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43-577: The Mahameed, the sons of Mahmoud Al-Harbi from the Al-Khawlaniyah Al-Qadha’iyya Al-Qahtaniya Their biography is repeated in the frequent travels, emigration and instability during their travels from their homes by origin, and their biography indicates that when the tribe enlarged and narrowed their area of residence in Yemen , Najd and Hijaz, they gathered to take opinions about what they need to do, and some of them said we conquer

86-411: A king . She reigns suo jure (in her own right) over a realm known as a kingdom; as opposed to a queen consort , who is married to a reigning king; or a queen regent , who is the guardian of a child monarch and rules pro tempore in the child's stead or instead of her husband who is absent from the realm, be it de jure in sharing power or de facto in ruling alone. A queen regnant

129-503: A boy was sacrificed annually and was buried underneath an altar. Some scholars have extrapolated this practice to the rest of the Nabataeans. Excavations made by Khaleel Ibrahim al-Muaikel in 1986 added to observations made in 1976 that a homogeneous layer of Roman - Nabataean pottery sherds indicating a prosperous community during the time of the Nabataeans, to whose realm this part of the region probably belonged. In AD 106, Dumatha

172-585: A council names an heir), primogeniture (in which the children of a monarch or chief have preference in order of birth from eldest to youngest), and ultimogeniture (in which the children have preference in the reverse order of birth from youngest to eldest). The scope of succession may be matrilineal, patrilineal, or both; or, rarely, open to general election when necessary. The right of succession may be open to men and women, or limited to men only or to women only. The most typical succession in European monarchies from

215-521: A history dating back to the 10th century BC and is mentioned in Akkadian inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Empire dating to 845 BCE, in which it is referred to as Adummatu and is described as the capital of an Arab kingdom sometimes named as Qedar ( Qidri ). The names of five powerful Arab queens that ruled this city are known, among them Zabibe , Šamši , Tabūʿa , and Teʾelḫunu . The latter

258-509: A major intersection of ancient trade routes part what is known as the incense route , with one branch linking the various sources of valuable goods in India and southern Arabia with Babylon , and another linking the Persian Gulf through Wadi Sirhan with southern Syria . It has a historical boundary wall and stands within an oasis. The ancient city of Duma was described as "the stronghold of

301-510: A period of time, and then moved towards the Levant . They moved until they reached the Karak region and settled in it, and they were of such a large number that they outnumbered the largest tribes in the region, and they allied themselves with some of the Karak clans and the most prominent of them were Al-Omaro Bani Uqba. They established an emirate called (Emirate of Mahamid) for the majority of them from

344-469: Is a desert climate. Most rain falls in the winter. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is BWh. The average annual temperature in Dumat Al-Jandal is 22.2 °C (72.0 °F). About 59 mm (2.32 in) of precipitation falls annually. Queen regnant Philosophers Works A queen regnant ( pl. : queens regnant) is a female monarch , equivalent in rank, title and position to

387-416: Is a narrow, corbelled niche in the center of the qibla wall, and is defined by a similar niche with three built-in stone steps to its right. The mihrab, the minbar, and the lower part of the qibla wall are plastered with white wash. Viewed from the outside, one sees that the mihrab and minbar protrude slightly out of the qibla wall. Also visible is an exposed stone staircase constructed along the qibla wall from

430-640: Is also given the title of high priestess of Atarsamain , a deity of fertility, love and war associated with Ishtar . Dūmah was the site of an important temple dedicated to Ishtar. This town is perhaps intended in a passage from Isaiah : The "Dumah" Pronouncement. A call comes to me from Seir : "Watchman, what of the night? Watchman, what of the night?" The watchman replied, "Morning came, and so did night. If you would inquire, inquire. Come back again." Sacrifices of animals were common and Porphyry 's De Abstenentia (3rd century AD) reports that in Dūmah,

473-588: Is also the mother of a reigning sovereign. Since the  abdication  of  Margrethe II of Denmark on 14 January 2024, there are currently no female sovereigns in the world. This is the first time this has been the case in over 200 years. The oldest attested queen regnant was the Pharaoh Sobekneferu from the 18th/17th century BC. In Ancient Africa, Ancient Persia , Asian and Pacific cultures, and in some European countries, female monarchs have been given

