Al-Karak ( Arabic : الكرك ), in English sources often simply Karak , is a city in Jordan known for its medieval castle, the Kerak Castle . The castle is one of the three largest castles in the region, the other two being in Syria . Al-Karak is the capital city of the Karak Governorate .
101-1056: [REDACTED] Look up karak in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Karak may refer to: Places [ edit ] Al-Karak or Kerak, city in Jordan, named after Kerak Castle Karak Governorate , Jordan al-Karak, Syria , city in Syria's Daraa Governorate Karak Nuh , village in the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon Karak, Iran (disambiguation) Karak, Pahang , town in Malaysia Karak Expressway , highway in Malaysia Karak, Pakistan , city in Pakistan Karak District , district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Khirbet Kerak (Karak) or Beth Yerah, archaeological site on
202-591: A regnal name , adopted upon his accession to the throne, Tukultī-apil-Ešarra means "my trust belongs to the son of Ešarra". Ešarra was a temple dedicated to the god Ninurta (who was thus the "son of Ešarra"). By the time of Tiglath-Pileser's reign, Ninurta was viewed as the son of the Assyrian national deity Ashur . In some non-contemporary sources, such as the Ptolemaic Canon , the Babylonian King List ,
303-522: A standing army , some researchers consider Tiglath-Pileser's reign to mark the true transition of Assyria into an empire . The reforms and methods of control introduced under Tiglath-Pileser laid the groundwork for policies enacted not only by later Assyrian kings but also by later empires for millennia after his death. The circumstances of Tiglath-Pileser's rise to the throne are not clear. Because ancient Assyrian sources give conflicting accounts concerning Tiglath-Pileser's lineage and there are records of
404-551: A Military Hospital with a Jewish doctor; enforced the regulation of coinage and weights and measures; introduced a weekly postal service to Jerusalem, Damascus and Ma'an; and set up agricultural projects such as the planting of 5,000 grape vines at Madeba . One estimate of the population of the town and the surrounding area at this time gives a total of 10,000. Of these, 8000 were Muslims and 2,000 were Orthodox Christians whose Church, St George, had been built in 1849. The Latin Mission
505-648: A castle on a hill called by the Crusaders Petra Deserti - The Stone of the Desert. His castle, much modified, dominates the town to this day. The castle was in Crusader hands for only 46 years. It had been threatened by Saladin 's armies several times, but finally surrendered in 1188, after the crushing Crusader defeat at the Battle of Hattin and a siege that lasted more than a year. Saladin's younger brother, Al-Adil ,
606-507: A firm choice to side with Assyria and Tiglath-Pileser eagerly accepted the alliance since Iranzu's realm was ideally placed to protect Assyria from Urartian raids. These developments worried Sarduri II of Urartu, who intensified his efforts to oppose and overtake Assyrian hegemony. Later in 743, Sarduri arrived at the Euphrates river border of Assyria with his army, his forces bolstered by troops sent by various kingdoms and states in Syria. In
707-423: A great annexation of territory and the loss of independence of numerous ancient states in the region. After defeating Sarduri, Tiglath-Pileser resolved to conquer Arpad itself, both because of the city's strategic value and in order to punish the city for providing Sarduri access to the Assyrian frontier. After three campaigns over the course of three years and a lengthy siege, Arpad was captured in 740. During
808-579: A highly important trade route, the predecessor of the later Silk Road . The Assyrian successes in 744 and 743 demonstrated to the empire's neighbors that the time of Assyrian stagnation was over. Tiglath-Pileser's success inspired Iranzu , king of the Mannaeans , a people who lived in northwestern Iran, to personally meet with Tiglath-Pileser in 744 and forge an alliance. Iranzu's predecessors had usually maintained their kingdom's independence through changing allegiance between Urartu and Assyria, but Iranzu made
909-531: A legacy of enormous historical significance. His reign is generally seen as marking the beginning of an entirely new age of Assyrian imperialism. As the earliest Assyrian king to be mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and in the Babylonian Chronicles , Tiglath-Pileser is the first Assyrian king for whom there exist outside perspectives and accounts of his reign. All Mesopotamian history prior to Tiglath-Pileser
1010-405: A period of decline, becoming increasingly restricted to just the Assyrian heartland itself. Though the decline was at times halted by energetic warrior-kings, reconquests were not lasting until the time of Ashur-dan II ( r. 934–912 BC), who campaigned in the northeast and northwest. The accession of Ashur-dan's son Adad-nirari II ( r. 911–891 BC) traditionally marks
1111-545: A power base several times during the Mamluk sultanate . Its significance lay in its control over the caravan route between Damascus and Egypt and the pilgrimage route between Damascus and Mecca . In the thirteenth century, the Mamluk ruler Baibars used it as a stepping stone on his ascent to power. In 1389 Sultan Barquq was exiled to al-Karak, where he gathered his supporters before returning to Cairo . In 1596 Al-Karak appeared in
