showing respect by giving me

3699-486: Is struck by a bullet, which did not happen in real life. In the United Kingdom, Albert was styled "His Serene Highness Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" in the months before his marriage. He was granted the style of Royal Highness on 6 February 1840, and given the title of Prince Consort on 25 June 1857. Upon his marriage to Queen Victoria in 1840, Prince Albert received a personal grant of arms , being

3836-458: Is typically Dame . The wife of a knight or baronet tends to be addressed as Lady , although a few exceptions and interchanges of these uses exist. Additionally, since the late modern period , Sir has been used as a respectful way to address a man of superior social status or military rank . Equivalent terms of address for women are Madam (shortened to Ma'am), in addition to social honorifics such as Mrs , Ms , or Miss . Sir derives from

3973-762: Is used in the United States Armed Forces to address a male commissioned officer. Lower-ranking and non-commissioned officers , such as corporals or sergeants, are addressed using their ranks, though in some of the branches (to be precise, in the Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard), "sir" can also be used to address a drill instructor although he is an NCO. In the British Armed Forces , male commissioned officers and warrant officers are addressed as 'sir' by all ranks junior to them, male warrant officers are addressed as Mr by commissioned officers. In

4110-678: The Te Deum and Jubilate , and an anthem , Out of the Deep . His secular compositions included a cantata , L'Invocazione all'armonia , and Melody for the Violin , which Yehudi Menuhin later described as "pleasant music without presumption". In August 1859, Albert fell seriously ill with stomach cramps. His steadily worsening medical condition led to a sense of despair; the biographer Robert Rhodes James describes Albert as having lost "the will to live". Albert later had an accidental brush with death during

4247-640: The Trent Affair —the forcible removal of Confederate envoys from a British ship, the RMS Trent , by Union forces during the American Civil War —threatened war between the United States and Britain. The British government prepared an ultimatum and readied a military response. Albert was gravely ill but intervened to defuse the crisis. In a few hours, he revised the British demands in a manner that allowed

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4384-498: The Blue Room at Windsor Castle , in the presence of the Queen and five of their nine children. He was 42 years old. The contemporary diagnosis was typhoid fever, but modern writers have pointed out that Albert's ongoing stomach pain, which left him ill for at least two years before his death, may indicate that a chronic disease such as Crohn's disease , kidney failure or abdominal cancer

4521-475: The British Parliament , but he actively disagreed with the interventionist foreign policy pursued during Lord Palmerston 's tenure as Foreign Secretary . Albert died in 1861 at the age of 42, devastating Victoria so much that she entered into a deep state of mourning and wore black for the rest of her life. On her death in 1901, their eldest son succeeded as Edward VII , the first British monarch of

4658-557: The Czar of the benefits of invading India through the north and reinstalling him as ruler. She died in Sussex on 6 August 1930. Queen Victoria and Maharaja Duleep Singh reconciled their differences before he died. Out of loyalty to Maharani Bamba, the Queen refused to receive Ada, whom she suspected had been involved with the Maharaja before Maharani Bamba's death in 1887. In 1854, Madame Blavatsky ,

4795-737: The Dominion of India became a modern republic in the Commonwealth of Nations in 1950, followed by Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956. The Order of the Star of India became dormant in the Commonwealth realms from February 2009, and the Order of the Indian Empire after August 2010, when the last knights of the orders died. In Nigeria , holders of religious honours like the Knighthood of St. Gregory make use of

4932-613: The Duchess of Kent , was the sister of both Albert's father—the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha—and King Leopold. Leopold arranged for his sister, Victoria's mother, to invite the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and his two sons to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of meeting Victoria. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander , second son of

5069-641: The East India Company took over a house in Wimbledon and then eventually another house in Roehampton which became his home for three years. He was also invited by the Queen to stay with the Royal Family at Osborne , where she sketched him playing with her children and Prince Albert photographed him, while the court artist, Winterhalter , made his portrait. He eventually got bored with Roehampton and expressed

5206-454: The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , named after the ducal house to which Albert belonged. Prince Albert was born on 26 August 1819 at Schloss Rosenau , near Coburg , Germany, the second son of Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , and his first wife, Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg . His first cousin and future wife, Victoria , had been born earlier in the same year with the assistance of

5343-543: The India Office purchased for him) a 17,000 acres (69 km) country estate at Elveden on the border between Norfolk and Suffolk , close to Thetford , in 1863. He enjoyed living in Elveden Hall and the surrounding area and restored the church, cottages, and school. He transformed the run-down estate into an efficient game preserve and it was here that he gained his reputation as the fourth best shot in England. The house

5480-469: The Isle of Wight as a private residence for their growing family. Over the next few years a house modelled in the style of an Italianate villa was built to the designs of Albert and Thomas Cubitt . Albert laid out the grounds, and improved the estate and farm. Albert managed and improved the other royal estates; his model farm at Windsor ( Shaw Farm ) was admired by his biographers, and under his stewardship

5617-658: The Kingdom of Ireland , Knights of the Order of St. Patrick were entitled to the style of 'Sir'. Regular creation of new knights of the order ended in 1921 upon the formation of the Irish Free State . With the death of the last knight in 1974, the Order became dormant. As a privilege of the members of the Order of the Knights of Rizal ( Orden de Caballeros de Rizál ), the prefix "Sir" is attached to their forenames while wives of Knights add

