98-450: Mahakuta Pillar ( Kannada : ಮಹಾಕೂಟ ಸ್ತಂಭ ), also known as Makuta pillar , Magada stambha or Mangalesa Dharma Jayastambha , is a deep red sandstone pillar with an early 7th-century inscription of Early Western Chalukya era. It was found near Mahakuta group of Hindu temples near Badami , Karnataka, India. Inscribed with 16 lines of Sanskrit in Old Kannada script by king Mangalesha , it
196-486: A Champu work in pure Kannada using only indigenous ( desya ) Kannada words and the derived form of Sanskrit words – tadbhavas , without the admixture of Sanskrit words. He succeeded in his challenge and proved wrong those who had advocated that it was impossible to write a work in Kannada without using Sanskrit words. Andayya may be considered as a protector of Kannada poets who were ridiculed by Sanskrit advocates. Thus Kannada
294-466: A Palagannada (Old Kannada) of much ancient times, which is nothing but the Pre-Old Kannada and also warns aspiring Kannada writers to avoid its archaisms, as per R. S. Hukkerikar. Regarding earlier poems in Kannada, the author of " Kavirajamarga " states that old Kannada is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in contemporaneous works as per R. Narasimhacharya. Gunanandi (900 AD), quoted by
392-486: A 3rd-century AD Tamil inscription there is usage of oppanappa vIran . Here the honorific appa to a person's name is an influence from Kannada. Another word of Kannada origin is taayviru and is found in a 4th-century AD Tamil inscription. S. Settar studied the sittanavAsal inscription of first century AD as also the inscriptions at tirupparamkunram , adakala and neDanUpatti . The later inscriptions were studied in detail by Iravatham Mahadevan also. Mahadevan argues that
490-472: A Satavahana king Sire Polemaios, who is identified with Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi), whose name is derived from the Kannada word for Puli , meaning tiger. Some scholars indicate that the name Pulumayi is actually Kannada's ' Puli Maiyi ' or ' One with the body of a tiger ' indicating native Kannada origin for the Satavahanas. Pai identifies all the 10 cities mentioned by Ptolemy (100–170 AD) as lying between
588-719: A combination of inscriptions and texts to determine a different reference year. Thus, KR Ramesh dates it to 595–596 CE, while Carol Bolon dates it to 602 CE. The sixteen lines of the inscription on the Mahakuta pillar was first translated by John Fleet and published in 1889. His translation is given below: Om ! Hail ! In the lineage of the Chalukyas, — who are of the Manavya gotra; who are Haritiputras ; who are possessed of unrepulsed energy, strength, intellect, splendour, heroism, firmness, and vigour ; who meditate on
686-694: A few coins of the Kadambas of Hangal are also available. The oldest known existing record of Kannada poetry in Tripadi metre is the Kappe Arabhatta record of 7th century AD. Kavirajamarga by King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I (850 AD) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King Durvinita of
784-623: A lot of care. It is "impossible to believe", states Sircar, that Kirtivarman I even invaded all the kingdoms mentioned in this inscription because they are so far from the Badami-region in different directions. Furthermore, other inscriptions of this same dynasty, including one issued during the rule of his own son Pulakesin II contradict this wildly exaggerated claims. Thus, many parts of this inscription cannot be taken at face value or being even partially true, but reflect mere "imagination" and "fabrication" by
882-440: A multitude of most excellent virtues ; who was endowed with sovereignty acquired by the strength and prowess of his own arm; whose choice feet were rubbed and scrubbed by the jeweled diadems of hostile kings (bowing down before him); (and) whose body was purified by the religious merit of ablutions performed after celebrating the bahusuvarna and agnishthoma sacrifices. When he, having acquired victory by crushing
980-739: A number of prolific and renowned poets and writers such as Kuvempu , Bendre , and V K Gokak . Works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards , the highest number awarded to any Indian language. Kannada–Kannada dictionary has existed in Kannada along with ancient works of Kannada grammar. The oldest available Kannada dictionary was composed by the poet 'Ranna' called 'Ranna Kanda' (ರನ್ನ ಕಂದ) in 996 AD. Other dictionaries are ' Abhidhana Vastukosha' (ಅಭಿದಾನ ವಾಸ್ತುಕೋಶ) by Nagavarma (1045 AD), 'Amarakoshada Teeku' (ಅಮರಕೋಶದ ತೀಕು) by Vittala (1300), 'Abhinavaabhidaana' (ಅಭಿನವಾಭಿದಾನ) by Abhinava Mangaraja (1398 AD) and many more. A Kannada–English dictionary consisting of more than 70,000 words
1078-398: A very receptacle of brilliance, energy, valour, memory, intellect, splendour, polity, and refinement, there was born one who was possessed of an auspicious name, the king called Ranaraga, who by (his) fondness for war elicited the affection of his own people, and-caused vexation of mind to (his) enemies. Of that king, possessed of virtuous qualities resembling (those of his father),
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#17328478799801176-966: Is a South Dravidian language and a descendant of Tamil-Kannada , from which it derives its grammar and core vocabulary. Its history can be divided into three stages: Old Kannada, or Haḷegannaḍa from 450 to 1200 AD, Middle Kannada ( Naḍugannaḍa ) from 1200 to 1700 and Modern Kannada ( Hosagannaḍa ) from 1700 to the present. Kannada has it been influenced to a considerable degree by Sanskrit and Prakrit , both in morphology, phonetics, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. The three principle sources of influence on literary Kannada grammar appear to be Pāṇini 's grammar, non-Pāṇinian schools of Sanskrit grammar, particularly Katantra and Sakatayana schools, and Prakrit grammar. Literary Prakrit seems to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times. Speakers of vernacular Prakrit may have come into contact with Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada
