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117-407: The Light Rail Transit Line 2 , also known as LRT Line 2 , LRT-2 , or Megatren , is a rapid transit line in Metro Manila in the Philippines owned and operated by the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA). The line generally runs in an east–west direction between Recto in Manila and Antipolo . The line is officially referred to as the Purple Line . Although commonly known as LRT-2,

234-463: A 6-kilometer (3.7 mi), five-station extension, both originating from Antipolo station. As of November 2022, the feasibility study is nearing its conclusion. The extension would have three stations and the alignment is still being finalized. The rail line serves the cities that Radial Road 6 passes through: Manila , San Juan , Quezon City , Marikina , Pasig (depot), and Antipolo . The rails are mostly elevated and erected either over or along

351-425: A body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. Ring lines provide good coverage, connect between the radial lines and serve tangential trips that would otherwise need to cross the typically congested core of the network. A rough grid pattern can offer a wide variety of routes while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service. A study of

468-450: A code for its stations. Unlike that of Singapore's MRT, it is mostly numbers. Based on the line number, for example Sinyongsan station, is coded as station 429. Being on Line 4, the first number of the station code is 4. The last two numbers are the station number on that line. Interchange stations can have multiple codes. Like City Hall station in Seoul which is served by Line 1 and Line 2. It has

585-646: A code of 132 and 201 respectively. The Line 2 is a circle line and the first stop is City Hall, therefore, City Hall has the station code of 201. For lines without a number like Bundang line it will have an alphanumeric code. Lines without a number that are operated by KORAIL will start with the letter 'K'. With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when

702-446: A consortium led by Marubeni and composed of Balfour Beatty , Toshiba , Daewoo Heavy Industries , and a local company which was D.M. Consuji Incorporated (DMCI). AEMC, through Marubeni Corporation, entered into a contract with Singapore Technologies Engineering on December 12 of that year to supply and install the communications system , supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, automatic fare collection system , and

819-565: A conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching . There are also some rubber-tired systems that use a central guide rail , such as the Sapporo Municipal Subway and the NeoVal system in Rennes , France. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction of

936-405: A dedicated right-of-way are typically used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier in the urban fabric that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path and have a larger physical footprint. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line

1053-418: A large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to serve an area of land with a set of lines , which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "L", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross

1170-629: A large part of the network, for example, in outer suburbs, runs at ground level. In most of Britain , a subway is a pedestrian underpass . The terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground . The North East England Tyne and Wear Metro , mostly overground, is known as the Metro . In Scotland , the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway . In Ireland ,

1287-403: A length of 120 to 150 meters (390 to 490 ft). All stations have side platforms , with the exception of Santolan , which as an island platform . Part of the platform at the front of the train is cordoned off for the use of pregnant women, children, elderly, and persons with disabilities. At side-platform stations, passengers are able to switch platforms at the concourse level without leaving

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1404-452: A line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency . Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio  – more standing gives higher capacity. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to

1521-622: A line on the Radial Road 6 alignment, one of the region's busiest road corridor. On March 16, 1988, the project was approved by the cabinet, and a feasibility study for the LRT Line 2, then called the MRT Line 2 project, that would connect Marikina to the City of Manila via Aurora Boulevard and Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard was carried out in the same year. Lavalin of Canada was interested in planning to build

1638-498: A method used to launch girders and connect them to create a full span, was used in the construction of the original 13.8-kilometer (8.6 mi) line. On April 5, 2003, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo inaugurated the line, effectively opening the first 4.3 kilometers (2.7 mi) from Santolan to Araneta Center-Cubao . Accompanying the president were former president Corazon Aquino, Transportation Secretary Leandro Mendoza , LRTA chief Teddy Cruz Jr., and other officials, who were

1755-602: A metro. In Spain, such systems are present in Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Valencia . In Portugal, Lisbon has a metro. The Italian cities of Catania , Genoa , Milan , Naples , Rome and Turin also have metro lines. In Germany and Austria they rapid transit is known as U-Bahn , which are often supported by S-Bahn systems. In Germany, U-Bahn systems exist in Berlin , Hamburg , Munich and Nuremberg , while in Austria such

1872-681: A move strongly opposed by the DOTC which reiterated that the seventy percent passing mark was only approved by the JBIC. However, Medalla reportedly justified his actions, saying that the JBIC was dissatisfied with the two qualified bidders and would stop all loans to the Philippines if more bidders were not added. Finally, in September 2000, Package 4 was awarded to the Asia-Europe MRT Consortium (AEMC),