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5754-670: The Lincoln administration to surrender the Confederate commissioners who had been seized from the Trent and to issue a public apology to London without losing face. The key idea, based on a suggestion from The Times , was to give Washington the opportunity to deny that it had officially authorised the seizure and thereby to apologise for the captain's mistake. On 9 December, one of Albert's doctors, William Jenner , diagnosed him with typhoid fever. Albert died at 10:50 p.m. on 14 December 1861 in

5891-476: The Order of Barbados . This practice has now been discontinued, though individuals who received a knighthood or damehood when the country was still a Commonwealth realm may continue to use the titles "Sir" and "Dame" within their lifetimes. As part of the consolidation of the crown colony of India , the Order of the Star of India was established in 1861 to reward prominent British and Indian civil servants, military officers and prominent Indians associated with

6028-462: The Prince of Orange . Victoria was well aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. She wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful." Alexander, on

6165-513: The Royal Albert Hall and the Victoria and Albert Museum . The area was referred to as " Albertopolis " by sceptics. In 1852, John Camden Neild , an eccentric miser, left Victoria an unexpected legacy, which Albert used to obtain the freehold of Balmoral. As usual, he embarked on an extensive programme of improvements. The same year, he was appointed to several of the offices left vacant by

6302-681: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), only commissioned officers are addressed as 'sir'; NCOs and constables are addressed by their rank. Male British police officers of the rank of Inspector or above are addressed as 'Sir' (women of inspecting rank are called Ma'am). In the Hong Kong Police Force , male superiors are respectfully known by their surname followed by 'sir'. For example, Inspector Wong would be addressed or referred to as 'Wong-sir'. Male police officers are sometimes known colloquially as "Ah-sir" (阿Sir) to

6439-666: The Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 , and had to fight for every stage of the project. In the House of Lords , Lord Brougham fulminated against the proposal to hold the exhibition in Hyde Park . Opponents of the exhibition prophesied that foreign rogues and revolutionists would overrun England, subvert the morals of the people, and destroy their faith. Albert thought such talk absurd and quietly persevered, trusting always that British manufacturing would benefit from exposure to

6576-585: The Russian and Ottoman empires . Palmerston was more bellicose, and favoured a policy that would prevent further Russian expansion. Palmerston was manoeuvred out of the cabinet in December 1853, but at about the same time a Russian fleet attacked the Ottoman fleet at anchor at Sinop . The London press depicted the attack as a criminal massacre, and Palmerston's popularity surged as Albert's fell. Within two weeks, Palmerston

6713-617: The University of Bonn , where he studied law, political economy, philosophy and the history of art. He played music and he excelled at sport, especially fencing and riding. His tutors at Bonn included the philosopher Fichte and the poet Schlegel . The idea of marriage between Albert and his first cousin Victoria was first documented in an 1821 letter from his paternal grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who said that he

6850-465: The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced by a white three-point label with a red cross in the centre, quartered with his ancestral arms of Saxony . They are blazoned : "Quarterly, 1st and 4th, the Royal Arms, with overall a label of three points Argent charged on the centre with cross Gules ; 2nd and 3rd, Barry of ten Or and Sable , a crown of rue in bend Vert ". The arms are unusual, being described by S. T. Aveling as

6987-414: The "House Dragon", and manoeuvred to dislodge the Baroness from her position. Within two months of the marriage, Victoria was pregnant. Albert started to take on public roles; he became President of the Society for the Extinction of Slavery (slavery was still lawful in most parts of the world beyond the British Empire); and helped Victoria privately with her government paperwork. In June 1840, while on

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7124-399: The 16th century. The practice may have been an attempt to reinforce the authority of teachers from lower social classes among classes of largely upper class students. Jennifer Coates, emeritus professor of English language and linguistics at Roehampton University , has criticised the use of the title for male teachers, saying that " 'Sir' is a knight. There weren't women knights, but 'Miss'

7261-595: The 1990s. Since then, though former imperial honours are still awarded by certain Commonwealth realms, many of them have discontinued grants of British honours as they have developed their own honours systems, some of which include knighthoods. Today, British honours are only substantive for British nationals so recognised, including dual nationals, and for nationals of those realms which have retained them as part of their honours systems. Dual national recipients of British knighthoods who hold British citizenship, such as academic and immunologist Sir John Bell , are entitled to

7398-453: The Allied strategy after the Tsar decided to fight a purely defensive war. Early British optimism soon faded as the press reported that British troops were ill-equipped and mismanaged by aged generals using out-of-date tactics and strategy. The conflict dragged on as the Russians were as poorly prepared as their opponents. The Prime Minister, Lord Aberdeen , resigned, and Palmerston succeeded him. A negotiated settlement eventually put an end to

7535-424: The British Empire (KBE), an imperial honour, as the Bahamas did not have its own honours system at the time. Although Poitier, as a Bahamian citizen by descent, was eligible for a substantive ('ordinary') award of the KBE, the Bahamian government preferred the knighthood to be honorary as Poitier was permanently residing in the United States. Knighthoods in the gift of the government of a Commonwealth realm only permit