1274-497: Is a classical Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India , with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 44 million native speakers, and is additionally a second or third language for around 15 million non-native speakers in Karnataka. The official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka, it also has scheduled status in India and has been included among
1372-463: Is a "Saiva inscription", states Fleet. The pillar's primary aim is to declare the gift of an additional ten villages to the Shiva temple called Makutesvaranatha, one that already existed in 602 CE. Lines 13–14 of the inscription allude to the date of the inscription, as "the fifth glorious year, of the constantly augmenting reign of Mangalesha, in the current Siddharatha (samvatsara) on the full moon tithi of
1470-500: Is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle. This period saw the advent of Haridasa Sahitya ( lit Dasa literature) which made rich contributions to Bhakti literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa is widely considered the Father of Carnatic music . The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as Hosagannaḍa or Modern Kannada. Most notable among
1568-433: Is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic ( Tatwartha-mahashastra ). Other sources date Chudamani to the 6th century or earlier. An inscription of 1128 AD quotes a couplet by the famous Sanskrit poet Dandin (active 680–720 AD), highly praising Srivaradhadeva, for his Kannada work Chudamani, as having "produced Saraswati (i.e., learning and eloquence) from the tip of his tongue, as Siva produced
1666-780: Is about 75,000. Ethnologue also classifies a group of four languages related to Kannada, which are, besides Kannada proper, Badaga , Holiya , Kurumba and Urali . The Golars or Golkars are a nomadic herdsmen tribe present in Nagpur , Chanda , Bhandara , Seoni and Balaghat districts of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh speak the Golari dialect of Kannada which is identical to the Holiya dialect spoken by their tribal offshoot Holiyas present in Seoni, Nagpur and Bhandara of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. There were around 3,600 speakers of this dialect as per
1764-501: Is almost identical to that of other Indian languages . The Kannada script is almost entirely phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottakshara) . Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable , as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English—the Kannada script
1862-491: Is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script. Kannada inscriptions are discovered in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in addition to Karnataka. This indicates the spread of the influence of the language over the ages, especially during the rule of large Kannada empires. The earliest copper plates inscribed in Old Kannada script and language, dated to
1960-415: Is an important and partly disputed source of historic information about the times of Badami Chalukya , the dynasty, and his influential father Pulakeshin I . The pillar was found in the 19th-century lying on the ground near the ruins of Mahakutesvara temple, one of the 7th-century group of temples at the Mahakuta natural springs ( Bagalkot district ). The site is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east from
2058-522: Is another source for establishing the use of Sanskrit and the popular epithets in 6th-century for eulogized kings. According to Tratakov, for Indian architecture historians, the Mahakuta pillar is an important monument. It helps set a chronology for the innovations and creativity in the Tungabhadra cradle of Indian art. Along with about 30 ruins of Hindu temples that exist in Mahakuta, and numerous more in nearby sites of Badami, Aihole and others, it helps fix
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#17328478799802156-511: Is fit and worthy to follow (his) lead in the matter ; who, like Damayanti, was a most devoted wife ; who was the ornament of the Batpura family ; (and) whose body has been purified by participating, in the rewards of a variety of religious actions, and informs (her) of this (assignment of authority The wealth of the Kalatsuri has been expended in the idol-procession of
2254-451: Is more consistent with the chronology, iconography and the pillar artwork, as well much closer to where Fleet found the pillar in 1880–81. The Mahakuta pillar is made of fine grained, deep red sandstone. It is about 14.5 feet (4.4 m) tall, 22 inches (560 mm) in diameter and has sixteen facets. An inscription is engraved on it in Sanskrit language and Old Kannada script winding up from
2352-1110: Is more or less consistent throughout Karnataka. The Ethnologue reports "about 20 dialects" of Kannada. Among them are Kundagannada (spoken exclusively in Kundapura, Brahmavara, Bynduru and Hebri), Nador-Kannada (spoken by Nadavaru ), Havigannada (spoken mainly by Havyaka Brahmins ), Are Bhashe (spoken by Gowda community mainly in Madikeri and Sullia region of Dakshina Kannada ), Malenadu Kannada (Sakaleshpur, Coorg, Shimoga, Chikmagalur), Sholaga , Gulbarga Kannada , Dharawad Kannada etc. All of these dialects are influenced by their regional and cultural background. The one million Komarpants in and around Goa speak their own dialect of Kannada, known as Halegannada. They are settled throughout Goa state, throughout Uttara Kannada district and Khanapur taluk of Belagavi district, Karnataka. The Halakki Vokkaligas of Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of Karnataka speak in their own dialect of Kannada called Halakki Kannada or Achchagannada. Their population estimate