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516-461: Is different from the title ōhi (王妃, "king's consort") which means only a queen consort. The term jotei (女帝, "female emperor") or josei tennō (女性天皇, "female heavenly emperor") has been used for empresses regnant of Japan because the title kōgō (皇后, "emperor's consort") means only an empress consort. Although the Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan is currently barred to women following

559-595: Is situated in Dumat al-Jandal. The mosque was built in 634–644. However, the actual construction appears to have been a much earlier period as a church. Some scholars believe that the mosque was named after the Banu Umar, a tribe that settled in Dumat al-Jandal. The north ( qibla ) wall of the mosque faces the Marid Fort across a street. On its other three sides, it is surrounded by dense urban fabric. Like any other old town mosque,

602-446: Is sometimes called a woman king . A princess , duchess , or grand duchess regnant is a female monarch who reigns suo jure over a principality or ( grand ) duchy ; an empress regnant is a female monarch who reigns suo jure over an empire . A queen regnant possesses all the powers, such as they may be , of the monarchy, whereas a queen consort or queen regent shares her spouse's or child's rank and titles but does not share

645-552: The Arabians " on a Neo-Assyrian clay prism dating from the 7th century BC. Some scholars identify this site as territory of Dumah , one of the twelve sons of Ishmael mentioned in the Book of Genesis . The name Dumat al-Jandal means literally "Dumah of the Stone"; the name Al-Jawf means "depression", referring to Wadi Sirhan. The city's ancient Akkadian name was Adummatu . The city has

688-530: The Banu Kalb , the dominant tribal group in the area, being known to practice slavery more than other tribes. In 2017, a Paleo-Arabic Christian graffito discovered near al-Jawf and dating to AD 548/9, known as the Dumat al-Jandal inscription , was published. The inscription reads "May be remembered. May God remember Ḥgʿ{b/n}w son of Salama/Sa-lāma/Salima {in} the m[onth] (gap) year 443 [AD 548/549]." The city had been

731-607: The Davidic Monarchs of the Kingdom of Judah , there is mentioned a single queen regnant, Athaliah , though the Hebrew Bible regards her negatively as a usurper. The much later Hasmonean Queen Salome Alexandra (Shlom Tzion) was highly popular. Accession of a queen regnant occurs as a nation's order of succession permits. Methods of succession to kingdoms, tribal chiefships, and such include nomination (the reigning monarch or

774-707: The Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (Dumatul Jandal) , which took place in October 630 to attack the Christian prince of Duma, as well as the Expedition of Khalid ibn al-Walid (2nd Dumatul Jandal) in April 631 to demolish an idol called Wadd, worshipped by the Banu Kalb tribe. In 630, Khalid ibn al-Walid captured Dumat al-Jandal and it became part of the newly formed Islamic empire. Umar Mosque (wrongly attributed to Caliph Umar )

817-661: The Imperial Household Law ( Emperor Naruhito 's daughter Princess Aiko cannot accede to the Chrysanthemum Throne), this has not always been the case; throughout Japanese history, there have been eight empresses regnant. The Japanese imperial succession debate became a significant political issue during the early 2000s, as no male children had been born to the Imperial House of Japan since 1965. Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi pledged to present parliament with

860-768: The Late Middle Ages until the late 20th century was male-preference primogeniture : the order of succession ranked the sons of the monarch in order of their birth, followed by the daughters. Historically, many realms like France and the Holy Roman Empire forbade succession by women or through a female line in accordance with the Salic law , and nine countries still do, such countries being Japan , Morocco , Jordan , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Brunei , Liechtenstein , Bhutan . No queen regnant ever ruled France , for example. Only one woman, Maria Theresa , ruled Austria. As noted in

903-551: The United Kingdom amended their laws of succession to absolute primogeniture (in which the children of a monarch or chief have preference in order of birth from eldest to youngest regardless of gender). In some cases, the change does not take effect during the lifetimes of people already in the line of succession at the time the law was passed. In 2011, the United Kingdom and the 15 other Commonwealth realms agreed to remove

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946-791: The Al-Amru clan at that time and their rule lasted for a long time, and some of the Orientalists narrated and historians have wronged those under their rule as they were cruel to them, which prompted this different clans to unite against them. The Arabian Peninsula : Saudi Arabia The tribe is divided into several branches, and they are: Kuwait The Levant and Iraq : Syria Branched out from them: Jordan Branched out from them: Palestine Branched out from them: Iraq Arab Africa Dumat al-Jandal Dumat al-Jandal ( Arabic : دُومَة ٱلْجَنْدَل , romanized :  Dūmat al-Jandal , lit.   'Dumah of