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#17328447830261212-478: A revolt at around the time of his accession, many historians have concluded that Tiglath-Pileser was a usurper , who seized the throne from his predecessor Ashur-nirari V , who was either his brother or his father. Other historians postulate that the evidence could just as easily be interpreted as Tiglath-Pileser inheriting the throne through legitimate means and the debate remains unresolved. Tiglath-Pileser early on increased royal power and authority through curbing
1313-412: A son of Tiglath-Pileser, but do not believe him to have been the legitimate heir to the throne as the next-in-line after the end of Shalmaneser's reign, i.e. assuming Shalmaneser had children. Even then, his claim to have been Tiglath-Pileser's son is generally treated with more caution than Tiglath-Pileser's own claims of royal ancestry. Some Assyriologists, such as J. A. Brinkman, believe that Sargon, at
1414-589: A water mill, and a market toll. Their total tax was 15,000 akçe . Al-Karak is dominated by the Al Majali tribe, the Tarawneh tribe and the Maaitah tribe. The Ghassanid tribe is believed to be the first to inhabit the site of modern al-Karak. The tribe consists of the families: Suheimat, Halasa{Halaseh}, Dmour, Mbaydeen, Adaileh, Soub, and Mdanat and Karakiyeen. In 1844 Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt sent an expedition west of
1515-472: Is 16.5 °C (61.7 °F). About 359 mm (14.13 in) of precipitation falls annually. Al-Karak's metropolitan population was estimated to be 68,800 in 2013, making up 31.5% of the total population of the Karak Governorate. Most of the population of the city is Muslim (75%) and there is also a significant Orthodox Christian population (25%). In general, the percentage of Christians in al-Karak
1616-551: Is among the highest in Jordan . Al-Karak is famous for its traditional Jordanian lamb dish called mansaf . 31°11′N 35°42′E / 31.183°N 35.700°E / 31.183; 35.700 Tiglath-Pileser III Tiglath-Pileser III ( Neo-Assyrian Akkadian : 𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏 , romanized: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra , meaning "my trust belongs to the son of Ešarra"; Biblical Hebrew : תִּגְלַת פִּלְאֶסֶר , romanized: Tīglaṯ Pīlʾeser )
1717-584: Is an error, since it occurs right after a note that records the end of Ashur-nirari's reign and its length. Both the Eponym Chronicle and the Assyrian King List gives Ashur-nirari a reign length of 10 years, only possible if he ruled until 744, and not 745. If Ashur-nirari did rule until 744, it is unlikely that there was a civil war, since Tiglath-Pileser is recorded to have gone on campaigns against Assyria's foreign enemies in this time, not possible if he
1818-449: Is ignored in the Hebrew Bible. The Bible records both Tiglath-Pileser's impact on the Kingdom of Israel ( 2 Kings 15,29–31) and the events of his reign from the perspective of the southern Kingdom of Judah ( 2 Kings 15,32–16,20, 2 Chronicles 27,1–28,27, Isaiah , 7,1–25). Tiglath-Pileser greatly expanded Assyrian territory. By the time of his death, Tiglath-Pileser had more than doubled
1919-663: Is not enough surviving evidence to conclude how Tiglath-Pileser III came to the throne and the nature of his accession is thus unclear and disputed. Several pieces of evidence indicate that he might have been a usurper. Pointing to this are the facts that there was a revolt in Nimrud , the capital of the Assyrian Empire, in 746/745 and that numerous officials and governors were replaced after 745. Ancient Assyrian sources give conflicting information in regards to Tiglath-Pileser's lineage. Tiglath-Pileser in inscriptions attributed his rise to
2020-465: Is one of the strongest and most celebrated fortresses of Syria. It is called also Hisn al Ghurab (the Crow's Fortress), and is surrounded on every side by ravines. There is only one gateway, and that enters by a passage tunnelled in the live rock, which tunnel forms a sort of hall. We stayed four days outside Karak, at a place called Ath Thaniyyah . The castle played an important role as a place of exile and
2121-701: Is only possible to produce a broad outline. Tiglath-Pileser's first campaign was conducted already in 744, when he assaulted Babylonian lands on the east side of the Tigris river. This conflict was resolved swiftly, with the Assyro-Babylonian border shifted in Tiglath-Pileser's favor. In 743, Tiglath-Pileser campaigned in the region around the Zagros Mountains, where he created the two new provinces Bit‐Ḫamban and Parsua. The new Zagros provinces were founded along
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#17328447830262222-437: Is possible that "son" in this context meant "grandson", meaning that Tiglath-Pileser would have been the son of Ashur-nirari or another of Adad-nirari's sons, or that Tiglath-Pileser actually was Adad-nirari's son, but came to the throne when he was already relatively old, possibly aged about 50. The Eponym Chronicle , a list of eponyms , names for the years, typically taken from influential officials, of Assyria confirms there
2323-505: The Arameans went before they settled in the regions in the northern Levant , and to which Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745–727 BC) sent the prisoners after the conquest of Damascus . After the conquest of Damascus, for some number of years later the Shamaili kingdom seized power, but it is unsure for how long. Little has been recorded about their ruling period. In 1958 the remains of an inscription
2424-578: The Bible and the works of later Babylonian and Greco-Roman historians, Tiglath-Pileser is recorded under the name Pulu ( Pūlu , [REDACTED] [REDACTED] ), the etymology of which is uncertain. Though sometimes interpreted as a second regnal name, there are no contemporary Assyrian or Babylonian sources that refer to Tiglath-Pileser by this name and there is no evidence that it was ever used officially. No evidence exists of any Assyrian king ever using more than one regnal name in their lifetime. In 2007,