2450-568: Is of 350 AD and is also older than the Halmidi inscription. Current estimates of the total number of existing epigraphs written in Kannada range from 25,000 by the scholar Sheldon Pollock to over 30,000 by Amaresh Datta of the Sahitya Akademi . Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. The 543 AD Badami cliff inscription of Pulakesi I
2548-407: Is possessed of fortune, just as the god) Vasudeva (Krishna) is possessed of (his wife, the goddess) Sri ; like Mandhatri, he is possessed of fame ; in intellect he is equal to Brihaspati and Usanas ; he is as profound as the ocean ; in endurance he is equal to the earth ; (and) he is the ornament of the earth. And he, — having set (his) heart upon the conquest of
2646-571: Is probable that they wrote in Kannada also. Samantabhadra is placed in 2nd century AD by Jain tradition. Old Kannada commentaries on some of his works exist. He was said to have born in Utkalikagrama and while performing penance in Manuvakahalli, he was attacked by a disease called Bhasmaka . Pujyapada also called Devanandi, was the preceptor of Ganga king Durvinita and belonged to the late 5th to early 6th century AD. Kaviparameshthi probably lived in
2744-770: Is roughly 1.23 million, which is 2.2% of Tamil Nadu's total population. The Malayalam spoken by people of Lakshadweep has many Kannada words. In the United States, there were 35,900 speakers in 2006–2008, a number that had risen to 48,600 by the time of the 2015 census. There are 4,000 speakers in Canada (according to the 2016 census), 9,700 in Australia (2016 census), 22,000 in Singapore (2018 estimate), and 59,000 in Malaysia (2021 estimate). Kannada, like Malayalam and Tamil ,
2842-400: Is the fall-moon of the sky which is the race of the Chalukyas; who is endowed with polity, refinement, knowledge, liberality, kindness, and civility ; who is a, king resembling a group of water-lilies, being an object of desire to crowds of warriors, being surrounded by young damsels, being full of charming qualities, being enlightened by (his) excellent religious merit, and being
2940-412: Is the only Dravidian language which is not only capable of using only native Kannada words and grammar in its literature (like Tamil), but also use Sanskrit grammar and vocabulary (like Telugu, Malayalam, Tulu, etc.) The Champu style of literature of mixing poetry with prose owes its origins to the Kannada language which was later incorporated by poets into Sanskrit and other Indian languages. During
3038-470: Is written using the Kannada script , which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script . Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia and literary Old Kannada flourished during the 9th-century Rashtrakuta Empire . Kannada has an unbroken literary history of around 1200 years. Kannada literature has been presented with eight Jnanapith awards , the most for any Dravidian language and
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3136-641: The Alupas in coastal Karnataka, the Banavasi Kadambas and the Mauryas of Konkan and he dismisses the rest as exaggeration. According to Dineshchandra Sircar , historic texts and prashasti inscriptions, such as the one in the Mahakuta pillar, mix historical truths with too much fabrication in their attempt to flatter and eulogize their rulers for the gifts they received in turn. These exaggerations and allegations limit their historical value and must be used with
3234-723: The Old Kannada Gunabhushitana Nishadi inscription discovered on the Chandragiri hill, Shravanabelagola , is older than Halmidi inscription by about fifty to hundred years and may belong to the period AD 350–400. The noted archaeologist and art historian S. Shettar is of the opinion that an inscription of the Western Ganga King Kongunivarma Madhava ( c. 350 –370) found at Tagarthi (Tyagarthi) in Shikaripura taluk of Shimoga district
3332-458: The "Prabhrita", and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, 650 or earlier), who wrote the "Chudamani" ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on logic. The Karnateshwara Katha , a eulogy for King Pulakesi II , is said to have belonged to the 7th century; the Gajastaka , a lost "ashtaka" (eight line verse) composition and a work on elephant management by King Shivamara II , belonged to
3430-476: The "gadyakatha", a mixture of prose and poetry, the " chattana " and the " bedande ", poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument. Amoghavarsha Nripatunga compares the puratana-kavigal (old Kannada poets) who wrote the great Chattana poems in Kannada to the likes of the great Sanskrit poets like Gunasuri, Narayana, Bharavi, Kalidasa, Magha, etc. This Old Kannada work, Kavirajamarga , itself in turn refers to
3528-719: The 10th century AD (in the commentary on Neminatham , a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the BC 4th century. Around the beginning of the 9th century, Old Kannada was spoken from Kaveri to Godavari . The Kannada spoken between the rivers Varada and Malaprabha was the pure well of Kannada undefiled. The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including Ragale (a form of blank verse) and meters like Sangatya and Shatpadi . The works of this period are based on Jain and Hindu principles. Two of
3626-661: The 1901 census, spoke a Kannada dialect called Kurumvari. The Kurumbas or Kurubas, a nomadic shepherd tribe were spread across the Nilgiris , Coimbatore , Salem , North and South Arcots , Trichinopoly , Tanjore and Pudukottai of Tamil Nadu, Cuddapah and Anantapur of Andhra Pradesh , Malabar and Cochin of Kerala and South Canara and Coorg of Karnataka and spoke the Kurumba Kannada dialect. The Kurumba and Kurumvari dialect (both closely related with each other) speakers were estimated to be around 11,400 in total as per
