61-626: Madhava Varma II was the most successful ruler of the Vishnukundina dynasty , controlling parts of the Deccan and eastern coast of India in the mid-5th century AD. He is regarded as the greatest ruler of his dynasty. The Vishnukundina Empire reached its greatest territorial extent under him. It was during this period the Vishnukundina dynasty was raised, in its own estimation, to the imperial dignity. The most notable military achievement of Madhava Varma II
122-579: A regent on behalf of her two sons, Divakarasena and Damodarasena (Pravarasena II) for 20 years. During this period the Vakataka realm was practically a part of the Gupta Empire . Many historians refer to this period as the Vakataka-Gupta age. While this has been widely accepted more than 30 years ago, this line of argument has no proper evidence. Prabhavati Gupta's inscription mentions about one "Deva Gupta" who
183-526: A south home of Vakatakas is correct. However, it is true that they have ruled on some of these places, since the epigraphs were available in Madhya Pradesh. The next ruler was Pravarasena I (270–330), who maintained the realm as a great power, he was the first Vakataka ruler, who called himself a Samrat (universal ruler) and conducted wars with the Naga kings. He has become an emperor in his own right, perhaps
244-521: A vicious and dissolute life. Finding this a suitable opportunity, the ruler of the neighbouring Ashmaka sent his minister's son to the court of the Vakatakas. The latter ingratiated himself with the king and egged him on in his dissolute life. He also decimated his forces by various means. Ultimately, when the country was thoroughly disorganised, the ruler of Ashmaka instigated the Kadamba ruler of Vanavasi (in
305-495: A village in the Jhansi district as the home of Vakatakas. But after refuting the theory regarding the northern home of the Vakatakas, V.V. Mirashi points out that the earliest mention of the name Vakataka occurs in an inscription found on a fragment of a pillar at Amravati which records the gift of a Grihapati (householder) Vakataka and his two wives. This Grihapati in all probability was the progenitor of Vidhyashakti. It appears from
366-406: A visible legacy. The rock-cut Buddhist viharas and chaityas of Ajanta Caves (a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) were built under the patronage of Vakataka king, Harishena . The founder of the dynasty was Vindhyashakti (250–270), whose name is derived from the name of the goddess Vindhyavasini . The dynasty may be originated there. Almost nothing is known about Vindhyashakti, the founder of
427-603: A war with the Pallavas , Madhava Varma II extended his kingdom upto Narmada , exterminated the Salankayana Dynasty at Vengi , subjugated the rulers of Pishtapura and Srikakulam and thus expended his kingdom to the eastern sea. He vanquished the Pallavas and annexed northern parts of Guntur district to his Kingdom. Khanapur plates: Place: Satara district, Maharashtra. The second plate mentions Maharaja Madhava Varma II who
488-702: Is Mentioned in Ipur Plates of Vishnukundina dynasty Their army consisted of traditional fourfold divisions: The Hastikosa was the officer-in-charge of elephant forces and the Virakosa was the officer-in-charge of land forces. These officers issued even grants on behalf of the kings. East –Bay of Bengal West – Arabian sea North – Reva, Narmada river. South – Southern sea. May be Pulicat lake. Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Southern Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra ,Southern Odisha and Northern Karnataka In Maharashtra Satara District One of Madhava Varma II inscriptions
549-504: Is a mention of Rudradeva in the Allahabad pillar inscription, bundled along with the other rulers of Aryavarta. A number of scholars, like A.S. Altekar do not agree that Rudradeva is Rudrasena I, since if Rudrasena I had been exterminated by Samudragupta, it is extremely unlikely that his son Prithivishena I would accept a Gupta princess ( Prabhavatigupta ) as his daughter-in-law. Secondly, no inscription of Rudrasena I has been found north of
610-472: Is evidence of the faith of the rulers in Vedic Hinduism and the popularity of Vedic learning with the people during this period. Some of the Vishnukundina kings were credited with authorship of several books. Vikramendra Varma I was described as Mahakavi – a great poet in a record. Further, an incomplete work on Sanskrit poetics called 'Janasraya Chando Vichiti' was attributed to Madhava Varma IV who bore