2525-518: The Incirli Trilingual inscription was published that gave contemporary confirmation that Pul (Pulu) and Tiglath-Pileser III were one and the same king. Only the Phoenician part of the inscription has been published so far, because of the monument’s poor state of preservation. Still, the identification of Tiglath-Pileser III as Pul is fairly certain, because this phrase is repeated more than once in
2626-618: The Levant . Over the course of several years, Tiglath-Pileser conquered most of the Levant, defeating and then either annexing or subjugating previously influential kingdoms, notably ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus . Tiglath-Pileser's activities in the Levant were recorded in the Hebrew Bible . After a few years of conflict, Tiglath-Pileser conquered Babylonia in 729, becoming the first king to rule as both king of Assyria and king of Babylon . There
2727-541: The Ottoman tax registers , situated in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Karak, part of the Sanjak of Ajlun . It had 78 households and 2 bachelors who were Muslim , and 103 households and 8 bachelors who were Christian . They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees/vineyards/fruit trees, a special product ( bayt al–mal ), goats and bee-hives; in addition to occasional revenues, for
2828-564: The Qedarites to the south of Damascus, hoping to consolidate his control of southern Syria. The surprise attack caught the Qedarite queen Samsi off-guard and the Qedarites were easily defeated. Though Tiglath-Pileser was victorious, he realized that he would not be able to effectively govern the territories ruled by the Qedarites and thus allowed Samsi to remain in control of her domain, though under
2929-656: The Syro-Hittite kingdoms of Gurgum and Kummuh , Carchemish and Quwê , some of which had previously sent forces to aid Sarduri, as well as from the Phoenician city of Tyre and the Aramean kingdom of Aram-Damascus . The annexation of Arpad put rulers throughout the Levant on the alert. In the period of Assyrian stagnation, many of the Levantine states had aspired to expand and become large kingdoms in their own right, something
3030-421: The ancient Near East . Ashurnasirpal's son Shalmaneser III ( r. 859–824 BC) further expanded Assyrian territory but his enlarged domain proved difficult to stabilize and his last few years initiated a renewed period of stagnation and decline, marked by both external and internal conflict. The most important problems facing Shalmaneser late in his reign were the rise of the kingdom of Urartu in
3131-693: The council of the three provinces of Palaestina held in Jerusalem in 536. Another bishop, by the name of John, is said to have lived in the 9th century. Al-Karak fell within the Crusader lordship of Oultrejourdain , the lands east of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. In 1132, King Fulk of Jerusalem made Pagan the Butler Lord of Montreal and Oultrejourdain . Pagan made his headquarters at al-Karak, where he built
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3232-625: The governor of Damascus attempted to apply the same measures of conscription, taxation, and disarmament to the inhabitants of Al-Karak that previously provoked the Hauran Druze Rebellion . The uprising ended with an indiscriminate massacre perpetrated by the governor's troops. During the Arab Revolt (1916–1918), the Turkish Army abandoned al-Karak after Sherif Abdullah ibn Hamza led a 70 horsemen attack on Mezraa. This Ottoman naval base
3333-714: The Assyrian kings. The imperialist expansionism undertaken by the kings of both Urartu and Assyria led to frequent military clashes between the two, despite being separated by the Taurus Mountains . For a brief time, the Urartian army equalled that of Assyria; though the Assyrians scored many victories against Urartu, notably plundering Urartu's heartland late in Shalmaneser's reign, the Urartians scored victories of their own. In 754,
3434-490: The Assyrians might have perceived as an anti-Assyrian activity. In 738, Tiglath-Pileser continued his efforts in Syria, conquering some lands to the south of Arpad and establishing the three new provinces of Kullania, Ḫatarikka, and Ṣimirra. These lands had been under the rule of the Syro-Hittite kingdom of Hama , which he accused of plotting against him. The strategy employed by Tiglath-Pileser in his successful conquest of
3535-515: The Babylonians. Nabu-mukin-zeri lost Sapia in the same year but appears to have continued to resist Tiglath-Pileser until 728 since there are some documents ascribed to his fourth regnal year. As the new king, Tiglath-Pileser received tribute from the most powerful Chaldean tribes, the Bit-Dakkuri and Bit-Yakin . The Bit-Yakin at this time was under the leadership of Marduk-apla-iddina II , who in
3636-712: The Dead Sea. His troops occupied the castle at al-Karak but they were starved out with much loss of life. Mohammed Al-Majali who had control of Al-Karak in 1868, was involved in the events that led to the destruction of the Moabite Stone . In 1893 the Sublime Porte Abdul Hamid II established the sub-province of Ma'an , with a resident governor ( mutasarif ) in Al-Karak, under the Wāli of Syria based in Damascus . One of