3724-626: The 1901 census. Matthew A. Sherring describes the Golars and Holars as a pastoral tribe from the Godavari banks established in the districts around Nagpur, in the stony tracts of Ambagarh , forests around Ramplee and Sahangadhee. Along the banks of the Wainganga , they dwell in the Chakurhaitee and Keenee subdivisions. The Kurumvars of Chanda district of Maharashtra, a wild pastoral tribe, 2,200 in number as per
3822-781: The 1901 census. There were about 34,250 Badaga speakers as per the 1901 census. Nasik district of Maharashtra has a distinct tribe called 'Hatkar Kaanadi' people who speak a Kannada (Kaanadi) dialect with lot of old Kannada words. Per Chidananda Murthy, they are the native people of Nasik from ancient times, which shows that North Maharashtra's Nasik area had Kannada population 1000 years ago. Kannada speakers formed 0.12% of Nasik district's population as per 1961 census. The language uses forty-nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: swaragalu (vowels – thirteen letters); vyanjanagalu (consonants – thirty-four letters); and yogavaahakagalu (neither vowel nor consonant – two letters: anusvara ಂ and visarga ಃ ). The character set
3920-819: The 4th century AD. He may possibly be the same as the Kaviswara referred to in the Kavirajamarga, and the Kaviparameswara praised by Chavunda Raya (978 AD) and his spiritual teacher, Nemichandra (10th century AD), all the names possibly being only epithets. Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the Kavirajamarga are not yet traced. Some ancient Kannada texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are Prabhrita (650 AD) by Syamakundacharya, Chudamani (Crest Jewel—650 AD or earlier) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which
4018-605: The 4th century, i.e., 338 AD. The Kannada Lion balustrade inscription excavated at the Pranaveshwara temple complex at Talagunda near Shiralakoppa of Shivamogga district, dated to 370 AD is now considered the earliest Kannada inscriptions replacing the Halmidi inscription of 450 AD. The 5th century poetic Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga and the Siragunda inscription from Chikkamagaluru Taluk of 500 AD are further examples. Recent reports indicate that
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4116-568: The 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 AD. Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier. An early extant prose work, the Vaḍḍārādhane (ವಡ್ಡಾರಾಧನೆ) by Shivakotiacharya of 900 AD provides an elaborate description of
4214-485: The 8th century, this served as the basis for 2 popular folk songs Ovanige and Onakevadu, which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit (" Ovam "). The Chandraprabha-purana by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of emperor Amoghavarsha I , is ascribed to the early 9th century. His writing has been mentioned by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III and Doddiah (also spelt Doddayya, c. 1550 AD) and praised by Durgasimha (c. 1025 AD). During
4312-431: The 9th century AD. Around 900 AD, Gunavarma I wrote "Sudraka" and "Harivamsa" (also known as "Neminatha Purana"). In "Sudraka" he compared his patron, Ganga king Ereganga Neetimarga II (c. 907–921 AD), to a noted king called Sudraka. Jinachandra, who is referred to by Sri Ponna (c. 950 AD) as the author of "Pujyapada Charita", had earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra". Tamil Buddhist commentators of
4410-537: The 9th century period, the Digambara Jain poet Asaga (or Asoka) authored, among other writings, "Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya" and "Varadamana Charitra". His works have been praised by later poets, although none of his works are available today. "Gunagankiyam", the earliest known prosody in Kannada, was referenced in a Tamil work dated to 10th century or earlier ("Yapparungalakkarigai" by Amritasagara). Gunanandi, an expert in logic, Kannada grammar and prose, flourished in
4508-728: The Early Western Chalukya dynasty, how and when the different temple architecture styles evolved in Badami-Mahakuta-Pattadakal-Aihole region of Karnataka. At first blush, the pillar was linked to the temple it was found near, namely the Mahakutesvara temple. However, this is a fairly sophisticated form of Dravida architecture. It led to theories that the Dravida architecture was quite advanced by 602 CE. The colonial era archaeologist and historian Henry Cousens stated that
4606-657: The Ganges from the tip of his top-knot." Bhattakalanka (1604 CE), the great Kannada grammarian, refers to Srivaradhadeva's Chudamani as the greatest work in Kannada, and as incontestable proof of the scholarly character and value of Kannada literature. This makes Srivaradhadeva's time earlier than the 6th–7th century AD. Other writers, whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references such as Indranandi's "Srutavatara", Devachandra's "Rajavalikathe", Bhattakalanka's "Sabdanusasana" of 1604, writings of Jayakirthi are Syamakundacharya (650), who authored
4704-748: The Indian-language passages in the ancient Greek play known as the Charition mime . The earliest examples of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription ( śilāśāsana ) containing Brahmi characters with characteristics attributed to those of proto-Kannada in Haḷe Kannaḍa ( lit Old Kannada) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription , usually dated c. 450 AD , indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language at that time. The Halmidi inscription provides invaluable information about
4802-561: The Kannada inscription Vira and Skandha were found in Satara collectorate. A gold coin bearing three inscriptions of Sri and an abbreviated inscription of king Bhagiratha's name called bhagi (c. 390–420 AD) in old Kannada exists. A Kadamba copper coin dated to the 5th century AD with the inscription Srimanaragi in Kannada script was discovered in Banavasi, Uttara Kannada district . Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered spanning