671-673: Is her father and the historians equated him with Chandra Gupta II. However, there is no other source to prove that Deva Gupta is really Chandra Gupta II. Pravarasena II composed the Setubandha in Maharashtri Prakrit . A few verses of the Gaha Sattasai are also attributed to him. He shifted the capital from Nandivardhana to Pravarapura, a new city of founded by him. He built a temple dedicated to Rama in his new capital. The highest number of so far discovered copperplate inscriptions of
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#1732851771814732-458: Is known except from the Cave XVI inscription of Ajanta , which says that he became exalted by his excellent, powerful and liberal rule. He died after a very short rule and succeeded by his minor son, who was only 8 years old when his father died. Name of this ruler is lost from the Cave XVI inscription. This unknown ruler was succeeded by his son Devasena ( c. 450 –475). His administration
793-512: Is lost. He is also known as the author of many verses of the Prakrit Gaha Sattasai . One of his minister's name was Ravi. He was succeeded by his son Vindhyasena. Vindhysena (c. 355–400) was also known as Vindhyashakti II. He is known from the well-known Washim plates which recorded the grant of a village situated in the northern marga (sub-division) of Nandikata (presently Nanded ) in his 37th regnal year. The genealogical portion of
854-665: Is said to have married Prabhavatigupta , the daughter of the Gupta King Chandragupta II (375–413/15). This is now confirmed by the Kevala-Narasimha inscriptions of Ramtek, where it is announced that (Cā)mundā, a daughter of Queen Prabhavatigupta was given in marriage to the Prince Ghatotkachagupta (who was likely a son of Chandragupta II). Rudrasena II died fortuitously after a very short reign in 385 CE, following which Prabhavatigupta (385–405) ruled as
915-601: The Ananda Gotrikas , Madhava Varma II made Amarapura, modern Dharanikota , near the Amaravati Stupa ) his capital. Keeping in view the constant threat from the Pallavas , he created an outpost to check their activities and appointed his son, Deva Varma and after his death the grandson Madhava Varma III as its Viceroy . Madhava Varma II appears to have been a powerful warlord, with an army consisting 800 elephants, 1500 cavalry horses, 23 Chariots and many foot soldiers. This
976-654: The Davanagere record of the Kadamba king Ravivarma dated 519 CE which state as per historian D. C. Sircar that the king's suzerainty extended over the whole of South India as far as the Narmada river in the north to the Kaveri river near Talakad (the then Western Ganga capital) in the south and that the people of these lands sought his protection. This implies that the Kadambas conquered
1037-549: The Deccan the Vakatakas was given in marriage to Madhava Varma's son, Vikramendra Varma. This alliance enabled them to extend their influence to the east coast and vanquish the petty chieftains lingering on in that area. Madhava Varma II led his arms against Ananda Gotrikas who were ruling over Guntur , Tenali and Ongole , probably enjoying subordinate position under the Pallavas of Kanchipuram . After occupying these areas from
1098-602: The Eastern Chalukya dynasty. The dynasty is usually referred to as the Viṣṇukuṇḍins, but the question was reviewed by S. Sankaranarayanan who closely examined the philogical evidence and concluded that Vishṇukuṇḍi was the gramattically correct form of the name. Although this is technically correct, historians continue to use Viṣukuṇḍin because it is well established in the literature, having been used by K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and Dineshchandra Sircar . The early rulers of
1159-542: The Guptas in northern India. Little is known about Vindhyashakti ( c. 250 – c. 270 CE ), the founder of the family. Territorial expansion began in the reign of his son Pravarasena I . It is generally believed that the Vakataka dynasty was divided into four branches after Pravarasena I. Two branches are known, and two are unknown. The known branches are the Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch and
1220-527: The Hindu sects of Saivism and Vaishnavism might have received equal patronage from them. The Vishnukundinas were also great patrons of learning. They established colleges for Vedic learning. Learned Brahmins were encouraged by gifts of lands and colleges were established for the propagation of Vedic studies. Indra Bhattaraka established many schools for imparting education on Vedic literature. The performance of several elaborate Vedic ceremonies by Madhava Varma