3737-431: The Levant was carefully thought out and prepared. Instead of attacking the strongholds of the larger states, he first subdued smaller kingdoms through fast and wide-ranging attacks. The early conquests brought coastal and flat lands under his rule, which meant that Assyrian troops in the later campaigns could march through the region fast and efficiently. During the campaign against Hama, Tiglath-Pileser conquered and annexed
3838-661: The Mu’na Arab tribe, all began paying tribute to Tiglath-Pileser. By extending his control throughout the Levant, Tiglath-Pileser formed a semi-circle of control around Israel and Aram-Damascus and cut them off from Egypt, which had at times offered support to the Levantine states. The Assyrian efforts resulted in Aram-Damascus becoming both geopolitically isolated and without a large enough food supply to feed its people. In 733, Tiglath-Pileser resolved to cement his conquest. In this year, he again campaigned against Aram-Damascus, still
3939-451: The Sea of Galilee, Israel See also [ edit ] Carrack , a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship Karaka (disambiguation) Korak (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Karak . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
4040-462: The Syro-Hittite kingdom of Pattin . Hama was spared full annexation, with the kingdom being allowed to remain somewhat independent as a vassal state. The victory inspired more states in the region to pay tribute to the Assyrians, including the Phoenician city of Byblos , the Kingdom of Israel and various states in eastern Anatolia and some Arab tribes. Israel and Damascus had sent aid to Hama during
4141-521: The Urartian king Sarduri II defeated the Assyrian army under Ashur-nirari V at Arpad , an event that may have led to the Assyrian army not campaigning for several years. The Assyrian kings were unable to deal with external threats since the magnates had gradually become the dominant political actors and central authority had become very weak. The reigns of Tiglath-Pileser's three predecessors Shalmaneser IV ( r. 783–773 BC), Ashur-dan III ( r. 773–755 BC) and Ashur-nirari V
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4242-551: The amount of land ruled by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. His method of introducing direct Assyrian rule to foreign lands, dividing them into Assyrian provinces rather than creating vassal kingdoms, significantly altered the economy of the Assyrian state. Whereas the Assyrians had previously relied on tribute from vassals, from Tiglath-Pileser's time they became increasingly dependent on taxes collected by provincial governors. This approach increased administrative costs but also reduced
4343-457: The army was further increased throughout Tiglath-Pileser's reign through the recruitment of soldiers from the various lands the Assyrians conquered and through the recruitment of mercenaries from Babylonia , the Zagros Mountains and Anatolia . Though Tiglath-Pileser's conquests generated a massive amount of revenue, he appears to have invested little of it into the Assyrian heartland itself;
4444-437: The beginning of frequent mass deportations, a policy which continued under his successors. There were two intended goals of this policy: firstly to reduce the local identities in conquered regions, to counteract the risk of revolt, and secondly to recruit and move laborers to where the Assyrian kings needed them, such as underdeveloped and underutilized provinces. Though the Assyrian resettlements were probably devastating both for
4545-474: The beginning of the Neo-Assyrian Empire . Under the early Neo-Assyrian kings, there was a gradual reconquest of former Assyrian lands. The success of this project was an extraordinary achievement given that the kings essentially had to rebuild the Assyrian Empire from scratch. Under Ashurnasirpal II ( r. 883–859 BC) the Neo-Assyrian Empire rose to become the dominant political power in
4646-557: The castle at its narrow southern tip. Al-Karak has been inhabited since at least the Iron Age , and was an important city for the Moabites . In the Bible it is called Kir-haresh , Kir-hareseth or Kir of Moab , and is identified as having been subject to the Neo-Assyrian Empire ; in the Books of Kings ( 2 Kings 16:9 ) and Book of Amos ( Amos 1:5, 9:7 ), it is mentioned as the place where
4747-554: The conflict. The Anatolian realms who began paying tribute to Assyria, five kingdoms in total, probably did so not out of fear of Assyrian conquest but rather in the hope of Assyrian aid against the expansionist kingdom of Phrygia , which threatened their existence. The Anatolians at times tried to play Assyria and Phrygia against each other, with disastrous consequences. In 730, Tiglath-Pileser attacked and removed king Wasusarma of Tabal from power after he stopped paying tribute, writing in his annals that Wasusarma "acted as if he were
4848-468: The dynasty of Mopsos '. Some Assyriologists, such as Eckart Frahm and Paul-Alain Beaulieu , have speculated that Pulu was Tiglath-Pileser's original name before he became king and assumed his regnal name or perhaps a nickname. According to Gertoux, Tiglath-Pileser III was the son of Adad-nīrārī III, and used the name Pulu as a young co-regent under previous kings. When he won the kingship of Babylon, for
4949-427: The equal of Assyria". Tiglath-Pileser marched on the Levant for the fifth time in 734, reaching as far south as the border of Egypt . This campaign resulted in the conquest of Gaza and the submission of numerous states, effectively bringing the entire Levant under direct or indirect Assyrian rule; Assyria and Egypt shared a border for the first time in history. Asqaluna , Judah , Edom , Moab and Ammon , and