7672-401: The British Government," and was officially under ward of Sir John Spencer Login and Lady Login, who leased Castle Menzies in Perthshire , Scotland, for him. He spent the rest of his teens there, but at 19 he demanded to be in charge of his household. Eventually, he was given this and an increase in his annual pension. In 1859 Lt Col James Oliphant was installed as Equerry to the Maharaja at

7809-440: The British, and he reverted to Sikhism. While in exile, he sought to learn more about Sikhism and was eager to return to India. Though previous efforts were thwarted by his handlers, he re-established contact with his cousin Sardar Thakar Singh Sandhawalia, who on 28 September 1884 left Amritsar for England along with his sons Narinder Singh and Gurdit Singh and a Sikh granthi (priest), Pratap Singh Giani . He also brought

7946-435: The Curragh, the Prince of Wales was introduced by his fellow officers to Nellie Clifden , an Irish actress. By November, Victoria and Albert had returned to Windsor, and the Prince of Wales had returned to Cambridge, where he was a student. Two of Albert's young cousins, King Pedro V of Portugal and his brother Ferdinand , died of typhoid fever within five days of each other in early November. On top of that news, Albert

8083-405: The Duchess of Kent, died in March 1861, and Victoria was grief-stricken. Albert took on most of the Queen's duties despite his continuing chronic stomach trouble. The last public event over which he presided was the opening of the Royal Horticultural Gardens on 5 June 1861. In August, Victoria and Albert visited the Curragh Camp , Ireland, where the Prince of Wales was attending army manoeuvres. At

8220-401: The Elder 's Apollo and Diana and Fra Angelico 's St Peter Martyr —and contemporary pieces from Franz Xaver Winterhalter and Edwin Landseer . Ludwig Gruner , of Dresden, assisted Albert in buying artworks of the highest quality. Albert and Victoria were shot at again on both 29 and 30 May 1842, but were unhurt. The culprit, John Francis, was detained and condemned to death, although he

8357-453: The Indian Empire. The Order of the Indian Empire was established in 1878 as a junior-level order to accompany the Order of the Star of India, and to recognise long service. From 1861 to 1866, the Order of the Star of India had a single class of Knights (KSI), who were entitled to the style of 'Sir'. In 1866, the order was reclassified into three divisions: Knights Grand Commander (GCSI), Knights Commander (KCSI) and Companions (CSI); holders of

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8494-561: The Northern United States, where 'Sir' was only used 25% of the time. 'Sir', in conjunction with 'Ma'am' or 'Madam', is also commonly used in the Philippines and South Asia , not only to address customers and vice versa, but also to address people of a higher social rank or age. 'Sir' is used as gender-neutral term to address superior ranking officers in the series Star Trek and The Orville . Albert, Prince Consort Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel; 26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861)

8631-466: The Ottoman Pasha of Vidin. Baker was outbid by the Pasha but bribed the girl's attendants. The two ran away in a carriage together and eventually, as Florence Baker , she became Baker's lover and wife and accompanied him everywhere he journeyed. When he was 18, Singh wrote to his mother in Kathmandu , suggesting that she should join him in Great Britain , but his letter was intercepted by the British authorities in India and did not reach her. He then sent

8768-436: The Prince and his eldest son were other than deeply affectionate". Philip Magnus wrote in his biography of Albert's eldest son that Albert "tried to treat his children as equals; and they were able to penetrate his stiffness and reserve because they realised instinctively not only that he loved them but that he enjoyed and needed their company". Albert was a talented amateur musician and composer. For his wedding, he composed

8905-528: The Prince and home affairs: His influence over the Queen was on the whole liberal; he greatly admired Peel, was a strong free-trader, and took more interest in scientific and commercial progress, and less in sport and fashion than was at all popular in the best society. In 1847, Albert was elected Chancellor of the University of Cambridge after a close contest with the Earl of Powis . Albert used his position as chancellor to campaign successfully for reformed and more modern university curricula by expanding

9042-410: The Prince of Wales failed at his lessons, Albert caned him. Corporal punishment was common at the time, and was not thought unduly harsh. Albert's biographer Roger Fulford wrote that the relationships between the family members were "friendly, affectionate and normal ... there is no evidence either in the Royal Archives or in the printed authorities to justify the belief that the relations between

9179-484: The Thistle and the knighthoods in the Royal Victorian Order) – are recognised across the Commonwealth realms, along with their accompanying styles. British knighthoods (in the Orders of the Bath, St. Michael and St. George, and in the Order of the British Empire, along with Knights Bachelor) were known as imperial honours during the existence of the British Empire . Those honours continued to be conferred as substantive, not honorary, awards by most Commonwealth realms into

9316-481: The UK. The equivalent for a female who holds a knighthood or baronetcy in her own right is ' Dame ', and follows the same usage customs as 'Sir'. Although this form was previously also used for the wives of knights and baronets, it is now customary to refer to them as 'Lady', followed by their surname; they are never addressed using their full names. For example, while Lady Fiennes is correct, Lady Virginia and Lady Virginia Fiennes are not. The widows of knights retain

9453-413: The age of 30 in 1831. The following year, their father married his niece Princess Marie of Württemberg ; their marriage was not close, however, and Marie had little—if any—impact on her stepsons' lives. The brothers were educated privately at home by Christoph Florschütz and later studied in Brussels , where Adolphe Quetelet was one of their tutors. Like many other German princes, Albert attended