4900-760: The Sanskrit style of Kannada literature was Margi (formal or written form of language) and Desi (folk or spoken form of language) style was popular and made his people aware of the strength and beauty of their native language Kannada. In 1112 AD, Jain poet Nayasena of Mulugunda, Dharwad district, in his Champu work Dharmamrita (ಧರ್ಮಾಮೃತ), a book on morals, warns writers from mixing Kannada with Sanskrit by comparing it with mixing of clarified butter and oil. He has written it using very limited Sanskrit words which fit with idiomatic Kannada. In 1235 AD, Jain poet Andayya, wrote Kabbigara Kava - ಕಬ್ಬಿಗರ ಕಾವ (Poet's Defender), also called Sobagina Suggi (Harvest of Beauty) or Madana-Vijaya and Kavana-Gella (Cupid's Conquest) ,
4998-543: The Satavahanas, with a high degree of civilisation [...] There is, therefore, no reason to believe that these languages had less rich or less expressive oral traditions than Tamil had towards the end of its pre-literate period. The Ashoka rock edict found at Brahmagiri (dated to 250 BC) has been suggested to contain words ( Isila , meaning to throw, viz. an arrow, etc.) in identifiable Kannada. In some 3rd–1st century BC Tamil inscriptions, words of Kannada influence such as Naliyura , kavuDi and posil were found. In
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#17328478799805096-410: The abode of majesty, just as the group of water-lilies is an object of desire to crowds of birds, is surrounded by female bees, is full of blossoms, is caused to expand by the rays of the sun, and is the abode of (the goddess) 'Sri ; who is as pleasing as a group of water-lilies ; whose heroism has for (its) faultless eye (his) servants the spies who are intent upon scorching up
5194-455: The array of many hostile kings commencing with those of Vanga, Anga, Kalinga, Vatttura, Magadha, Madraka, Kerala, Gangs, Mushaka, Pandya, Dramila, Choliya, Aluka, and Vaijayanti, had ascended to the skies, there was (his) younger brother, the king who has the appellations of Uru-Ranavikranta, and Mangalesha, and chief of favorites of fortune and of the earth; who meditates on the feet of gods, Brahmins, and spiritual preceptors; who
5292-436: The base over a length of 38 inches (970 mm). The inscription consists of sixteen lines, each spirally wrapped around the sixteen faces averaging four letters per face. The pillar has no base molding. It is topped with a small amalaka with thirty six deep flutes. The amalaka is about 19 inches (480 mm) tall and 32.5 inches (830 mm) in diameter. On the top of this amalaka is a carved box with flower decoration on
5390-413: The beneficiary of the gift and his scribe. According to Harle, there may be some useful information in the Mahakuta pillar. For example, given the controversies and disagreements on relative chronology of Dravida architecture, the Mahakuta pillar "probably" provides a terminus ante quem (early 6th-century) for the construction of the early temples in this region and the Mahakutesvara temple. Similarly, it
5488-440: The cliff (hill top) about a kilometer away. The problem with this suggestion is that the architecture and artwork at the cliff temple is far more crude than the remarkable finish of the Mahakuta pillar, making it likely that the cliff temple is considerably more older. According to Gary Tartakov, the temple now called Bananti Gudi is more likely site where the pillar used to be. This small two-level historic Dravida architecture temple
5586-550: The country's designated classical languages . Kannada was the court language of a number of dynasties and empires of South , Central India and Deccan Plateau , namely the Kadamba dynasty , Western Ganga dynasty , Nolamba dynasty , Chalukya dynasty , Rashtrakutas , Western Chalukya Empire , Seuna dynasty , Kingdom of Mysore , Nayakas of Keladi , Hoysala dynasty and the Vijayanagara Empire . The Kannada language
5684-428: The current Siddhartha (sarkivatsara), on the full-moon day of (the month) Vailiakha, (in commemoration of the grant of the villages in question) he has set up this Dharma Jayastambha (column of victory of religion). And it has been said in the writings of religion, The earth has been enjoyed by many kings, commencing with Sagara ; whosoever at any time possesses the earth, to him belongs at that time
5782-417: The dear son (was) the king who had the names of Satyasraya, the favourite of fortune and of the earth, and Ranavikrama; whose body was purified by the religious merit of ablutions performed after celebrating the agnishthoma, agnichayana, vajapeya, bahusuvarna, paundarika, and ashvamedha-sacrifices; who was descended from Hiranyagarbha (Brahman); who accepted the admonitions of the elders ; who
5880-641: The early 8th century AD, are associated with Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu (the Dakshina Kannada district), and display the double crested fish, his royal emblem. The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript in Old Kannada is that of Dhavala . It dates to around the 9th century and is preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district. The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written using ink. Some early Kadamba Dynasty coins bearing
5978-542: The early writers of this period are Harihara and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the Ragale form of composition while Raghavanka popularised the Shatpadi (six-lined stanza) meter. A famous Jaina writer of the same period is Janna , who expressed Jain religious teachings through his works. The Vachana Sahitya tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature, and