5050-447: The fighting, Arpad was assisted by both Urartian troops and by troops sent by other cities and minor states in Syria. After the city was captured, the Assyrian army did not simply plunder it and then leave, as they had dealt with cities in Syria in previous times. Instead, the lands controlled by Arpad were converted into two provinces and annexed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire. After his victory at Arpad, Tiglath-Pileser received tribute from
5151-655: The first governors, 1895, was Hussein Helmy Bey Effendi (see also Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha ), aged 40, formerly the General Secretary at Damascus. He ruled with a garrison of 1,200 troops, in 3 regiments, mostly conscripts from West of the River Jordan doing their three years of military service. There were also 200 Circassian cavalry. One of his achievements was the disarming of the local population. He also established
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#17328447830265252-427: The historian Tracy Davenport advanced the theory that Tiglath-Pileser might have been entirely legitimate and that he could even have co-ruled with Ashur-nirari for some time. Supporting Garelli's idea that Tiglath-Pileser was not responsible for any rebellion and the idea that he was a member of the royal dynasty, Davenport examined the Eponym Chronicle. Notably, the eponyms for Tiglath-Pileser's early reign do not follow
5353-467: The influence of prominent officials and generals. After securing some minor victories in 744 and 743, he defeated the Urartian king Sarduri II in battle near Arpad in 743. This victory was significant since Urartu had for a brief time equalled Assyrian power; Sarduri had eleven years earlier defeated Tiglath-Pileser's predecessor Ashur-nirari. After defeating Sarduri, Tiglath-Pileser turned his attention to
5454-409: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karak&oldid=1258561006 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Al-Karak Al-Karak lies 140 kilometres (87 mi) to
5555-504: The king would grant them amnesty and tax privileges. The Babylonians refused the offer. Nabu-mukin-zeri was not in Babylon at this time and was instead probably directing the Babylonian war effort from his ancestral home city of Sapia. In 729, Tiglath-Pileser captured Babylon and proclaimed himself as both king of Assyria and king of Babylon , the first Assyrian king to be recognized as such by
5656-410: The king. Some historically prominent officials, such as the turtanu Shamshi-ilu, were subjected to damnatio memoriae , with their names being deliberately erased from inscriptions and documents. With these reforms, the power of the magnates to challenge the king was virtually eliminated. Tiglath-Pileser revitalized the Assyrian army, transforming it from a seasonally active army, only assembled in
5757-559: The last two years of his life, this again became his official name in Babylon. Gertoux explains the derivation of this name as a hypocoristic use of the word aplu “the heir”. Assyria first rose as a prominent state under the Middle Assyrian Empire in the 14th century BC, previously only having been a city-state centered on the city of Assur . From the 12th century BC onwards, the Middle Assyrian Empire entered into
5858-421: The name Athaliah , borne by a Judean queen who ruled about a century earlier, and that the ending of the name Atalia ( i-a or ia-a ) could represent a theophoric element deriving from Yahweh . Dalley's arguments have met with both support and opposition. The idea that the names Iaba and Atalia were Hebrew has also been independently forwarded by Simo Parpola . In 2002, K. Lawson Younger pointed out that it
5959-431: The name include yph ("beautiful"), nby ("to name") and yhb ("to give"); Iaba might have been of Arab or West Semitic (Levantine or Aramean ) descent. In 1998, Stephanie Dalley proposed that Iaba was of Hebrew origin and speculated that she might have been a princess from the Kingdom of Judah. She based this argument on the name Atalia , a later queen speculated to have been related to Iaba, being similar to
6060-443: The north and the increasing political authority and influence of the "magnates", a set of influential Assyrian courtiers and officials. The rise of Urartu threatened Assyrian hegemony since submission to Urartu was viewed by many vassal states as a realistic alternative to Assyria. The Urartian administration, culture, writing system and religion closely followed those of Assyria. The Urartian kings were also autocrats highly similar to
6161-538: The oldest Christian communities in the world, dating as early as the 1st century AD. Under the Byzantine Empire , Charach ( Ancient Greek : Χαραχ , Kharkh ) or Charach of the Moabites ( Χαραχμωβα , Kharakhmōba ) was the seat of a bishopric , housing the much venerated Church of Nazareth, and remained predominantly Christian under Arab rule following the 629 Battle of Mu'tah . Its bishop Demetrius took part in
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#17328447830266262-498: The only known building work conducted by him was a new palace in Nimrud. Instead, most of the money probably went into establishing the new army and into projects in the provinces. Tiglath-Pileser's conquests were marked by brutality, to emphasize the king's strength and power. Resettlements of tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of people were also a common practice. Though previous kings had resettled people, Tiglath-Pileser's reign saw
6363-403: The populace to the idea of Assyrian overlordship. He twice participated in the religiously important New Years' Akitu festival, which required the presence of the king, and also led campaigns against remaining Chaldean strongholds in the far south who resisted his rule. Tiglath-Pileser's queen was named Iaba ( Iabâ ), a name clearly not of Akkadian origin. Possible roots and etymologies of