9590-412: The age of five, Duleep Singh was proclaimed Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, with Maharani Jind Kaur as Regent. On 13 December 1845 the British East India Company declared war on the Sikhs and, after winning the First Anglo-Sikh War , retained the Maharaja as nominal ruler, but replaced the Maharani with a Council of Regency and later imprisoned and exiled her. Over thirteen years passed before Duleep Singh

9727-544: The awarding orders of knighthood to bishops and Grand Masters . Their precedence is as follows: For Example, Sir Burton P. C. Hall , KSS , KHS would be the correct style for lay knights. Lieutenants of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre , are styled as "Your Excellency", such as H.E. Dame Trudy Comeau, DC*HS . Catholic clergy who are invested as Knight Chaplains may use post-nominal letters, but must retain their clerical titles, like Rev. Robert Skeris , KCHS . Knights and Dames of papal orders are not allowed to use

9864-412: The bearer to use his style within that country or as its official representative, provided he is a national of that country; knighthoods granted by other realms may be considered foreign honours. For instance, Anthony Bailey was reprimanded by Buckingham Palace and the British government in 2016 for asserting that an honorary Antiguan knighthood (which was revoked in 2017) allowed him the style of 'Sir' in

10001-622: The best products of foreign countries. Victoria opened the exhibition on 1 May 1851 in a specially designed and built glass building known as the Crystal Palace . It proved a colossal success. A surplus of £180,000 was used to purchase land in South Kensington on which to establish educational and cultural institutions, including the Natural History Museum , Science Museum , Imperial College London and what would later be named

10138-409: The claim that he introduced Christmas trees to Britain, are dismissed by scholars. Recent biographers such as Stanley Weintraub portray Albert as a figure in a tragic romance who died too soon and was mourned by his lover for a lifetime. In the 2009 film The Young Victoria , Albert, played by Rupert Friend , is made into a heroic character. In the fictionalised depiction of the 1840 shooting, he

10275-577: The country and across the British Empire . The most notable are the Royal Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial in London. The plethora of memorials erected to Albert became so great that Charles Dickens told a friend that he sought an "inaccessible cave" to escape from them. After Albert's death, Victoria withdrew from public life and her seclusion eroded some of Albert's work in attempting to remodel

10412-460: The daughter of a civil engineer) had been Duleep's mistress before he decided to return to India with his family, and upon being stopped in Aden by the British authorities he abandoned his family and moved to Paris, where she joined him. They married in Paris on 28 April 1889. She stayed with him through his years in Paris and also travelled with him to St. Petersburg , Russia , where he failed to persuade

10549-471: The death of the Duke of Wellington , including the mastership of Trinity House and the colonelcy of the Grenadier Guards . With Wellington's death, Albert was able to propose and campaign for modernisation of the army, which was long overdue. Thinking that the military was unready for war and that Christian rule was preferable to Islamic rule, Albert counselled a diplomatic solution to conflict between

10686-465: The departure of his eldest daughter for Prussia when she married her fiancé at the beginning of 1858, and was disappointed that his eldest son, the Prince of Wales , did not respond well to the intense educational programme that Albert had designed for him. At the age of seven, the Prince of Wales was expected to take six hours of instruction, including an hour of German and an hour of French every day. When

10823-924: The eight children died without legitimate issue, ending the direct line of the Sikh Royalty. There is a memorial at Eton College in England to Princes Victor and Frederick, Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh's two sons who studied at Eton in the 1870s. Maharani Bamba Müller was an Arabic -speaking, part- Ethiopian , part- German woman, whose father was a German banker and whose mother was an Abyssinian Coptic Christian slave. She and Sir Duleep met in Cairo in 1863 on his return from scattering his mother's ashes in India; they were married in Alexandria , Egypt , on 7 June 1864. The Maharani died in London on 18 September 1887. Ada Douglas Wetherill (born 15 January 1869 in Kennington, Surrey,

10960-498: The event of Victoria's death before their child reached the age of majority. Their first child, Victoria , named after her mother, was born in November. Eight other children would follow over the next seventeen years. All nine children survived to adulthood, which was remarkable for the era; biographer Hermione Hobhouse credited the healthy running of the nursery on Albert's "enlightened influence". In early 1841, he successfully removed

11097-591: The founder of the Theosophical Society , met her Master Morya in England, who was in her words, "in the company of a dethroned native prince". This "native prince" according to general consent was Sir Duleep Singh. He was a member of the Freemasons and was admitted into the lodge in 1861. On 21 October 1893, the day before Sir Duleep Singh's death, Prince Victor Duleep Singh , the eldest son of Sir Duleep Singh, had visions of his father looking at him through

11234-418: The highest and lowest dignities being universal, a king was recognized as king everywhere, and also a knight: "though a Knight receive his Dignity of a Foreign Prince, he is so to be stiled in all Legal Proceedings within England .. and Knights in all Foreign Countries have ever place and precedency according to their Seniority of being Knighted" Established in 1783 and primarily awarded to men associated with

11371-518: The honorific title sire ; sire developed alongside the word seigneur , also used to refer to a feudal lord. Both derived from the Vulgar Latin senior , sire comes from the nominative case declension senior and seigneur , the accusative case declension seniōrem . The form 'Sir' is first documented in English in 1297, as the title of honour of a knight, and latterly a baronet , being