989-708: The Netherlands) are currently heirs apparent to the thrones of their respective monarchies, along with Leonor, Princess of Asturias , who is the heir presumptive of the throne of Spain. All four are therefore liable to become queens regnant following the end of the current reigns. Because there is no feminine equivalent to king and emperor in East Asian languages, different titles are used for female monarchs and female consorts. The titles of female monarchs in East Asia are translated directly as "female king" or "female emperor" and

1032-656: The Romans. Later in the fifth century, the city became the capital of the kingdom of Kinda . The ancient oasis town was among a number of cities that the Pre-Islamic Arabs would travel to as part of the sequence of market fairs held annually. In contrast to the other market cities, Duma was characterized by its disputed political sovereignty between Arab clients of the Byzantines and Sasanians that made claims to it. The markets of Duma specialized in slavery and prostitution with

1075-594: The Stone';, pronounced [ˈduːmat alˈdʒandal] ), also known as Al-Jawf or Al-Jouf ( Arabic : ٱلْجَوْف , lit.   'depression'), which refers to Wadi Sirhan , is an ancient city of ruins and the historical capital of the Al Jawf Province , today in northwestern Saudi Arabia . It is located 37 km from Sakakah . The city stood north of the Nafud desert and at one end of Wadi Sirhan, at

1118-495: The death of the monarch, subject to the rules of male-preference primogeniture. A lot of times, the wife or mother of a childless king were allowed to succeed to the throne as well and allowed to rule as queen regnants in their own right, until their death, after which the throne passed to the next closest relative. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Sweden , Norway , Belgium , the Netherlands , Denmark , Luxembourg and

1161-423: The discovery of a 35-meter long triangular megalithic monument dated back to th 6TH millennium BCE which presumably dedicated to ritual practices was published in the journal Antiquity . Archaeological researchers from France , Saudi Arabia and Italy , headed by Olivia Munoz believe that these findings illuminate a pastoralist nomadic lifestyle and a ritual used in prehistoric Arabia. In Dumat Al-Jandal, there

1204-512: The list below of widely-known ruling queens, many reigned in European monarchies. Male-preference primogeniture was also practised in a lot of the separate kingdoms of the Indian subcontinent from the Middle Ages, until the Indian independence movement. In a lot of these kingdoms, adoption was allowed from a relative if a monarch didn't have children, and the adopted child could succeed to the throne at

1247-482: The middle Islamic age, have been established on ancient layers dating back to the mid-first millennium BC. The neighborhood is characterized by the stone buildings and stone lanes between the gardens and by the water, which made life possible for the residents who lived near by the springs. In the Al-Dar'i Quarter, there are many houses that archaeologists hope will enjoy the necessary care and restoration. On 9 June 2020,

1290-418: The neighborhood of Omar bin al-Khatab Mosque and Marid fortress, which represent the old quarter of Dumat al-Jandal. Al-Dar'i Quarter is considered to be one of the remaining antiquities of Dumat al-Jandal's ancient city, which has escaped the demolition shovels befalling the historical market of Dumat al-Jandal 25 years ago. Dr. Khalil Al Meaigil has stated that, the facilities of the quarter, which date back to

1333-538: The object of no fewer than three raids due to its strategic location. It lay about fifteen days march north from Medina and about half that distance from Damascus. Muhammad ordered the Expedition of Dumat al-Jandal in July 626. Muhammad had received intelligence that some tribes there were involved in highway robbery and preparing to attack Medina itself. No casualties were reported as the Ghatafan tribe fled. He also ordered

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1376-592: The only remaining female monarch of a sovereign state in the world, until her abdication on 14 January 2024. This made it the first time that no female sovereigns have reigned in over 200 years. On the other hand, there are non-sovereign queens, such as Rain Queen Masalanabo Modjadji VII and Māori Queen Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō , who currently reign. Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden , Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant (monarchy of Belgium), and Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange (monarchy of