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#17328478799806076-552: The feet of (their) parents ; who have kindled the sacrificial fire according to due rite ; who gratify supplicants according to (their) desires ; (and) who generate the religious merit of many pious actions, there was born a king, the illustrious Jayasingha the chief of favorites, who, like (the god) Maghavan (Indra), was possessed of virtuous qualities, (and) who in affluence resembled (the god) Vaigravana (Kubera). Resembling him in virtuous qualities and heroism and affluence, from (him who was)
6174-493: The fine, fluted Mahakuta pillar suggests that construction techniques were fairly advanced, and therefore likely went with the advanced Mahakutesvara temple near where it was found. George Michell and others questioned this, and suggested that the pillar may be referring to an older temple with the same name, one mentioned by Fleet and Cousens in their footnotes of 1880s publications. In the late 1970s, Carol Bolon identified two temples, one named Hire Mahakutesvara (elder temple near
6272-747: The first ten books of the Mahabharata . During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms. During this period, several Hindi and Marathi words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia. Hindu saints of the Vaishnava sect such as Kanakadasa , Purandaradasa , Naraharitirtha , Vyasatirtha , Sripadaraya , Vadirajatirtha , Vijaya Dasa , Gopala Dasa , Jagannatha Dasa , Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period. Kanakadasa's Rāmadhānya Charite (ರಾಮಧಾನ್ಯ ಚರಿತೆ)
6370-639: The grammarian Bhattakalanka and always addressed as Bhagawan (the adorable), was the author of a logic, grammar and sahitya . Durvinita (529–579 AD), the Ganga king, was the pupil of the author of Sabdavatara, i.e., Devanandi Pujyapada. Durvinita is said to have written a commentary on the difficult 15th sarga of Bharavi's Kiratarjuniya in Kannada. Early Kannada writers regularly mention three poets as of especial eminence among their predecessors – Samanta-bhadra, Kavi Parameshthi and Pujyapada. Since later Kannada poets so uniformly name these three as eminent poets, it
6468-532: The hill top nearby, likely completed between 565–602 CE) and the other Hosa Mahakutesvara (larger temple near the Mahakuta natural springs tank, likely completed in the second half of the 7th-century, close to 685 CE). Bolon's chronology fits better with generally accepted chronology of Dravida architecture. According to the Mahakuta pillar inscription, the dynasty commenced with Jayasimha I, followed by Ranaraga. Then came Pulakeshin I who had two sons, Kirtivarman I and Mangalesha . The inscription does not mention
6566-625: The historic cave temples of Badami . Its significance was re-discovered by colonial era archaeologists and scholars in the 1880s. The pillar was moved to Bijapur about 1920, and is now housed in the Archaeological Museum, Vijayapura . The historical location of the Mahakuta pillar has been unclear. Henry Cousens and early scholars presumed that it was always near the Mahakuta pushkarni (natural springs tank). However, George Michell and Carol Bolon questioned this assumption. Bolon proposed that it may have been near an old temple that exists near
6664-567: The history and culture of Karnataka. A set of five copper plate inscriptions discovered in Mudiyanur, though in the Sanskrit language, is in the Pre- Old Kannada script older than the Halmidi edict date of 450 AD, as per palaeographers. Followed by B. L. Rice , leading epigrapher and historian, K. R. Narasimhan following a detailed study and comparison, declared that the plates belong to
6762-414: The inscription. The inscription shows no signs of mutilation, only natural erosion over nearly 1,400 years. The scribe identifies the end of each line by repeating or double-repeating an aksara (letter). The Sanskrit is not perfect in the classical sense, but of a good quality with occasional mistakes. The composers tried to create metric shlokas , but lines such as 3 and 4 are not in accurate meter. This
6860-408: The invasion of territories, in the construction of fortresses, and in the apportioning of honours among country-people and townsfolk. What need is there to say much more ? He is as difficult of assault as (the god) Mahendra ; like Rama, he has never been conquered ; he is as liberal as Sibi, the son of Ugnara ; like Yudhishthira, he is faithful to his promises ; he
6958-538: The language and culture) in the southern Kuntala region during the reign of Vasishtiputra Pulumayi ( c. 85 -125 AD, i.e., late 1st century – early 2nd century AD) who was ruling from Paithan in the north and his son, prince Vilivaya-kura or Pulumayi Kumara was ruling from Huvina Hipparagi in present Karnataka in the south. An early ancestor of Kannada (or a related language) may have been spoken by Indian traders in Roman-era Egypt and it may account for
7056-457: The life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola . Some of the early writers of prose and verse mentioned in the Kavirajamarga, numbering 8–10, stating these are but a few of many, but whose works are lost, are Vimala or Vimalachandra (c. 777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabandhu, Durvinita (6th century), and poets including Kaviswara, Srivijaya, Pandita, Chandra, Ravi Kirti (c. 634) and Lokapala. For fragmentary information on these writers, we can refer
7154-477: The middle of the 5th century AD, but there are a number of earlier texts that may have been influenced by the ancestor language of Old Kannada. Iravatam Mahadevan, a Brahmin, author of a work on early Tamil epigraphy, argued that oral traditions in Kannada and Telugu existed much before written documents were produced. Although the rock inscriptions of Ashoka were written in Prakrit, the spoken language in those regions