1989-587: A rapid transit setting. Foreign aid institutions of Japan Japan has been establishing its foreign aid contributors since the 1990s. The three government institutions involved in disbursing this are: the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the Japanese Bank of International Cooperation (JBIC). This is now the nodal agency for all Japanese concessional loans, and replaced Japan Export-Import Bank (JEXIM) and

2106-579: A solution to the support of large-scale development projects in cases where a single organization cannot meet the requirements. Also, JICA has enhanced relationships with think tanks and the United Nations for the conducting of joint research and the publishing of reports on the results of such research. In the decades following World War II, Japan's official aid agency (the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund) had significant overlap with

2223-558: A specialized transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying. Some subway systems, such as the Beijing Subway , which is ranked by Worldwide Rapid Transit Data as the "World's Safest Rapid Transit Network" in 2015, incorporates airport-style security checkpoints at every station. Rapid transit systems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as

2340-592: A system exists in Vienna . In addition, the small, car-free town of Serfaus in the Austrian state of Tyrol also features a short U-Bahn line. There are no U-Bahn systems in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, but the city of Lausanne has its own, small metro system. In Zurich, Switzerland's largest city, a project for a U-Bahn network was stopped by a referendum in the 1970s and instead its S-Bahn system

2457-677: A total of 72 escalators and 40 elevators across all 13 stations. However, by 2021, only a few elevators and escalators remain operational due to anomalies and corruption involving the procurement contracts, causing complaints from passengers. The elevators and escalators are being repaired and restored since 2022, and more are being repaired and restored as of April 2022. Stations have at least one stall or stand where people can buy food or drinks, which vary by station. Some stations, such as Araneta Center-Cubao , are connected at concourse level to nearby buildings, such as shopping malls, for easier accessibility. Since November 19, 2001, in cooperation with

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2574-770: Is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area . Rapid transit systems such as the Washington Metrorail , Los Angeles Metro Rail , the Miami Metrorail , and the Montreal Metro are generally called the Metro . In Philadelphia , the term "El" is used for the Market–Frankford Line which runs mostly on an elevated track, while the term "subway" applies to the Broad Street Line which is almost entirely underground. Chicago 's commuter rail system that serves

2691-608: Is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile. A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport. Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms , elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables . Maps help users understand

2808-652: Is also acquiring 14 additional train sets by 2020 to augment the existing 18 sets, due to the expected increase of passengers ahead of the East Extension, and the West Extension. The purchase however was delayed to 2022. Included in the design-and-build contract of the west extension is the procurement of five four-car train sets. The line maintains an at-grade depot in Barangay Santolan in Pasig, near Santolan station in

2925-506: Is built. Most rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars. Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains. Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires . The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use

3042-737: Is coordinating and facilitating partnerships with stakeholders in Japan through a wide range of support schemes. For example, there are financing schemes for private sector investment, preparatory surveys for infrastructure and BOP projects, and capacity development projects run by NGOs, local government entities and universities. JICA also promotes science and technology research partnerships between research institutions in developing countries and in Japan. Donor Coordination for Development Cooperation: JICA has established partnerships with various development partners, such as: National governments, including in Europe and

3159-416: Is necessary, rolling stock with a smaller loading gauge from one sub network may be transported along other lines that use larger trains. On some networks such operations are part of normal services. Most rapid transit systems use conventional standard gauge railway track . Since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to rain , snow , or other forms of precipitation , they are often fixed directly to

3276-548: Is referred to simply as "the subway", despite 40% of the system running above ground. The term "L" or "El" is not used for elevated lines in general as the lines in the system are already designated with letters and numbers. The "L" train or L (New York City Subway service) refers specifically to the 14th Street–Canarsie Local line, and not other elevated trains. Similarly, the Toronto Subway is referred to as "the subway", with some of its system also running above ground. These are

3393-603: Is seriously underrepresented in the Japanese political system”. Reports from the OECD from the 1980s show a dismal trend for Japanese foreign aid. Of the 18 DAC members, Japan ranked 12th overall. Japan ranked 12th in money spent per capita, 18th in share of grants, and ranked 14th in technical cooperation. In the 1980s, the government introduced the New Aid Plan which sought to integrate aid with trade and investment. The plan's rationale

3510-412: Is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in

3627-733: Is the most commonly used term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts ; the use of tunnels inspires names such as subway , underground , Untergrundbahn ( U-Bahn ) in German, or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish. The use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated ( L or el ), skytrain , overhead , overground or Hochbahn in German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if

LRT Line 2 (Metro Manila) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3744-440: Is usually below the platform except for the underground station, with stairs , escalators and elevators leading down to the platform level. The levels are separated by fare gates. All stations are barrier-free inside and outside the station, and trains have spaces for passengers using wheelchairs . Most station platforms are 100 meters (330 ft) long and 3.5 to 4.5 meters (11 to 15 ft) wide, with some stations having