1281-508: The North Kanara district ) to invade the Vakataka territory. The king called all his feudatories and decided to fight his enemy on the bank of the Varada (Wardha). While fighting with the forces of the enemy, he was treacherously attacked in the rear by some of his own feudatories and killed. The Vakataka dynasty ended with his death. This fact is also corroborated by a set of three copper plates of
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#17328517718141342-646: The 5th and 7th centuries. They emerged as an independent power during the reign of Madhava Varma, who conquered coastal Andhra from the Salankayanas and established their capital at Denduluru near Eluru . Their rule significantly shaped the history of the Deccan region. However, their reign ended with the conquest of eastern Deccan by the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II , who appointed his brother, Kubja Vishnuvardhana , as viceroy. Vishnuvardhana later declared independence, founding
1403-525: The Ananda Gotrikas, Madhava Varma II made Amarapura (modern Amaravati ) his capital. Keeping in view the constant threat from the Pallavas , he created an outpost to check their activities and appointed his son, Deva Varma and after his death the grandson Madhava Varma III as its Viceroy . Madhava Varma II next turned his attention against the Vengi kingdom which was under the Salankayanas . The Vengi region
1464-618: The Brahmins during the Vajapeya sacrifice as per the Puranas. He also took up the title of Dharmamaharaja in addition to Samrat . He called himself as Haritiputra . His prime minister Deva was a very pious and learned Brahmin. The Puranas say that Pravarasena I had four sons. He married his son Gautamiputra to a daughter of King Bhavanaga of the powerful Bharashiva family, which might have proved to be helpful. However, Gautamiputra predeceased him and he
1525-650: The Godavari probably to oust the Chalukyas from his territories. However, he lost his life on the battlefield. His son Manchana Bhattaraka also might have been expelled by the Chalukyas. Thus the Vishnukundina rule was brought to a close by 624. They had three important cities, Indrapalanagara, Denduluru , and Amaravati . For administrative convenience, the empire was divided into a number of Rashtras and Vishayas . Inscriptions refer to Palki Rashtra, Karma Rashtra, Guddadi Vishaya, etc. Madhava Varma III appointed members of
1586-619: The Godavari. With the accession of Vikramendra Varma II (555–569), the fortunes of the Vishnukundina family were restored. To have immediate access to the Kalinga region, he shifted his capital from Bezwada to Lenduluru (modem Denduluru in the West Godavari district ). He repulsed the attack of the Pallava ruler Simhavarman. He was successful enough to restore the fortunes of the Vishnukundinas in
1647-487: The Kalinga region. His son Govinda Varma II enjoyed a comparatively short period of rule (569–573). The Vishnukundina empire set about again to imperial expansion and cultural prosperity under its able ruler Janassraya Madhava Varma IV (573–621). This prudent king spent his early years of rule in consolidating his position in Vengi. The later part of his reign is marked by wars and annexations. In his 37th regnal year, he suppressed
1708-714: The Madhava Varma II seem to be patrons of Hinduism . From the time of the accession of Madhava Varma II, an aggressive self-assertion of the Vedic Hinduism occurred. Elaborate Vedic ceremonies like Rajasuya , Sarvamedha , and Aswamedha were undertaken. The celebration of all these sacrifices represents the traditional spirit of the Brahmanical revival . Some of the rulers referred to themselves as 'Parama Mahesvaras'. The inscriptions refer to their family deity Sri Parvata Swami. The names of rulers like Madhava Varma and Govinda Varma show their Vaishnavite leanings. Thus both
1769-519: The Narmada. The only stone inscription of Rudrasena I's reign discovered so far was found at Deotek in the present-day Chandrapur district , so he can not be equated with Rudradeva of the Allahabad pillar inscription, who belonged to the Aryavarta. Rudrasena I was succeeded by his son named Prithivishena I (355–380), and Prithivishena I was succeeded by his son named Rudrasena II. Rudrasena II (380–385)
1830-732: The Pravarpura-Nandivardhana branch and the Vatsagulma branch. The Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch ruled from various sites like Pravarapura (Paunar) in Wardha district and Mansar and Nandivardhan (Nagardhan) in Nagpur district . This branch maintained matrimonial relations with the Imperial Guptas. Not much is known about Rudrasena I , the son of Gautamiputra, who ruled from Nandivardhana, near Ramtek hill, about 30 km from Nagpur . There