11508-628: The houses of the very rich. Albert's funeral was held on 23 December 1861 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle . His body was temporarily entombed in the chapel's Royal Vault. A year after his death, his remains were deposited at the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore , which remained incomplete until 1871. The sarcophagus, in which both he and Victoria were eventually laid, was carved from the largest block of granite that had ever been quarried in Britain. Despite Albert's request for no effigies of him to be raised, many public monuments were erected all over

11645-599: The lease from the owner, the Earl Fife . In May the following year, Albert leased Balmoral, which he had never visited. In September 1848 he, his wife and their older children went there for the first time. They came to relish the privacy it afforded. Revolutions spread throughout Europe in 1848 as a result of a widespread economic crisis. Throughout the year, Victoria and Albert complained about Foreign Secretary Palmerston 's independent foreign policy, which they believed further destabilised Continental European powers. Albert

11782-411: The male heirs of a viscount or baron, do however use the style of 'Sir' if knighted, the style following that of ' The Hon ', for example The Honourable Sir Charles Algernon Parsons , OM, KCB, FRS. 'Sir', along with 'Miss' for women, is commonly used in the British school system to address teachers and other members of staff. Usage of these terms is considered a mark of respect, and can be dated back to

11919-557: The match would take place. Victoria came to the throne on 20 June 1837, aged 18. Her letters of the time show interest in Albert's education for the role he would have to play, although she resisted attempts to rush her into marriage. In the winter of 1838–39, the prince visited Italy, accompanied by the Coburg family's confidential adviser, Baron Stockmar . Albert returned to the United Kingdom with Ernest in October 1839 to visit Victoria, with

12056-473: The ministry, added the style of The Reverend to his secular honorific of Sir , thus becoming the Revd. Sir Nicholas Beatson-Bell KCSI, KCIE. Clergy of other denominations may use different conventions. Peers who have been knighted are neither styled as 'Sir' nor addressed as such in the formal sense of the style, as their titles of nobility take precedence. The same principle applies for the male heir apparent to

12193-584: The monarchy as a national institution by setting a moral, if not political, example. Albert is credited with introducing the principle that the British royal family should remain above politics. Before his marriage to Victoria, she supported the Whigs . For example, early in her reign, Victoria had managed to thwart the formation of a Tory government by Sir Robert Peel by refusing to accept substitutions that Peel wanted to make among her ladies-in-waiting. Albert showed

12330-566: The need for better schooling. A collection of his speeches was published in 1857. Recognised as a supporter of education and technological progress, he was invited to speak at scientific meetings, such as the memorable address he delivered as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science when it met at Aberdeen in 1859. His espousal of science met with clerical opposition; he and Palmerston unsuccessfully recommended

12467-530: The notable members of the Knights of Rizal include King Juan Carlos I of Spain who was conferred a Knight Grand Cross of Rizal on 11 February 1998. In the case of a military officer who is also a knight, the appropriate form of address puts the professional military rank first, then the correct manner of address for the individual, then his name. Examples include: This is also the case with academic ranks and titles, such as ' Professor '. For example, Patrick Bateson

12604-467: The nursery from Lehzen's pervasive control, and in September 1842, Lehzen left Britain permanently—much to Albert's relief. After the 1841 general election , Melbourne was replaced as prime minister by Sir Robert Peel , who appointed Albert chairman of the Royal Commission in charge of redecorating the new Palace of Westminster . The Palace had burned down seven years before , and was being rebuilt. As

12741-509: The objective of settling the marriage. Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839. Victoria's intention to marry was declared formally to the Privy Council on 23 November, and the couple married on 10 February 1840 at the Chapel Royal , St James's Palace . Just before the marriage, Albert was naturalised by an Act of Parliament, and granted

12878-405: The other hand, she described as "very plain". Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy." Although the parties did not undertake a formal engagement, both the family and their retainers widely assumed that

13015-651: The prefix "Lady" to their first names. These apply to both spoken and written forms of address. The Knights of Rizal is the sole order of knighthood in the Philippines and a constituted Order of Merit recognized by the Orders, decorations, and medals of the Philippines . The prefix is appended with the relevant post-nominal according to their rank at the end of their names: Knight of Rizal (KR), Knight Officer of Rizal (KOR), Knight Commander of Rizal (KCR), Knight Grand Officer of Rizal (KGOR) and Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR). Among

13152-505: The prefix "Sir" nor do they receive an accolade ; instead they use the associated post-nominal letters . Only citizens of Commonwealth realms may receive substantive knighthoods and have the privilege of the accompanying style. In general, only knighthoods in dynastic orders – those orders in the personal gift of the Sovereign and Head of the Commonwealth (the Order of the Garter, the Order of

13289-489: The prefix "Sir" or "Dame" in the United Kingdom, although they may use post-nominal letters. Not allowing the prefix is because the use of foreign titles is not permitted by the British Crown without a Royal Licence, and as a matter of policy (currently based on a Royal Warrant of 27 April 1932), a Royal Licence to bear any foreign title is never granted. On the other hand, allowing the post-nominal letters would be explained by