3861-599: The Philippine Daily Inquirer , passengers have been offered copies of the Inquirer Libre , a free, tabloid -size, Tagalog version of the Inquirer , which is available at all stations. The line is designed and was forecasted to carry 570,000 passengers daily. However, the line operates under its designed capacity since its opening, government officials have admitted that system extensions are overdue, although in

3978-605: The Dublin Area Rapid Transit is despite the name considered a commuter rail due to usage of mainline railways. In France, large cities, such as Paris , Marseille and Lyon , feature a Métro . Also the smaller cities of Lille Rennes have a light metro. Furthermore, Brussels in Belgium, and Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands have metro systems in place. Several Southern European contries also have

4095-724: The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad K-series cars from 1958, the New York City Subway R38 and R42 cars from the late-1960s, and the Nagoya Municipal Subway 3000 series , Osaka Municipal Subway 10 series and MTR M-Train EMUs from the 1970s, were generally only made possible largely due to the relatively generous loading gauges of these systems and also adequate open-air sections to dissipate hot air from these air conditioning units. Especially in some rapid transit systems such as

4212-532: The Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) for the line's construction starting in March of that year. The LRTA would have ownership of the system and assume all administrative functions, such as the regulation of fares and operations as well as the responsibility over construction and maintenance of the system and the procurement of spare parts for trains. [REDACTED] Singapore Technologies Engineering (for

4329-429: The London Underground . In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway , initially a cable-hauled line using stationary steam engines . As of 2021 , China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world  – 40 in number, running on over 4,500 km (2,800 mi) of track – and was responsible for most of the world's rapid-transit expansion in

4446-532: The Metro Manila area after its extension to Antipolo, Rizal opened in 2021. The line is integrated with the public transit system in Metro Manila, and passengers also take various forms of road-based public transport, such as buses and jeepneys , to and from a station to reach their intended destination. It is the least busy among Metro Manila's three rapid transit lines, with total ridership significantly below

4563-722: The Metropolitan Railway opened publicly in London in 1863. High capacity monorails with larger and longer trains can be classified as rapid transit systems. Such monorail systems recently started operating in Chongqing and São Paulo . Light metro is a subclass of rapid transit that has the speed and grade separation of a "full metro" but is designed for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller loading gauges, lighter train cars and smaller consists of typically two to four cars. Light metros are typically used as feeder lines into

4680-578: The Montreal Metro (opened 1966) and Sapporo Municipal Subway (opened 1971), their entirely enclosed nature due to their use of rubber-tyred technology to cope with heavy snowfall experienced by both cities in winter precludes any air-conditioning retrofits of rolling stock due to the risk of heating the tunnels to temperatures that would be too hot for passengers and for train operations. In many cities, metro networks consist of lines operating different sizes and types of vehicles. Although these sub-networks may not often be connected by track, in cases when it

4797-576: The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) met with officials from the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC). Out of the eight bidders, only two, Ansaldo ; and Mitsui with Siemens , passed the technical evaluation process. To accommodate more bidders, especially that another two were disqualified, NEDA Secretary Felipe Medalla reportedly planned to lower the pre-qualification criteria from seventy percent to fifty percent,

LRT Line 2 (Metro Manila) - Misplaced Pages Continue

4914-577: The Prague Metro . The London Underground and Paris Métro are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its lines converging on The Loop , the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro 's Koltsevaya Line and Beijing Subway 's Line 10 . The capacity of

5031-656: The Singapore MRT , Changi Airport MRT station has the alphanumeric code CG2, indicating its position as the 2nd station on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line. Interchange stations have at least two codes, for example, Raffles Place MRT station has two codes, NS26 and EW14, the 26th station on the North South Line and the 14th station on the East West Line. The Seoul Metro is another example that utilizes

5148-450: The deep tube lines . Historically, rapid transit trains used ceiling fans and openable windows to provide fresh air and piston-effect wind cooling to riders. From the 1950s to the 1990s (and in most of Europe until the 2000s), many rapid transit trains from that era were also fitted with forced-air ventilation systems in carriage ceiling units for passenger comfort. Early rapid transit rolling stock fitted with air conditioning , such as

5265-409: The linear motor for propulsion. Some urban rail lines are built to a loading gauge as large as that of main-line railways ; others are built to a smaller one and have tunnels that restrict the size and sometimes the shape of the train compartments. One example is most of the London Underground , which has acquired the informal term "tube train" due to the cylindrical shape of the trains used on

5382-475: The management information system . The consortium provided the eighteen four-car trainsets built by Rotem and Toshiba . During construction, the LRTA, along with the project consultants oversaw all the design, construction, equipping, testing, commissioning, and technical supervision of the project activities. Halcrow was appointed in 1997 as the lead consultant for the project. The pre-casting segmental method,