7252-593: The modern port city of Mangaluru , upon its mouth. Many of these are Kannada origin names of places and rivers of the Karnataka coast of 1st century AD. The Greek geographer Ptolemy (150 AD) mentions places such as Badiamaioi (Badami), Inde (Indi), Kalligeris (Kalkeri), Modogoulla (Mudagal), Petrigala (Pattadakal), Hippokoura (Huvina Hipparagi), Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Tiripangalida (Gadahinglai), Soubouttou or Sabatha (Savadi), Banaouase (Banavasi), Thogorum (Tagara), Biathana (Paithan), Sirimalaga (Malkhed), Aloe (Ellapur) and Pasage (Palasige). He mentions
7350-634: The modernists was the poet Nandalike Muddana whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat Indira Bai or Saddharma Vijayavu by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. The first modern movable type printing of "Canarese" appears to be the Canarese Grammar of Carey printed at Serampore in 1817, and the " Bible in Canarese " of John Hands in 1820. The first novel printed
7448-497: The month Vaisakha". Scholars have interpreted this in different ways because there are several Hindu calendars and it is not obvious which one to apply here. Furthermore, the inscription uses the start of Mangalesha's reign as reference and it is unclear what that reference year should be. According to Fleet, there are three possible dates: Fleet discusses alternate dates ranging between 595 CE and 602 CE, largely based on other inscriptions and texts, preferring 602 CE. Other scholars use
7546-932: The native Kannada words found in Prakrit inscriptions of that period, Kannada must have been spoken by a broad and stable population. Kannada includes many loan words from Sanskrit. Some unaltered loan words ( Sanskrit : तत्सम , romanized : tatsama , lit. 'same as that'') include dina , 'day', kōpa , 'anger', sūrya , 'sun', mukha , 'face', and nimiṣa , 'minute'. Some examples of naturalised Sanskrit words ( Sanskrit : तद्भव , romanized : tadbhava , lit. 'arising from that') in Kannada are varṇa , 'colour', pūrṇime , and rāya from rāja , 'king'. Some naturalised words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are baṇṇa , 'colour' derived from vaṇṇa , huṇṇime , 'full moon' from puṇṇivā . The earliest Kannada inscriptions are from
7644-476: The northern region, (and) having conquered king Buddha, (and) having taken possession of all his substance, (and), with an eager desire to set up a pillar of victory of (his) prowess on the bank of (the river) Bhagirathi, having determined in (his) mind that in the first place indeed there should be set up the prowess" of a pillar of victory of religion, calls (to his presence) the royal lady named Durlabha(devi), his own father's wife [stepmother], who
7742-473: The period between the 15th and 18th centuries, Hinduism had a great influence on Middle Kannada ( Naḍugannaḍa - ನಡುಗನ್ನಡ) language and literature. Kumara Vyasa , who wrote the Karṇāṭa Bhārata Kathāman̄jari (ಕರ್ಣಾಟ ಭಾರತ ಕಥಾಮಂಜರಿ), was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this period. His work, entirely composed in the native Bhamini Shatpadi (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of
7840-484: The period between the first century BC and fourth century AD. These are some examples that are proof of the early usage of a few Kannada origin words in early Tamil inscriptions before the common era and in the early centuries of the common era. Pliny the Elder , a Roman historian, wrote about pirates between Muziris and Nitrias ( Netravati River ), called Nitran by Ptolemy. He also mentions Barace (Barcelore), referring to
7938-587: The relative decades and century for innovations that unfolded. Kannada language Vijayanagara : ( Origin . Empire . Musicological nonet . Medieval city . Military . Haridasa . Battle of Raichur . Battle of Talikota ) Sultanate : Dialects: ( Kundagannada . Havigannada . Arebhashe ) Jainism : ( In Karnataka . In North Karnataka . Jain Bunt ) Kannada ( / ˈ k ɑː n ə d ə , ˈ k æ n -/ ; ಕನ್ನಡ , IPA: [ˈkɐnːɐɖa] ), formerly also known as Canarese ,
8036-415: The reward. (of this grant that is now made, if he continue it)! The giver of land enjoys happiness in heaven for sixty thousand years ; (but) the confiscator of a grant, and he who assents (to an act of confiscation), shall dwell for the same number of years in hell ! The Mahakuta pillar and its date is important as it helps date other dynasties mentioned, the chronology of kings within
8134-497: The river Benda (or Binda) or Bhima river in the north and Banaouasei ( Banavasi ) in the south, viz. Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Inde ( Indi ), Tiripangalida ( Gadhinglaj ), Hippokoura ( Huvina Hipparagi ), Soubouttou ( Savadi ), Sirimalaga ( Malkhed ), Kalligeris ( Kalkeri ), Modogoulla ( Mudgal ) and Petirgala ( Pattadakal ), as being located in Northern Karnataka which signify the existence of Kannada place names (and
8232-1018: The rule of the Western Ganga Dynasty , the Badami Chalukyas , the Alupas , the Western Chalukyas , the Rashtrakutas , the Hoysalas , the Vijayanagar Empire , the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi, the Keladi Nayakas and the Mysore Kingdom , the Badami Chalukya coins being a recent discovery. The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate,
8330-561: The second highest for any Indian language. In July 2011, a center for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages in Mysore to facilitate research related to the language. Kannada had 43.7 million native speakers in India at the time of the 2011 census. It is the main language of the state of Karnataka , where it is spoken natively by 40.6 million people, or about two thirds of