1891-412: The Puranas that Vindhyasakti was a ruler of Vidisha (in the present day Madhya Pradesh state) but that is not considered to be correct. As per Dr Mirashi, who has rejected the identification of Rudra deva in the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudra Gupta with Rudra sena I. He has also pointed out there are no coins of Vakataka and there are no inscriptions of them in the north of Vindhyas. Hence,
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1952-554: The Vakataka dynasty (in all 17) pertain to Pravarasena II. He is perhaps the most recorded ruler of ancient India after Ashoka the Great . See: Shreenand L. Bapat, A Second Jamb (Khandvi) Copperplate Grant of Vakataka Ruler Pravarasena II (Shravana Shuddha 13, Regnal Year 21), Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 91, pp. 1–31 Pravarasena II was succeeded by Narendrasena (440–460), under whom
2013-455: The Vakataka influence spread to some central Indian states. Prithivishena II, the last known king of the line, succeeded his father Narendrasena in c. 460 . He was Defeated by Vishnukundina King Madhava Varma II , After his death in 480, his kingdom was probably annexed by Harishena of the Vatsagulma branch. The Vatsagulma branch was founded by Sarvasena, the second son of Pravarasena I after his death. King Sarvasena made Vatsagulma,
2074-450: The Vakatakas. In the Cave XVI inscription of Ajanta he was described as the banner of the Vakataka family and a Dvija . It is stated in this inscription that he added to his power by fighting great battles and he had a large cavalry. But no regal title is prefixed to his name in this inscription. The Puranas say that he ruled for 96 years. He was placed variously at south Deccan, Madhya Pradesh and Malwa. K.P. Jayaswal attributes Bagat,
2135-548: The Vatsagulma branch. Gupta Emperor Chandragupta II married his daughter into the Vakataka royal family and, with their support, annexed Gujarat from the Saka Satraps in 4th century CE. The power vacuum left by the Vakatakas were filled by that of the Chalukyas of Badami in the Deccan region . The Vakatakas are noted for having been patrons of the arts, architecture and literature. They led public works and their monuments are
2196-407: The Virakosa was the officer-in-charge of land forces. These officers also issued grants on behalf of their monarchs. There may have been well-organized administrative machinery for the collection of land revenue. Agrahara villages enjoyed tax exemptions. Sixteen types of coins of the Vishnukundina rulers have been found by archaeologists. All the records of the Vishnukundinas and the kings prior to
2257-425: The Vishnukundinas were at a low point during the reign of the next ruler Vikramendra Varma I (508–528). The next two and half decades also experienced the constant strife and dynastic struggles during the reign of Indra Bhattaraka Varma (528–555). Though Indra Bhattaraka could not withstand the hostile Kalinga subordinate, Indra Varma and lost his life in battle. The Vishnukundinas lost their Kalinga possessions north of
2318-516: The dynasty initially ruled from Indrapalanagara (in present day Nalgonda district of Telangana), and later shifted to Denduluru , and Amaravathi . The Vishnukundina reign might be fixed between the end of the Salankayana and the rise of the Eastern Chalukyan power in 624. Some historians mention Vishnukundinas' reign was from 420 to 624, while some other historians say their reign was from
2379-404: The dynasty migrated from eastern Deccan to the west Deccan in search of employment and under the Vakatakas they might have attained feudatory status. During the reign of Madhava Varma, they became independent and conquered coastal Andhra from the Salankayanas and established their capital at Denduluru near Eluru , West Godavari district . Some modern historians from Telangana suggest that
2440-467: The early 5th century to the 7th century. Govinda Varma I took the princely title of Maharaja and his son Madhava Varma I was the founder of the power based on grants from Sriparvata (Nagarjunakonda) and Indrapalagutta. The reign of Madhava Varma (c. 420 – c. 455). He was the founder of the Vishnukundina power. Madhava Varma II was the most powerful ruler of Vishnukundina dynasty. The reign of Madhava Varma II ( c. 440 – c. 460 )
2501-451: The eastern southern and western seas and the river Reva ( Narmada ) in the north. It is also stated that his kingdom was hounded by the western sea and the river Seva in the north. From Velpuru inscription we learn that he led his army southward across the river Krishna with a view to ecnquer the Guntur region. It speaks of his presence in military camp at Velpuru probably during the course of