5499-432: The 15 world largest subway systems suggested a universal shape composed of a dense core with branches radiating from it. Rapid transit operators have often built up strong brands , often focused on easy recognition – to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities – combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority. In many cities, there

5616-567: The 1990s, Japan's position switched. It revised its foreign aid position and released an Official Development Assistance (ODA) Charter in 1992. During the 1990s Japan became the world's top aid donor. The goals of the charter were “human security, poverty alleviation, health, and women's welfare”. While Japan isn't the top donor in the world, it is still at number four overall. It updated the charter in 2003 and again in 2015. While previous governments kept military and defense-related activities out of aid services, new geopolitical concerns have altered

5733-480: The 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack and the 2005 " 7/7 " terrorist bombings on the London Underground. Some rapid transport trains have extra features such as wall sockets, cellular reception, typically using a leaky feeder in tunnels and DAS antennas in stations, as well as Wi-Fi connectivity. The first metro system in the world to enable full mobile phone reception in underground stations and tunnels

5850-598: The 2010s. The world's longest single-operator rapid transit system by route length is the Shanghai Metro . The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations (472 stations in total) is the New York City Subway . The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, Tokyo subway system , Seoul Metro and the Moscow Metro . The term Metro

5967-528: The 21st century, most new expansions and systems are located in Asia, with China becoming the world's leader in metro expansion, operating some of the largest and busiest systems while possessing almost 60 cities that are operating, constructing or planning a rapid transit system . Rapid transit is used for local transport in cities , agglomerations , and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency . The extent of

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6084-416: The LRTA made sure during the construction phase that the stations were equipped with universal access by putting up escalators and elevators for easier access, as well as making passenger fares at par with the other existing lines. However, while all stations have elevators to and from the platform, not all stations have elevators to and from the station concourse on both sides of the road. Plans to extend

6201-511: The Metropolitan Manila Strategic Mass Rail Transit Development Plan, it was first planned in 1988 and stalled years later when Japan's official development assistance funds stepped in, the thirteen-station, 17.6-kilometer (10.9 mi) line was the third rapid transit line to be built in Metro Manila when it started operations in 2003. The line became the first rapid transit line extending outside

6318-596: The Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF) in 1999. While earlier attempts were criticised, more recently a concerted effort has since been made to increase spending and target specific areas of need. In the 2000s, the goals of national security were included for the first time. Since joining the Colombo Plan in 1954, Japan has been providing financial and technical assistance to developing countries through ODA, aiming to contribute more proactively to

6435-676: The United States. JICA also cooperates at a higher level through enhanced collaboration with nonconventional providers, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Aga Khan Foundation , as well as the Arab Coordination Group. Partnerships enable not only to improve the quality of international initiatives but also to raise the profile of Japan's ODA-related experience, approaches and principles. Moreover, collaboration can be

6552-453: The absence of major investment in the system's expansion, LRTA has resorted to experimenting with and/or implementing other solutions to maximize the use of the system, including having bus feeder lines. Before the pandemic, the line had a ridership of 200,000 passengers, but the ridership soon decreased in 2019 due to lack of trains and a power trip that closed three stations in October 2019 that

6669-428: The beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. In 1890, the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Prior to opening, the line was to be called the "City and South London Subway", thus introducing

6786-548: The bidding for LRT 2 as a BOT project was unilaterally cancelled by transportation secretary Oscar Orbos , apparently in favor of a “ground-level” transit system. Another feasibility study was conducted in 1991 with financing from the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF). The final revised project was approved on December 13, 1995 as a separate project from the LRT-1 capacity expansion project. Early in 1994,

6903-534: The business of the Japan Export-Import Bank (JEXIM) and was initially part of JEXIM. Historically, Japan's foreign aid policies were widely criticized by many countries within the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC). While there has been a general increase in spending, much of the criticism is in regards to the quality of the aid. Much of

7020-542: The civil works contracts, while JICA funded the contract for the electrical and mechanical systems as part of its Capacity Enhancement of Mass Transit Systems in Metro Manila Project (CEMTSMMP) through a ¥ 43.2-billion loan for various projects of railway lines in Metro Manila. The project aimed to accommodate an additional 80,000 passengers and reduce traffic congestion along Marcos Highway. The first two packages, awarded to D.M. Consunji Incorporated (DMCI), covered

7137-480: The closed system, while passengers can easily switch sides at stations with island platforms. Stations have toilets at the concourse level, both inside and outside the closed system. Folding bicycles are allowed to be brought into trains provided that it does not exceed the LRTA's baggage size limitations of 2 by 2 feet (20 by 20 in). The last car of each train is also designated as "green zones", where folding bicycle users can ride with their bikes. The line has