1419-408: The royal titles of East Asia. The title as a queen regnant of Trưng Trắc was Nữ vương ( chữ Hán : 女王, "female king") and the title as an empress regnant of Lý Chiêu Hoàng was Nữ hoàng ( chữ Hán : 女皇, "female emperor"), and they are different from the titles of female consorts. In Japan, the title used for two queens regnant of Yamatai : Himiko and Toyo was joō (女王, "female king") and it

1462-493: The rule of male-preference primogeniture. Once the necessary legislation was passed, this means that had Prince William had a daughter first, a younger son would not have become heir apparent. In 2015, Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in world history. She was the longest serving incumbent head of state and monarch from 2016 until her death on 8 September 2022. Following Elizabeth's death, Margrethe II of Denmark became

1505-411: The sovereignty of her spouse or child. The husband of a queen regnant traditionally does not share the queen regnant's rank, title, or sovereignty and usually holds a lower princely title . However, the concept of a king consort is not unheard of in both contemporary and historical periods. A queen dowager or empress dowager is the widow of a king or emperor; a queen mother is a queen dowager who

1548-559: The stone construction comprises a courtyard preceding the main prayer hall to the south and another space, also used for prayer, to the north. The minaret is at the southwest corner of the prayer hall bridging over a street. The mosque is entered through a door situated in the qibla wall, near the minaret. The prayer hall is formed by three rows of stone pillars , running parallel to the qibla wall. The pillars are all by wooden lintels , which in turn support layers of stone that are roofed by mud-plastered acacia and palm trunks. The mihrab

1591-406: The street side that reaches the roof. The minaret shaft has a rectangular shape that tapers upward to end in a pyramidal form. The four internal floors of the shaft were accessed by a now-collapsed spiral staircase entered from within the mosque. On each side of the minaret, and on each floor, a rectangular window with a stone lintel provides lighting for its interior. Al Dar'i Quarter is located in

1634-498: The title huánghòu (皇后, "emperor's consort") means only an empress consort. The term nǚwáng (女王, "female king") was also used for queens regnant of Eastern Kingdom of Women  [ zh ] of the tribe Sumpa and it is different from the title wánghòu (王后, "king's consort") which means a queen consort. In Korea, the term yeowang ( Hangul : 여왕, Hanja : 女王, "female king") was developed to refer to three queens regnant of Silla : Seondeok , Jindeok and Jinseong , because

1677-454: The title king or its equivalent, such as pharaoh , when gender is irrelevant to the office, or else have used the masculine form of the word in languages that have grammatical gender as a way to classify nouns. The Roman Empress Irene of Athens sometimes titled herself basileus (βασιλεύς), 'emperor', rather than basilissa (βασίλισσα), 'empress', and Mary of Hungary was crowned as Rex Hungariae , King of Hungary in 1382. Among

1720-462: The title wangbi ( Hangul : 왕비, Hanja : 王妃, "king's consort") means only a queen consort. The term yeoje ( Hangul : 여제, Hanja : 女帝, "female emperor") was also used for Yi Hae-won , the titular empress regnant of Korean Empire because the title hwanghu ( Hangul : 황후, Hanja : 皇后, "emperor's consort") means only an empress consort. Although Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia, it used

1763-468: The titles of female consorts in East Asia are translated directly as "king's consort" or "emperor's consort". So, the titles of female monarchs in East Asia are the same as those of male monarchs, just indicating that they are women. In China the term nǚhuángdì (女皇帝, "female emperor"), abbreviated as nǚhuáng (女皇), has been used for three empresses regnant to assume the title of huángdì : Daughter of Xiaoming , Chen Shuozhen and Wu Zetian , because

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1806-521: The tribes, and this suggestion was rejected because most of those in the neighborhood Among them were clans and sub-clans from the Harb tribe, and from them all five gathered together, i.e. those who were united by the fifth grandfather and suggested leaving and settled their opinion on him. And the last thing known of their cousins is that they went to the Dumat Al-Jandal area in the north, settled there for

1849-640: Was incorporated into the Roman Empire by Emperor Trajan defeated the Nabataeans. Dumatha remained integral to the Limes Arabicus for over four centuries, serving as the easternmost settlement along the limes . In AD 269, the place was mentioned by Zenobia , the Queen of Palmyra , as city with an immune fortress. After her forces had captured the city, the Marid Castle withstood the attack in her revolt against

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