6464-456: The prominent southern cities, such as Babylon , Kish , Ur , Uruk , Borsippa and Nippur , but were not the only prominent group in the region. Chaldean tribes, led by chieftains who often squabbled with each other, dominated most of the southernmost land. Arameans also lived on the fringes of settled land and were notorious for plundering surrounding territories. Through his agents, Tiglath-Pileser throughout his reign kept tabs on events in
6565-416: The reign of Adad-nirari from that of Tiglath-Pileser, writing that the possibility of him being Ashur-nirari's son cannot be fully ruled out. The historian Tracy Davenport holds that "we may never know" whether Tiglath-Pileser was Ashur-nirari's son or brother. There are ways to explain Tiglath-Pileser's inscriptions proclaiming him as the son of Adad-nirari despite the 38 years between their two reigns. It
6666-609: The resettled people and the regions they came from, resettled people were not harmed or killed. Deportees were highly valued for their labor and abilities. Their journeys and new settlements were designed to be as safe and comfortable as possible. In addition to his reforms, Tiglath-Pileser's reign is marked by a series of large-scale military campaigns in all directions. Though Tiglath-Pileser recorded his military exploits in great detail in his "annals", written on sculpted stone slabs decorating his palace in Nimrud, these are poorly preserved, meaning that for several of his campaigns it
6767-439: The result of a coup d'etat . Zawadzki believes the Eponym Chronicle further suggests that the rebellion, while not necessarily led by Tiglath-Pileser himself, was started with his knowledge and consent. The chief piece of evidence Zawadzki presents for this is that the revolt of 746 began in Nimrud and the first official appointed as eponym holder by Tiglath-Pileser (in 744) was Bel-dan, the governor of Nimrud. Garelli believes
6868-545: The revolt in 746 was instigated by Shamshi-ilu , a prominent official throughout the reigns of Tiglath-Pileser's predecessors, and that the uprising was crushed by Tiglath-Pileser after he legitimately inherited the throne. Zawadzki believes Shamshi-ilu may have revolted, as he is no longer recorded in Tiglath-Pileser's reign, but that the uprising in Nimrud was a separate revolt from Shamshu-ilu's supposed uprising and that Tiglath-Pileser or his supporters would have fought both Shamshu-ilu and Ashur-nirari. In her 2016 PhD thesis,
6969-400: The same year, Tiglath-Pileser engaged Sarduri in battle near Arpad. Unlike the Assyrian defeat by Arpad eleven years earlier, Tiglath-Pileser won the battle, one of the greatest triumphs of his reign. Sarduri was forced to flee the battle and was pursued back to the Urartian capital of Tushpa . In the period from 743 to 732, Tiglath-Pileser led several campaigns in the Levant, which led to
7070-407: The sole ruler of Assyria until 744. There are some strange features of the Eponym Chronicle that suggest that Ashur-nirari ruled until 744, together with Tiglath-Pileser 745–744. There are two horizonal lines in this part of the list, one beneath 746, possibly marking Tiglath-Pileser's rise to the throne, and one beneath 744, possibly marking Ashur-nirari's death. It is unlikely that the second line
7171-450: The south of Amman on the ancient King's Highway . It is situated on a hilltop about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level and is surrounded on three sides by a valley. Al-Karak has a view of the Dead Sea . A city of about 32,216 people (2005 ) has been built up around the castle and it has buildings from the 19th-century Ottoman period. The town is built on a triangular plateau, with
7272-751: The south. In 731, the Chaldean chieftain Nabu-mukin-zeri , of the Bit-Amukkani tribe, seized power in Babylon as king. Tiglath-Pileser saw the accession of Nabu-mukin-zeri, who aspired to heal the divides in Babylonia, as a provocation and threat to Assyrian interests and hegemony. Tiglath-Pileser thus dedicated the next several years to defeating Nabu-mukin-zeri and his supporters. First, Assyrian armies blockaded Babylonia's eastern border to ensure that Nabu-mukin-zeri would not receive any support from Elam , which
7373-472: The southern portion as a vassal kingdom. The weakening and enormous reduction in size of Israel was seen by the Israelites as vindicating predictions of impending doom made by the prophet Amos a few decades prior. The massive western expansion of Assyria brought Tiglath-Pileser and his armies into direct contact with Arab tribes, several of whom began paying tribute. In 733, Tiglath-Pileser campaigned against
7474-415: The strongest remaining native state in the region, which was supported by the Assyrian tributaries Tyre and Asqaluna , as well as Israel. In 732, Damascus fell and Tiglath-Pileser annexed the lands of Aram-Damascus. In the same conflict, Tiglath-Pileser also captured Tyre and defeated Israel, which he divided in half, annexing the northern portion of the kingdom as the province Megiddo and subjugating
7575-425: The summer months, consisting only of conscripts, into a professional army. Under Tiglath-Pileser these conscripts were largely replaced with trained specialized soldiers. He introduced new and superior weapons, technologies and logistics. Among his major innovations were new forms of siege engines . The central standing army introduced under Tiglath-Pileser was dubbed the kiṣir šarri ("king's unit"). The size of