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7254-501: The communications system, SCADA system, automatic fare collection system, and the management information system) Construction started with a groundbreaking ceremony on November 15, 1997, after the LRTA signed the first three packages of the agreement with Sumitomo Corporation delivering Package 1 in which covers the construction of the depot and its facilities, while the Hanjin – Itochu joint venture delivered packages 2 and 3 in which covers

7371-483: The construction of the first line of the Manila Light Rail Transit System in the early 1980s, a Swiss company called Electrowatt Engineering Services designed a comprehensive plan for metro service in Metro Manila. The plan—still used as the basis for planning new metro lines—consisted of a 150-kilometer (93 mi) network of rapid transit lines spanning all major corridors within 20 years, including

7488-405: The design and construction of the viaduct and stations. Unlike the original line which used the pre-casting segmental method of construction, the east extension viaduct made use of AASHTO girders with a deck slab above the girders. Meanwhile, the third package, awarded to Marubeni and DMCI, covered the design and installation of the railway tracks and electrical and mechanical (E&M) systems of

7605-414: The display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center. Some systems assign unique alphanumeric codes to each of their stations to help commuters identify them, which briefly encodes information about the line it is on, and its position on the line. For example, on

7722-525: The east extension viaduct, killing one and injuring two. The initial 2017 deadline was not met, largely due to delays in the station's construction and the installation of the electrical and mechanical systems. It was repeatedly moved to 2020, before being delayed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Nevertheless, the extension was inaugurated by President Rodrigo Duterte on July 1, 2021, before formally opening four days later with free rides for two weeks. In

7839-650: The eastern terminus of Santolan up to Antipolo station in Antipolo , called for two additional stations: Emerald station (now Marikina–Pasig ) in Marikina near Sta. Lucia Mall and Robinsons Metro East ; and Masinag (now Antipolo ), in Antipolo near SM City Masinag. The ₱9.7 billion project, at its current form, was approved by the National Economic and Development Authority chaired by then-President Benigno Aquino III on September 4, 2012. The Philippine national government funded

7956-584: The entire metropolitan area is called Metra (short for Met ropolitan Ra il), while its rapid transit system that serves the city is called the "L" . Boston's subway system is known locally as "The T". In Atlanta , the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority goes by the acronym "MARTA." In the San Francisco Bay Area , residents refer to Bay Area Rapid Transit by its acronym "BART". The New York City Subway

8073-713: The entire train fleet was retrofitted with the TUBE (formerly known as PARDS), a passenger information system powered by LCD screens installed near the ceiling of the train that shows news, advertisements, current train location, arrivals and station layouts. In 2019, the train ventilation was upgraded to replace the aging air-conditioning units and to alleviate complaints of the commuters for uncomfortable hot rides. Two years later, three train sets underwent refurbishment and resulted in new fitted propulsion systems and train monitoring systems from Woojin Industrial Systems . The LRTA

8190-411: The extension to Cogeo were mentioned in 1992. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has also proposed for a second phase of the east extension to extend the line to Cogeo and downtown Antipolo. There are provisions at the end of the current rail line at Antipolo station for an extension. Two proposals were presented by JICA: a 3-kilometer (1.9 mi), one-station underground extension, and

8307-417: The extension. The project broke ground on June 9, 2015, with an original 2017 deadline. On May 30, 2017, another groundbreaking ceremony was held to mark the start of construction of the two stations. The final phase of construction, covering the installation of the tracks, electrical and mechanical systems, commenced on April 16, 2019. During construction, on March 10, 2017, a truck slammed in a concrete post of

8424-434: The first official passengers of the "Megatren". Fares were free of charge until April 9. All remaining stations opened on April 5, 2004, except for Recto which opened on the following October 29. However, ridership was initially moderate yet still far below expectations, since the passenger volume in this line is not yet fully achieved. To address passenger complaints on the lack of universal access on earlier train lines,

8541-505: The floor rather than resting on ballast , such as normal railway tracks. An alternate technology, using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel roll ways , was pioneered on certain lines of the Paris Métro and Mexico City Metro , and the first completely new system to use it was in Montreal , Canada. On most of these networks, additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and

8658-543: The following two months since its opening, a shuttle service was implemented between Antipolo and Santolan pending the completion of signaling integration, with one train running within the line's extension. This arrangement caused passenger complaints concerning its inefficiency, which was further exacerbated by the lack of operational trains. Seamless end-to-end services were initially expected to begin within two weeks after opening, but only started two months later on September 3, after integration works were completed. Plans for