13426-551: The recommendation of Sir John Login. Oliphant was to be a possible replacement should anything happen to the Maharaja's most trusted friend Sir John Login (who did indeed die four years later in 1863). In the 1860s, Singh moved from Castle Menzies to Grandtully Castle . From 1858 to 1862 Duleep Singh rented Mulgrave Castle , near Whitby. While Sir Samuel White Baker was visiting the Duke of Atholl on his shooting estate in Scotland, he befriended Maharaja Duleep Singh. In 1858–1859,

13563-644: The revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall —the hereditary property of the Prince of Wales—steadily increased. Unlike many landowners who approved of child labour and opposed Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws , Albert supported moves to raise working ages and free up trade. In 1846, Albert was rebuked by Lord George Bentinck when he attended the debate on the Corn Laws in the House of Commons to give tacit support to Peel. During Peel's premiership, Albert's authority behind, or beside,

13700-411: The rim chequy Gules and Argent" for Mark . 2. "Out of a coronet Or, two buffalo horns Argent, attached to the outer edge of five branches fesswise each with three linden leaves Vert" for Thuringia . 3. "Out of a coronet Or, a pyramidal chapeau charged with the arms of Saxony ensigned by a plume of peacock feathers Proper out of a coronet also Or" for Saxony . 4. "A bearded man in profile couped below

13837-827: The same midwife, Charlotte von Siebold . He was baptised into the Lutheran Evangelical Church on 19 September 1819 in the Marble Hall at Schloss Rosenau, with water taken from the local river, the Itz . His godparents were his paternal grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ; his maternal grandfather, the Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg ; the Emperor of Austria ; the Duke of Teschen ; and Emanuel, Count of Mensdorff-Pouilly . In 1825, Albert's great-uncle, Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg , died, which led to

13974-689: The same time, he was known to have gradually developed a sense of regret for his circumstances in exile, including some inner turmoil about his conversion to Christianity and his forced departure from the Panjab). His mother stayed in Perthshire with him for a short time, before he rented the Grandtully Estate, near Aberfeldy . Following the death of his mother and Sir John Login in 1863, he returned to England. Maharaja Duleep Singh (as he became in June 1861) bought (or

14111-478: The shoulders clothed paly Argent and Gules, the pointed coronet similarly paly terminating in a plume of three peacock feathers" for Meissen . 5. "A demi griffin displayed Or, winged Sable, collared and langued Gules" for Jülich . 6. "Out of a coronet Or, a panache of peacock feathers Proper" for Berg . The supporters were the crowned lion of England and the unicorn of Scotland (as in the Royal Arms) charged on

14248-460: The style of Royal Highness by an Order in Council . Initially Albert was not popular with the British public; he was perceived to be from an impoverished and undistinguished minor state, barely larger than a small English county. The British prime minister, Lord Melbourne , advised the Queen against granting her husband the title of " King Consort "; Parliament also objected to Albert being created

14385-511: The style of Sir as their knighthoods are substantive. This may not necessarily be the case for dual nationals who are not British citizens and who instead hold citizenship of another Commonwealth realm. In 1974, Lynden Pindling , the Prime Minister of the Bahamas , recommended dual Bahamian-American citizen Sidney Poitier for an honorary knighthood as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of

14522-424: The style of wives of knights, however widows of baronets are either referred to as 'dowager', or use their forename before their courtesy style. For example, the widow of Sir Thomas Herbert Cochrane Troubridge, 4th Baronet , would either be known as Dowager Lady Troubridge or Laura, Lady Troubridge . Prior to becoming a republic in November 2021, Barbados awarded the title Knight or Dame of St. Andrew within

14659-655: The subjects taught beyond the traditional mathematics and classics to include modern history and the natural sciences. Albert gained public acclaim when he expressed paternalistic yet well-meaning and philanthropic views. In an 1848 speech to the Society for the Improvement of the Condition of the Labouring Classes , of which he was president, he expressed his "sympathy and interest for that class of our community who have most of

14796-506: The surname alone. For example, whilst Sir Alexander and Sir Alexander Fleming would be correct, Sir Fleming would not. Today, in the UK and in certain Commonwealth realms , a number of men are entitled to the prefix of 'Sir', including knights bachelor , knights of the orders of chivalry and baronets ; although foreign nationals can be awarded honorary knighthoods. Honorary knights do not bear

14933-704: The throne became more apparent. He had access to all the Queen's papers, was drafting her correspondence and was present when she met her ministers; he would even see them alone in her absence. The clerk of the Privy Council, Charles Greville , wrote of him: "He is King to all intents and purposes." In 1847, Victoria and Albert spent a rainy holiday in the west of Scotland at Loch Laggan , but heard from their doctor, Sir James Clark , that Clark's son had enjoyed dry, sunny days farther east at Balmoral Castle . The tenant of Balmoral, Sir Robert Gordon , died suddenly in early October, and Albert began negotiations to take over

15070-541: The title 'Sir', but instead refer to their knighthood using post-nominal letters. For example, the Reverend John Polkinghorne , KBE would never be referred to as Sir John Polkinghorne . If however an Anglican clergyman inherits a baronetcy or was knighted before his ordination, he will retain his style and title. For instance, Sir Nicholas Beatson-Bell KCSI , KCIE , who was a knighted Indian Civil Service officer and imperial administrator before entering