8428-454: The sides and lotus palmette corners. Mahakuta is the modern era name of the site where this pillar was found. Its earlier name, as stated in lines 9–10 of the inscription was Makuta , with Magada as the local vernacular alternate. This is not a mistake of the lipikara (scribe), because lines 13–14 repeat this term with Makutesvaranatha as the name of the temple. The pillar itself is called Dharma Jayastambha ( dharma victory pillar) in
8526-420: The state's population. There are native Kannada speakers in the neighbouring states of Tamil Nadu (1,140,000 speakers), Maharashtra (993,000), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (533,000), Kerala (78,100) and Goa (67,800). It is also spoken as a second and third language by over 12.9 million non-native speakers in Karnataka. Kannadigas form Tamil Nadu's third biggest linguistic group; their population
8624-468: The sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include Basavanna , Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi . Emperor Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I of 850 AD recognised that
8722-461: The temple of (Our) own god. And (therefore) this property, which at (their) own idol-procession was assigned by our father [Pulikesin] and elder brother [Kirtivarman] to (the god) Makutesvaranatha, — supplement it, by (bestowing the) enjoyment of the ten villages headed by Sriyambataka, (.... lost ....), Vrihimukhagrama, Kesuvolala, Kendoramanya, and Nandigrama. Accordingly, in the fifth glorious year of (his) constantly augmenting reign, in
8820-401: The whole aggregate of the fear, (that displays itself) in the multitude of the faces of (his) enemies, who has exterminated (other) lion-like kings with the majesty and vigour and speed of (his) forearm ; (and) who is well skilled in counsel, in (the selection of) spies and messengers, in (arranging) peace and war, in encamping and in moving forward, in attacking in the rear, in
8918-988: The word Pulakeshin I, Line 4 of the inscription confirms that Pulakeshin I was also called Ranavikrama ( lit. valorous in war) and Satyashraya ( lit. home of truth).} Some of the conquests, wars and attacks mentioned in the Mahakuta pillar inscription has been used as a reliable record. The inscription states, for example, that Kirtivarman I conquered many kingdoms such as Vanga, Kalinga ( Odisha and nearby regions), Anga, Vattura, Magadha ( Bihar and nearby region), Madraka, Kerala (Southwest coastline), Gangas , Mushaka ( Malabar and nearby), Pandya , Dramila, Choliya ( Chola , Tamil Nadu and nearby), Aluka ( Alupas ) and Vaijayanti ( Banavasi ).} However, scholars generally dismiss much in this inscription as fiction or exaggeration. These claims are unreliable, states K.V. Ramesh, as they not supported by inscriptions, texts and later records found in and away from Early Western Chalukya region. According to Ramesh, Kirtivarman may have conquered only
9016-436: The words erumi , kavuDi , poshil and tAyiyar have their origin in Kannada because Tamil cognates are not available. Settar adds the words nADu and iLayar to this list. Mahadevan feels that some grammatical categories found in these inscriptions are also unique to Kannada rather than Tamil. Both these scholars attribute these influences to the movements and spread of Jainas in these regions. These inscriptions belong to
9114-649: The work Karnataka Kavi Charite . Ancient indigenous Kannada literary compositions of (folk) poetry like the Chattana and Bedande which preferred to use the Desi metre are said to have survived at least until the date of the Kavirajamarga in 850 AD and had their roots in the early Kannada folk literature. These Kannada verse-compositions might have been representative of folk songs containing influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit metrical patterns to some extent. "Kavirajamarga" also discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada,
9212-520: Was John Bunyan 's Pilgrim's Progress , along with other texts including Canarese Proverbs , The History of Little Henry and his Bearer by Mary Martha Sherwood , Christian Gottlob Barth 's Bible Stories and "a Canarese hymn book." Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya , Navya , Navyottara , Dalita and Bandaya . Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Further, Kannada has produced
9310-522: Was Kannada as the case may be. He can be quoted as follows: If proof were needed to show that Kannada was the spoken language of the region during the early period, one needs only to study the large number of Kannada personal names and place names in the early Prakrit inscriptions on stone and copper in Upper South India [...] Kannada was spoken by relatively large and well-settled populations, living in well-organised states ruled by able dynasties like
9408-535: Was composed by Ferdinand Kittel . G. Venkatasubbaiah edited the first modern Kannada–Kannada dictionary, a 9,000-page, 8-volume series published by the Kannada Sahitya Parishat . He also wrote a Kannada–English dictionary and a kliṣtapadakōśa (ಕ್ಲಿಷ್ಟಪಾದಕೋಶ), a dictionary of difficult words. There is also a considerable difference between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form
9506-411: Was good to Brahmins ; who was a speaker of the truth ; (and) who never broke (his) promises. Of him, whose mind delighted in religion, (and) whose majesty resembled that of Vasudeva, there were born two sons, whose virtuous qualities resembled those of Balabhadra and Vasubhadra. The elder (was) he who was fond of (his) name of Paru-Ranaparakrama, which was rendered illustrious by
9604-417: Was used for administrative or liturgical purposes. The scholar K. V. Narayana claims that many tribal languages which are now designated as Kannada dialects could be nearer to the earlier form of the language, with lesser influence from other languages. The work of scholar Iravatham Mahadevan indicates that Kannada was already a language of rich spoken tradition by the 3rd century BC and that and based on
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