8775-433: The fourth package during the system's construction. The four-car trains have a capacity of 1,628 passengers, which is more than the normal capacity of the rolling stock of Lines 1 and 3. The trains are capable of running at a maximum design speed of 80 kilometers per hour (50 mph), but only run at a maximum operational speed of 60 kilometers per hour (37 mph). These trains prominently use wrap advertising . In 2017,

8892-648: The function of aid. As China continues to rise, it threatens Japan's hegemony in the region. Escalating tensions in the South China Sea have caused Japan to switch its foreign aid packages. It provided surveillance ships to the Vietnamese and the Filipino coast guards. Japan has also started promoting cybersecurity and maritime security in the region. Japan's Prime Minister Shinzō Abe called these approaches ‘pro-active pacifism’. While Japan has redefined its goals, it still has

9009-425: The implementation of the line, the project was one of the 10 major infrastructure projects worth ₱8.7 billion. Although sixteen firms were reported to have submitted bids for the line's construction, the bidding failed, causing delays. Only one consortium, made up of Japanese-European firms ( Marubeni , Leighton , and Tractabel) and another Japanese firm, RRA International, attended the actual bidding. This means that

9126-439: The interconnections between different parts of the system; for example, they show the interchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify

9243-524: The line eastward to Antipolo, also intending to extend the line westward to Port Area, Manila . In May 2011, LRTA secured commitments from the Philippine National Bank , Development Bank of the Philippines , and the Land Bank of the Philippines to fund the extension project. JICA then released a feasibility study report the following October. The 3.8-kilometer (2.4 mi) extension, starting from

9360-553: The line is a high capacity heavy rail line that uses large metro cars which are longer and wider than those used on the PNR network and roughly the same size as those used on the MTR in Hong Kong, instead of the light rail vehicles used in earlier lines. Until the opening of MRT Line 7 in 2025, it will be the country's only line that uses these types of trains. Envisioned in the 1970s as part of

9477-723: The line to Antipolo in the province of Rizal were first laid out in 1999 as part of the Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study Master Plan by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The extension was first approved by the Investment Coordination Committee (ICC) board of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in October 2003. On August 3, 2006, the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) announced its intention to extend

9594-569: The line when the Philippine government would look to have a contract similar to the Bangkok system that was to be developed by the company (this was cancelled in 1992). The project was to be bid out as a build-operate-transfer project together with the LRT Line 1 capacity expansion project in 1989. In the same year, when President Corazon Aquino directed transportation secretary Rainerio Reyes to speed up

9711-474: The line's annual total ridership increased to 49.42 million passengers, which serves as the highest total passenger ridership count in 3 years. In August 2024, the total daily average of passengers commuting along the line reached 149,331 passengers. The line runs sixteen electric multiple units made in South Korea by Hyundai Rotem powered by Toshiba -made VVVF inverters . The trains came in together with

9828-476: The line's built maximum capacity, serving about 140,000 passengers daily in 2023. Regardless, the line encounters periods of peak ridership during rush hour in the morning and the evening. Expanding the network's revenue line to accommodate more passengers is set on tackling this problem, with plans of a three-station westbound extension in Manila by 2024 and another eastbound extension towards downtown Antipolo. During

9945-587: The lines of the Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway , while the Carmelit , in Haifa, is an underground funicular . For elevated lines, another alternative is the monorail , which can be built either as straddle-beam monorails or as a suspended monorail . While monorails have never gained wide acceptance outside Japan, there are some such as Chongqing Rail Transit 's monorail lines which are widely used in

10062-545: The main rapid transit system. For instance, the Wenhu Line of the Taipei Metro serves many relatively sparse neighbourhoods and feeds into and complements the high capacity metro lines. Some systems have been built from scratch, others are reclaimed from former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section. Ground-level alignments with

10179-689: The metro. Pureza is within walking distance to the Santa Mesa station of the PNR Metro Commuter Line ; Araneta Center–Cubao is indirectly connected to the station of the same name on the MRT Line 3 through local streets and inter-connected mall passageways inside Araneta City ; and Recto is indirectly connected to the Doroteo Jose station of the LRT Line 1 through a covered walkway. No stations are connected to other rapid transit lines within

10296-494: The metro. Normal operation resumes after Easter Sunday . During the Christmas and year-end holidays, the operating hours of the line are modified and shortened, due to the low ridership of the line during the holidays. Stations in the line are located above ground, except for Katipunan , which is located underground. Stations have a standard layout, with a concourse level and a platform level. The concourse contains ticket booths and