15207-401: The toil and fewest of the enjoyments of this world". It was the "duty of those who, under the blessings of Divine Providence, enjoy station, wealth, and education" to assist those less fortunate than themselves. His progressive and relatively liberal ideas were expressed by his support of emancipation, technological progress, science education, the ideas of Charles Darwin , and the welfare of

15344-511: The tutelage of his long-time retainer Bhajan Lal (himself a Christian convert), he converted to Christianity at Fatehgarh Sahib with the approval of the Governor-General Lord Dalhousie . His conversion remains controversial, and it occurred before he turned 15. He later had serious doubts and regrets regarding this decision and reconverted to Sikhism in 1886. He was also heavily and continuously exposed to Christian texts under

15481-430: The tutelage of the devout Sir John Spencer Login . His two closest childhood friends were both English Anglican missionaries. In May 1854 he was sent into exile in Britain. Duleep Singh arrived in England in late 1854 and was introduced to the British court. Queen Victoria showered affection upon the turbaned Maharaja, as did the Prince Consort . Duleep Singh was initially lodged at Claridge's Hotel in London before

15618-631: The two partnered an extensive hunting trip in central Europe and the Balkans, via Frankfurt, Berlin, Vienna and Budapest. On the last part of the voyage, Baker and the Maharajah hired a wooden boat in Budapest, which was eventually abandoned on the frozen Danube. The two continued into Vidin where, to amuse the Maharajah, Baker went to the Vidin slave market. There, Baker fell in love with a white slave girl, destined for

15755-576: The upper two degrees could use the title 'Sir'. From its creation in 1878 until 1887, the Order of the Indian Empire had a single class, Companion (CIE), which did not entitle the recipient to a style of knighthood. In 1887, two higher divisions, Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) and Knight Commander (KCIE) were created, which entitled holders of those ranks to the style of 'Sir'. The last creations of knights of either order were made on 15 August 1947 upon Indian independence. All British honours and their accompanying styles were officially made obsolete in India when

15892-539: The war by the March 1856 Treaty of Paris . During the war, Albert arranged the marriage of his fourteen-year-old daughter, Victoria , to Prince Frederick William of Prussia , but Albert delayed the marriage until Victoria was seventeen. Albert hoped that his daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging but very conservative Prussian state. Albert promoted many public educational institutions. Chiefly at meetings in connection with them, he spoke of

16029-698: The west side of the Church. A life-size bronze statue of the Maharaja, showing him on a horse, was unveiled by the then Prince of Wales in 1999 at Butten Island in Thetford , a town which benefited from his and his sons' generosity. In an auction at Bonhams , London, on 19 April 2007, the 74 cm high white marble portrait bust of Maharaja Duleep Singh by Victorian sculptor John Gibson , R.A. , in Rome in 1859 fetched £1.7 million (£1.5 million plus premium and tax). A film titled Maharaja Duleep Singh: A Monument Of Injustice ,

16166-462: The wider public. The term 'Sir' is also used frequently in the customer service industry, by employees to refer to customers, and sometimes vice versa. In the United States, it is much more common in certain areas (even when addressing male peers or men considerably younger). For example, a 1980 study showed that 80% of service interactions in the South were accompanied by 'Sir' or Ma'am , in comparison to

16303-497: The word as a pre-nominal honorific in much the same way as it is used for secular purposes in Britain and the Philippines. Wives of such individuals also typically assume the title of Lady. Knights and Dames of papal orders may elect the "Sir" or "Dame" prefix with post-nominal letters, subject to the laws and conventions of the country they are in. The Pope , the sovereign of the Catholic Church and Vatican City , delegates

16440-452: The working classes. Albert led reforms in university education, welfare and the royal finances, and supported the campaign against slavery. He also had a special interest in applying science and art to manufacturing industry. The Great Exhibition of 1851 arose from the annual exhibitions of the Society of Arts , of which Albert was president from 1843, and owed most of its success to his efforts to promote it. Albert served as president of

16577-516: Was "the pendant to the pretty cousin". By 1836, this idea had also arisen in the mind of their ambitious uncle Leopold , who had been King of the Belgians since 1831. At this time, Victoria was the heir presumptive to the British throne. Her father, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn , the fourth son of King George III , had died when she was an infant, and her elderly uncle, King William IV , had no surviving legitimate children. Her mother,

16714-429: Was authorised and supervised by Queen Victoria, and her influence shows in its pages. Nevertheless, it is an accurate and exhaustive account. Lytton Strachey 's Queen Victoria (1921) was more critical, but it was discredited in part by mid-20th-century biographers such as Hector Bolitho and Roger Fulford , who, unlike Strachey, had access to Victoria's journal and letters. Popular myths about Prince Albert, such as

16851-476: Was both a professor and a knight bachelor; his correct title would be Professor Sir Patrick Bateson. However, the title of ' Doctor ' (Dr.) is not used in combination with 'Sir', with the knighthood taking precedence. Knighted doctors are addressed as knights, though they may still use any post-nominal letters associated with their degrees. Church of England clergy who receive knighthoods following their ordination do not receive an accolade and therefore do not use

16988-401: Was concerned for many of his royal relatives, a number of whom were deposed by revolutionaries. He and Victoria, who gave birth to their daughter Louise during that year, spent some time away from London in the relative safety of Osborne . Although there were sporadic demonstrations in England, no effective revolutionary action took place. According to historian G. M. Trevelyan , regarding