7676-515: The summit of a mountain. Its fosses are the valleys around it, which are very deep. They say it was originally, in Roman days , a convent , and was turned into a fortress. It is now a treasure house of the Turks." Abu'l-Fida (1273−1331) noted that Al Karak "is a celebrated town with a very high fortress, one of the most unassailable of the fortresses of Syria. About a day's march from it is Mutah , where are
7777-540: The supervision of an Assyrian official to guide her political actions. In his late reign, Tiglath-Pileser increasingly focused on Babylonia in the south. Babylonia had once been a large and hugely influential kingdom, competing with Assyria for centuries, but during the Neo-Assyrian period it was typically weaker than its northern neighbor. Babylonia suffered from both the lack of a well-organized army and from internal ethno-cultural divisions. Babylonians governed most of
7878-560: The text. The Phoenician spelling of this name is Puwal . The Phoenician inscription is narrated in the first person by king de:Awariku ( Awarikku , Warika , Urikki ) of Que ( Quwê , Adanawa, Adana), known from other ancient inscriptions. His stele was erected to mark the land that was gifted to Awariku by Tiglath-Pileser III. He is also known as the King of the Danunites ( Danaans ), or the "Danunean king". He also describes himself as 'the King of
7979-550: The throne solely to divine selection, rather than the more typical practice of Assyrian kings ascribing their rise to both divine selection and his royal ancestry. The Assyrian King List , an ancient Assyrian document listing the kings of Assyria, states that Tiglath-Pileser's father was his immediate predecessor Ashur-nirari V . Tiglath-Pileser in his own inscriptions claimed that he was the son of Adad-nirari III , making him Ashur-nirari's brother. Assyriologists and other historians have overwhelmingly concluded that Tiglath-Pileser
8080-466: The throne. If accepted as a royal dynast, uncertainties still exist in whether Tiglath-Pileser was the son of Adad-nirari or Ashur-nirari. The Assyriologists Fei Chen, Albert Kirk Grayson and Shiego Yamada consider it more likely that he was Adad-nirari's son, with the Assyrian King List's identification of him as the son of Ashur-nirari possibly being a scribal error. The Assyriologist Paul Garelli considers this unlikely, given that 38 years separate
8181-457: The tombs of Ja'afar at Tayyar and his companions. Below Al Karak is a valley, in which is a thermal bath ( hammam ), and many gardens with excellent fruits, such as apricots , pears , pomegranates , and others." Al-Karak was the birthplace of Ibn al-Quff (1233–1286), an Arab Christian physician and surgeon , author of the earliest medieval Arabic treatise intended solely for surgeons. In 1355, Ibn Battuta visited and wrote: "Al Karak
8282-436: The town after the government increased the price of bread. The town and castle were the scene of an attack by gunmen on 18 December 2016 in which at least 19 people were killed; 13 Jordanian civilians and security forces, a Canadian tourist, and all 5 attackers. Al-Karak has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Al-Karak
8383-424: The traditional sequence used for Assyrian eponym holders. Typically, the king was eponym holder in his second regnal year, followed by important magnates and then provincial governors. If Tiglath-Pileser became king in 745, the eponym holder of his second regnal year was Bel-dan, not the king himself, who was the eponym holder in 743, his third regnal year. This could be explained by Tiglath-Pileser not having become
8484-463: The very least, did not belong to the direct dynastic lineage. If Tiglath-Pileser was Sargon's father, he also had a third son, Sin-ahu-usur . Sin-ahu-usur is attested as the younger brother of Sargon, in 714 granted the command of Sargon's royal cavalry guard. The Assyriologist Hayim Tadmor referred to Tiglath-Pileser's reign as a "watershed" in the history of the Middle East. Tiglath-Pileser left
8585-469: The years following Tiglath-Pileser's reign would emerge as a staunch adversary of Assyria. Unlike many other Assyrian conquests, Babylonia was not divided into provinces but kept as a full kingdom, in personal union with Assyria. This was chiefly because the Assyrians greatly respected Babylonian culture and religion. Because of this respect and because Babylonia was showing signs of the beginning of an economic recovery, Tiglath-Pileser worked to conciliate
8686-399: Was a revolt in Nimrud the year before Tiglath-Pileser became king. According to the historian Stefan Zawadzki , writing in 1994, the eponyms also provide insight into how the transition from Ashur-nirari to Tiglath-Pileser might have happened. That Tiglath-Pileser took the throne the year after the uprising was interpreted by Zawadzki, and others, as firmly indicating that he took the throne as
8787-526: Was a usurper. The Assyriologist Bradley J. Parker went as far as suggesting that he was not part of the previous royal dynasty at all, but per the Assyriologist Karen Radner , his claims of royal descent were probably true, meaning that while he did usurp the throne, he was a legitimate contender for it, having been victorious in an intra-dynastic civil war. Tiglath-Pileser faced no known resistance or rebellions against his rule after taking
8888-672: Was based in Al-Karak with a small detachment of policemen. He established what he named The National Government of Moab with himself as president. In January 1921 Emir Abdullah Hussein began assembling an army in Ma'an and announced his intention to attack the French in Syria . After a brief consultation with his superiors Kirkbride's government welcomed the arrival of the Emir. At the Cairo conference , March 1921, Abdullah