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2562-509: The eighth ucchvāsaḥ of the Dashakumaracharita of Dandin , which was written probably around 125 years after the fall of the Vakataka dynasty, Harishena's son, though intelligent and accomplished in all arts, neglected the study of the Dandaniti (Political Science) and gave himself up to the enjoyment of pleasures and indulged in all sorts of vices. His subjects also followed him and led
2623-612: The emblems found on the caves and the areas being under the rule of the Vishnukundinas during this period clearly show that these were contributions of the Vishnukundinas. The big four-storeyed cave at Undavalli and the 8 cave temples in Bhairavakonda in Nellore district show however clear resemblances with the architecture of Pallava Mahendra Varman's period. Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians References Sources Vakataka dynasty The Vakataka dynasty ( IAST : Vākāṭaka )
2684-506: The grant is written in Sanskrit and the formal portion in Prakrit. This is the first known land grant by any Vakataka ruler. He also took the title of Dharmamaharaja . Vindhyasena defeated the ruler of Kuntala, his southern neighbour. One of his minister's name was Pravara. He was succeeded by his son Pravarasena II. Pravarasena II ( c. 400 –415) was the next ruler of whom very little
2745-536: The north, Kosala ( Chhattisgarh ), Kalinga and Andhra in the east, Lata (Central and Southern Gujarat ) and Trikuta ( Nasik district ) in the west and Kuntala (Southern Maharashtra) in the south. Varahadeva, a minister of Harishena and the son of Hastibhoja, excavated the rock-cut vihara of Cave XVI of Ajanta. Three of the Buddhist caves at Ajanta, two viharas – caves XVI and XVII and a chaitya – cave XIX were excavated and decorated with painting and sculptures during
2806-451: The only emperor in the dynasty, with his kingdom embracing a good portion of North India and whole of Deccan. He carried his arms to the Narmada in the north and annexed the kingdom of Purika which was being ruled by a king named Sisuka. In any case, he certainly ruled from Bundelkhand in the north (though Dr Mirashi does not accept that he has crossed the Narmada) to the present Andhra Pradesh in
2867-448: The powerful Vakataka king. The daughter of Prithvishena II, Vakataka Mahadevi, was given in marriage to Madhava Varma II. He occupied Kalinga and invaded the Pallavas of Kanchipuram in his 33rd regnal year. He wrote 'Janasraya'. he had an epithet- 'Trivara Nagara Bhavnagata Sundari Hridaya Nandana' ( The one who brought happiness to the beautiful maidens living in the buildings of the city of Trivara) After occupying these areas from
2928-626: The present day Washim in Washim district of Maharashtra his capital. The territory ruled by this branch was between the Sahydri Range and the Godavari River. They patronized some of the Buddhist caves at Ajanta . Sarvasena (c. 330–355) took the title of Dharmamaharaja . He is also known as the author of Harivijaya in Prakrit which is based on the story of bringing the parijata tree from heaven by Krishna. This work, praised by later writers
2989-487: The reign of Harishena. According to an art historian, Walter M. Spink, all the rock-cut monuments of Ajanta excluding caves nos. 9,10,12,13 and 15A (Ref: Page No. 4, Ajanta-A Brief History and Guide – Walter M. Spink) were built during Harishena's reign. Harishena was succeeded by two rulers whose names are not known. The end of the dynasty is unknown. They were probably defeated by the Kalachuri of Mahismati. According to
3050-724: The revolt of his subordinate chief the Durjaya Pruthvi Maharaja in Guddadivishya (modern Ramachandrapuram in the East Godavari district). Madhava Varma IV had to face the Chalukyan onslaught in his last years of rule. By about 616, Pulakeshin II and his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana conquered Vengi from the Vishnukundinas and the Pithapuram area from their subordinate Durjayas. In 621 in his 48th regnal year, Madhava crossed
3111-421: The royal family as Viceroys for various areas of the kingdom. The king was the highest court of appeal in the administrator of justice. The Vishnukundina rulers established various kinds of punishments for various crimes. They were known for their impartial judgment and high sense of justice. Their army consisted of traditional fourfold divisions: The Hastikosa was the officer-in-charge of elephant forces and