10413-447: The money went to corrupt government officials in Asia and projects that caused serious damage to the environment. It is important to understand the structure of Japan's government and how that affects foreign aid. The largest problem is that there is no political center for foreign aid policies. Alan Rix, a political analyst who specializes in Japan, notes “due largely to historical factors and entrenched bureaucratic interests, foreign aid

10530-418: The network map "readable" by illiterate people, this system has since become an "icon" of the system. Compared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations , with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce

10647-402: The next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest. Mexico City Metro uses a unique pictogram for each station. Originally intended to help make

10764-949: The occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments . Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system. High platforms , usually over 1 meter / 3 feet, are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger. Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes , such as pickpocketing and baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes , as well as sexual assaults on tightly packed trains and platforms. Security measures include video surveillance , security guards , and conductors . In some countries

10881-588: The only two North American systems that are primarily called "subways". In most of Southeast Asia and in Taiwan , rapid transit systems are primarily known by the acronym MRT . The meaning varies from one country to another. In Indonesia , the acronym stands for Moda Raya Terpadu or Integrated Mass [Transit] Mode in English. In the Philippines , it stands for Metro Rail Transit . Two underground lines use

10998-732: The option to expand to include more vehicles as demand arises. They are parked on several sets of tracks, which converge onto the spur route and later on to the main network. There are eight decommissioned 1000 class and one set of 1100 class trains formerly used in LRT Line 1 being stored in this depot due to the expansion of the Line 1 depot in Parañaque. The line uses a fixed block system with automatic train control (ATC), which has three subsystems: automatic train protection (ATP), automatic train operation (ATO), and Rail9000 automatic train supervision (ATS). The ATO subsystem automatically drives

11115-582: The outset. Budapest , Chicago , Glasgow , Boston and New York City all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro , which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems. In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems, particularly those in Australia, where density in cities

11232-498: The paid areas. The line currently runs from 5:00 a.m. PST ( UTC +8) until 9:30 p.m. on a daily basis. It operates almost every day of the year unless otherwise announced. Special schedules are announced via the PA system at every station and also in newspapers and other mass media. During Holy Week , a public holiday in the Philippines , the rail system is closed for annual maintenance, owing to fewer commuters and traffic around

11349-937: The peace, Stability and prosperity of the international community. JICA is in charge of administering all ODA such as technical cooperation, Finance and Investment Cooperation and Grants in an integrated manner, except for contributions to international organisations. JICA, the world's largest bilateral aid agency, works in over 150 countries and regions and has some 90 overseas offices. Founded in October in 2003 Japan International Cooperation Agency facilitates official development assistance for Japanese government. Among its main goals are economic growth assistance and international cooperation promotion. JICA continued its predecessor's purpose of providing ODA to developing counties. Southeast Asia South Asia Furthering Cooperation within Central Asia Partnerships in Japan: JICA

11466-501: The planned route was to run from Recto inside the Old Bilibid Prison to Katipunan , totaling 11.8 kilometers, but the actual route is 10 kilometers; the plan was also to have a depot located at the vacant site of Quezon Institute , and the plan was to have 26 2-car trains. The LRT Line 2 project officially began in 1996, twelve years after the opening of Line 1 , with the granting of the official development assistance loans from

11583-423: The project by 2022 to 2023. The project is now expected to start construction in 2025. Rapid transit Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on railway tracks . Some systems use guided rubber tires , magnetic levitation ( maglev ), or monorail . The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside

11700-908: The rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies. Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear. Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as trolleybuses , regular buses , trams , or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops. Each rapid transit system consists of one or more lines , or circuits. Each line

11817-547: The roads covered, with sections below ground before and after the Katipunan station, the only underground station on the line. The line serves 13 stations along its 17.6-kilometer (10.9 mi)-route. The western terminus of the line is the Recto station at Recto Avenue , while the eastern terminus of the line is the Antipolo station along Marikina–Infanta Highway . Three stations serve as connecting stations between other lines in

11934-525: The rubber tires. However, they have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro and limiting it on the Sapporo Municipal Subway, but not rubber-tired systems in other cities. Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies in their metros. One of

12051-412: The side of Barangay Calumpang in Marikina. The depot occupies approximately 10 hectares (25 acres) of space and serves as the headquarters for light and heavy maintenance. Due to its location in a flood-prone area, the depot was raised 2 meters (6.6 ft) above ground level. It is connected to the mainline network by a spur line . The depot is capable of storing 24 sets of electric multiple units, with

12168-532: The substructure and the superstructure plus the stations respectively. The project suffered delays in 1998 when the fourth package of the project, which includes the communications and fares systems, vehicles, and trackworks, were alleged to be anomalous, according to Senator Juan Ponce Enrile . Although it was promptly corrected by the Estrada administration after it assumed power in the middle of that year, it encountered similar problems two years later. In April 2000,