17125-503: Was earlier planning the Pahaul ceremony at Bombay. Sir Duleep was forced to return to Europe. Maharaja Duleep Singh died in Paris in 1893 at the age of 55, having seen India after the age of fifteen during only two brief, tightly controlled visits in 1860 (to bring his mother to England) and in 1863 (to cremate his mother's body). Maharaja Duleep Singh's wish for his body to be returned to India

17262-542: Was godmother to several of his children. He died at 55, living most of his final years in the United Kingdom . His mother had effectively ruled when he was very young and he managed to meet her again on 16 January 1861, in Calcutta and return with her to the United Kingdom. During the last two years of her life, his mother told the Maharaja about his Sikh heritage and the Empire which once had been his to rule. In June 1861, he

17399-493: Was informed that gossip was spreading in gentlemen's clubs and the foreign press that the Prince of Wales was involved with Nellie Clifden. Albert and Victoria were horrified by their son's indiscretion and feared blackmail, scandal or pregnancy. Although Albert was ill and at a low ebb, he travelled to Cambridge to see the Prince of Wales on 25 November and discuss the indiscreet affair. In his final weeks, Albert suffered from pains in his back and legs. Also in November 1861,

17536-478: Was later reprieved. Some of the couple's early unpopularity came about because of their stiffness and adherence to protocol in public, though in private the couple were more easy-going. In early 1844, Victoria and Albert were apart for the first time since their marriage when he returned to Coburg on the death of his father. By 1844, Albert had managed to modernise the royal finances and, through various economies, had sufficient capital to purchase Osborne House on

17673-730: Was made in 2007, directed by P.S. Narula. The Maharaja and his family used a coat of arms which was drawn up by Prince Albert, despite not being registered at the College of Arms . It contained a coronet, lions, and a shield with a cross, along with the motto "Prodesse quam conspicii" ("to do good rather than be conspicuous"). Sir Duleep Singh married twice, first to Bamba Müller in 1864, and then to Ada Douglas Wetherill (1869-1930) in 1889. He had eight children in total. He had seven children from his marriage to Bamba. Their first child and male heir died aged one day in 1865. The others were: He also had two children from his marriage to Wetherill: All

17810-577: Was not honoured, in fear of unrest, given the symbolic value the funeral of the son of the Lion of the Punjab might have caused and the growing resentment of British rule. His body was brought back to be buried according to Christian rites, under the supervision of the India Office , in Elveden Church beside the grave of his wife Maharani Bamba , and his son Prince Edward Albert Duleep Singh. The graves are located on

17947-466: Was one of the first 25 Knights in the Order of the Star of India . After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, Duleep Singh lived quietly with his mother, Jind Kaur Aulakh, at Jammu ruled by Gulab Singh , under the protection of the Vizier , Raja Dhian Singh . He and his mother were recalled to Lahore in 1843 after the assassinations of Maharaja Sher Singh and Dhian Singh, and on 16 September, at

18084-467: Was permitted to see his mother again. After the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the subsequent annexation of the Punjab on 29 March 1849, he was deposed at the age of ten and was put into the care of Dr John Login and sent from Lahore to Fatehgarh on 21 December 1849, with tight restrictions on who he was allowed to meet. No Indians, except trusted servants, could meet him in private. As

18221-597: Was placed in power in September 1843, at the age of five, with his mother ruling on his behalf, and after their defeat in the Anglo-Sikh War , under a British Resident . He was subsequently deposed by the British Crown , and thereafter exiled to Britain at age 15 where he was befriended by Queen Victoria , who is reported to have written of the Punjabi Maharaja: "Those eyes and those teeth are too beautiful". The Queen

18358-554: Was re-appointed a minister. As public outrage at the Russian action continued, false rumours circulated that Albert had been arrested for treason and was being held prisoner in the Tower of London . By March 1854, Britain and Russia were embroiled in the Crimean War . Albert devised a master plan for winning the war by laying siege to Sevastopol while starving Russia economically, which became

18495-675: Was remodelled into a quasi-oriental palace where he lived the life of a British aristocrat. Maharaja Duleep Singh was accused of running up large expenses and the estate was sold after his death to pay his debts. Today, Elveden is owned by The 4th Earl of Iveagh , the head of the Anglo-Irish Guinness family of brewing fame; it remains an operating farm and private hunting estate. In 1864, Duleep Singh married Bamba Müller in Cairo and established his family home at Elveden Hall in Suffolk. He eventually became disaffected and embittered with

18632-454: Was the cause of death. The Queen's grief was overwhelming, and the tepid feelings that the public had for Albert were replaced by sympathy. The widowed Victoria never recovered from Albert's death; she entered into a deep state of mourning and wore black for the rest of her life. Albert's rooms in all his houses were kept as they had been even with hot water brought in the morning and linen and towels changed daily. Such practices were common in

18769-554: Was the husband of Queen Victoria . As such, he was consort of the British monarch from their marriage on 10 February 1840 until his death in 1861. Victoria granted him the title Prince Consort in 1857. Albert was born in the Saxon duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld to a family connected to many of Europe's ruling monarchs. At the age of 20, he married Victoria, his first cousin, with whom he had nine children. Initially, he felt constrained by his role as consort, which did not afford him power or responsibilities. He gradually developed

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