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#17328517718143172-650: The south. The puranas assign him a reign of 60 years. As per V.V. Mirashi, it is unlikely that he made any conquest in Northern Maharashtra, Gujarat or Konkan. But, he may have conquered parts of North Kuntala comprising Kolhapur, Satara and Solapur districts of Maharashtra . In the east, he may have carried his arms to Dakshina Kosala, Kalinga and Andhra. He was a follower of Vedic religion and performed several Yajnas (sacrifices) which include Agnishtoma, Aptoryama, Ukthya, Shodasin, Atiratra, Vajapeya, Brihaspatisava, Sadyaskra and four Asvamedhas. He heavily donated to
3233-490: The title of 'Janasraya'. Sanskrit enjoyed royal patronage. Being great devotees of Siva , the Vishnukundinas seem to have been responsible for the construction of a number of cave temples dedicated to Siva. The cave structures at Bezwada ( Vijayawada ), Mogalrajapuram, Undavalli caves , and Bhairavakonda were dated to this period. Though some of these cave temples were attributed to the Pallava Mahendra Varman I,
3294-616: Was a Sarvabhouma(emperor) and who performed the all ritual and asvamedha sacrifices. Defeated the Vakataka King Prithvishena II , and Married the Princess of Vakataka Mahadevi , He had the title of chaturvamsa, chaturasrama, dharm-karmasetu. Vishnukundina dynasty The Vishnukundina dynasty ( IAST : Viṣṇukuṇḍina, sometimes Viṣukuṇḍin) was an Indian dynasty that ruled over parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Odisha , and other parts of southern India between
3355-420: Was a golden age in the history of the Vishnukundinas. The Vishnukundina dynasty reached its greatest territorial extent under Madhava Varma II. He defeated Prithvishena II, the powerful ruler of Vakataka dynasty . Vakataka Mahadevi, the daughter of Prithvishena II, was given in marriage to him. By the middle of the 5th century, the dynasty rose to imperial heights. A princess of the then powerful ruling family of
3416-474: Was actually run by his minister Hastibhoja. During his reign, one of his servant Svaminadeva excavated a tank named Sudarshana near Washim in c. 458–459 . Harishena (c. 475–500) succeeded his father Devasena. He was a great patron of Buddhist architecture, art and culture. The World Heritage monument Ajanta Caves is surviving example of his works. The rock cut architectural cell-XVI inscription of Ajanta states that he conquered Avanti ( Malwa ) in
3477-592: Was an ancient Indian dynasty that originated from the Deccan in the mid-3rd century CE. Their state is believed to have extended from the southern edges of Malwa and Gujarat in the north to the Tungabhadra River in the south as well as from the Arabian Sea in the west to the edges of Chhattisgarh in the east. They were the most important successors of the Satavahanas in the Deccan and contemporaneous with
3538-418: Was annexed. The Godavari tract became part of the Vishnukundina territory. After these conquests the capital might have been shifted to Bezwada ( Vijayawada ), a more central location than Amarapura. These extensive conquests made him the lord of Dakshinapatha (southern country). After these various conquests Madhava Varma performed many Asvamedha , Rajasuya and other Vedic sacrifices . The fortunes of
3599-583: Was found in Maharashtra. Vishnukundinas coins were found in all over Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh All the records of the Vishnukundinas and the kings prior to the Madhava Varma II seem to be patrons of Hinduism . It is stated in the Tummalagudem Plates II that by his Madhava Varma II seized the royalty of the kings of other dynasties and that his authority extended over the region surrounded by
3660-501: Was his victory over the Vakataka emperor Prithvishena II. The daughter of Prithvishena II, Vakataka Mahadevi, was given in marriage to Madhava Varma II. He was the son of Govinda Varma I and his wife Mahadevi. He had two sons - Vikramendra Varma and Deva Varma. His predecessor was Madhava Varma I (c. 420 – c. 455). He is considered as the greatest ruler of the Vishnukundina dynasty . The Vishnukundina Empire reached its greatest territorial extent under him. He defeated Prithvishena II,
3721-405: Was succeeded by his grandson Rudrasena I , the son of Gautamiputra. His second son, Sarvasena set up his capital at Vatsagulma (the present day Washim ). Nothing is known about the dynasties set up by the other two sons. It is generally believed that the Vakataka ruling family was divided into four branches after Pravarasena I. Two branches are known and two are unknown. The known branches are
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