8989-520: Was established in 1874 and in 1886 Al Majali gave permission to the English Mission to work in the town. The town's Orthodox school had 120 boys and 60 girls. The same source notes that the town's Mufti had been educated in Hebron and al Azhar , Cairo , and that there was a newly built mosque. Merchants from Damascus came to the town twice each year. The Karak revolt erupted on 4 December 1910 as
9090-447: Was far from certain that i-a or ia-a actually corresponded to Yahweh since there are few analogues in other Neo-Assyrian names and inscriptions. The identification of Atalia as a Hebrew name was also doubted by Nicholas Postgate in 2008, and in that year Ran Zadok alternatively suggested that Atalia was an Arabic name. Iaba's tomb was discovered at Nimrud in 1989. Tiglath-Pileser is believed to have died peacefully of old age. He
9191-669: Was found in Wadi al-Karak that has been dated to the late 9th century BC. During the late Hellenistic Period , Al-Karak became an important town taking its name from the Aramaic word for town, Kharkha ( כרכא ). The area eventually fell under the power of the Nabateans . The Roman Empire conquered it from them in AD105. The city was known in Late Antiquity as Harreketh . Al-Karak contains some of
9292-400: Was governor of the district until becoming ruler of Egypt and Syria in 1199. Yaqut (1179–1229) noted that "Al Karak is a very strongly fortified castle on the borders of Syria, towards Balka province, and in the mountains. It stands on a rock surrounded by Wadis , except on the side towards the suburb." Al-Dimashqi (1256–1327) noted that Karak: "is an impregnable fortress, standing high on
9393-507: Was often opposed to Assyrian interests. Then, Tiglath-Pileser defeated and subdued a number of Aramean clans and Chaldean tribes, including the Bit-Shilani and the Bit-Sha'alli. The struggle for control of Babylonia began in earnest in 730. In this year, Assyrian envoys are recorded travelling to Babylon and urging the inhabitants to open their gates and surrender to Tiglath-Pileser, stating that
9494-505: Was recognised by the British as ruler of Emirate of Transjordan . In the 1920s, Al-Karak had a population of 8,000 and had the third largest urban population (after Amman and Salt with 20,000 each) in Transjordan . In 1961, the population of Karak town was 7,422 persons, of whom 1,622 were Orthodox Christian while the remaining were Muslim. In August 1996, there were food riots in
9595-416: Was reducing the influence of the magnates, thus increasing the authority of the king. The division of the large provinces previously governed by the magnates into smaller units, placed under royally appointed provincial governors, reduced the wealth and power of the magnates. The right to commission inscriptions concerning military and building activities was withdrawn from officials and henceforth restricted to
9696-451: Was rendered useless, after the destruction of the flotilla used to transport grain across the Dead Sea, on 28 January 1918. Following the San Remo conference , 1920, Great Britain was given a mandate to govern the area. The newly appointed High Commissioner in Jerusalem, Herbert Samuel , sent several officials east of the River Jordan to create a local administration. Major Alec Kirkbride
9797-417: Was replaced as king after only a few years by Sargon II , probably through being deposed and assassinated. Though Assyrian king lists connected Sargon to previous kings through claiming that he was the son of Tiglath-Pileser, this claim does not appear in most of his inscriptions, which instead stress that he was called upon and appointed as king by Ashur. Many historians accept Sargon's claim to have been
9898-632: Was simultaneously involved in internal conflict. Due to Assyria for centuries mainly being known through its appearances in the Hebrew Bible , the Assyrian kings who are mentioned in the Bible are generally known today by the Biblical forms of their names. The modern name Tiglath-Pileser thus derives from the Hebrew Tīglaṯ Pīl'eser (תִּגְלַת פִּלְאֶסֶר), a corrupted form of the original Akkadian name Tukultī-apil-Ešarra ( 𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏 ). Presumably
9999-399: Was succeeded by his son Shalmaneser V . In Tiglath-Pileser's reign, Shalmaneser was known by his birth name Ululayu, "Shalmaneser" being a regnal name he assumed upon his accession to the throne in 727. Shalmaneser likely participated in some of his father's campaigns and several letters are known from him to his father, many of them reports on the status of the lands he governed. Shalmaneser
10100-404: Was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 745 BC to his death in 727. One of the most prominent and historically significant Assyrian kings , Tiglath-Pileser ended a period of Assyrian stagnation, introduced numerous political and military reforms and more than doubled the lands under Assyrian control. Because of the massive expansion and centralization of Assyrian territory and establishment of
10201-515: Was the low point of Assyrian royal power. In Shalmaneser IV's reign, the turtanu (commander-in-chief) Shamshi-ilu was bold enough to credit military victories to himself rather than the king. Ashur-nirari V appears to have been relatively idle as a ruler. He campaigned only three times, staying in Assyria throughout the majority of his reign, and he is not known to have conducted any building projects. One of Tiglath-Pileser's important early reforms
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