12285-636: The suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro , the Milan Metro , the Oslo Metro , the Istanbul Metro and the New York City Subway . Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city center, for instance in

12402-706: The term subway . In Thailand , it stands for Metropolitan Rapid Transit , previously using the Mass Rapid Transit name. Outside of Southeast Asia, Kaohsiung and Taoyuan, Taiwan , have their own MRT systems which stands for Mass Rapid Transit , as with Singapore and Malaysia . In general rapid transit is a synonym for "metro" type transit, though sometimes rapid transit is defined to include "metro", commuter trains and grade separated light rail . Also high-capacity bus-based transit systems can have features similar to "metro" systems. The opening of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked

12519-414: The term Subway into railway terminology. Both railways, alongside others, were eventually merged into London Underground . The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset. The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe , the United States, Argentina, and Canada, with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from

12636-511: The trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities . Some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives , and now forms part of

12753-724: The trains, while the opening and closing of doors is controlled by an onboard train attendant. The ATP system, meanwhile, maintains safe operations and monitors the train's speed. Lastly, the Rail9000 ATS system is located at the operations control center at the line's Santolan Depot, which directs train operations and monitors the train movement along the line. Other components of the signaling system includes train detection through track circuits and Westrace MK1 computer-based interlocking . The signaling equipment were manufactured by Westinghouse Signals (later Westinghouse Rail Systems , acquired by Siemens in 2013). The signaling system

12870-539: The use of communications-based train control : the minimum headway can reach 90 seconds, but many systems typically use 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 passengers per hour per direction . However, much higher capacities are attained in East Asia with ranges of 75,000 to 85,000 people per hour achieved by MTR Corporation 's urban lines in Hong Kong. Rapid transit topologies are determined by

12987-540: Was Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, which launched its first underground mobile phone network using AMPS in 1989. Many metro systems, such as the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (MTR) and the Berlin U-Bahn, provide mobile data connections in their tunnels for various network operators. The technology used for public, mass rapid transit has undergone significant changes in the years since

13104-845: Was developed further. Other Central European countries also have metro lines, for example in the cities of Budapest (Hungary), Prague (Czech Republic) and Warsaw (Poland). In Eastern Europe , metro systems are in operation in Minsk (Belarus), Kyiv (Ukraine) and Moscow (Russia). In Southeastern European countries, there are metro systems in Athens and Thessaloniki (Greece), Belgrade (Serbia), Sofia (Bulgaria) and Istanbul (Turkey). In Northern Europe , rapid transit systems exist in Copenhagen (Denmark), Oslo (Norway), Stockholm (Sweden) and Helsinki (Finland). Various terms are used for rapid transit systems around North America . The term metro

13221-995: Was first announced in August 2006, when the LRTA announced its intention to extend the line eastward to Antipolo and westward to the Pier 4 of the Manila North Harbor . It was approved by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) on May 19, 2015. The construction of this extension would create three stations, one near the Tutuban PNR station , one in Divisoria, and one near the North Port Passenger Terminal in Manila North Harbor's Pier 4 which would serve as its terminus. In an interview, LRTA Administrator Ret. Gen. Reynaldo Berroya stated that they are aiming to finish

13338-681: Was low and suburbs tended to spread out . Since the 1970s, the viability of underground train systems in Australian cities, particularly Sydney and Melbourne , has been reconsidered and proposed as a solution to over-capacity. Melbourne had tunnels and stations developed in the 1970s and opened in 1980. The first line of the Sydney Metro was opened in 2019. Since the 1960s, many new systems have been introduced in Europe , Asia and Latin America . In

13455-464: Was reopened in January 2021. The line served 33,267 passengers daily on average in 2021, with eight trains available for revenue service running at an operating speed of 60 kilometers per hour (37 mph) in ten-minute intervals, and one train in reserve for rush hour services, which cuts the time intervals to a minimum of eight minutes. Ridership through the year 2024 reached 138,455 daily passengers, while

13572-414: Was that through providing aid that would increase industrial development in host countries, particularly in southeast Asia, the state could help develop overseas markets for the expansion of Japanese business. Also during the 1980s, Japanese contractors for foreign development assistance projects became implicated in a major corruption issues that embarrassed the country's approach to providing aid. In

13689-599: Was upgraded with the replacement of its communication link and the upgrading of the Westrace interlocking module. The project started on February 15, 2022, and was completed on March 29. The rails are 54-kilogram-per-meter (36 lb/ft) rails designed to the UIC 54 rail profile . The rails are supported by concrete plinths. A 3.02-kilometer (1.88 mi) extension of the line to the Manila North Harbor in Tondo, Manila has been proposed. It

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