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140-488: MMP may refer to: Computing and video games [ edit ] Massively multi-player , a type of online game Massively multiprocessing, large symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) computer systems Measure Map Pro format , a GIS format Science and mathematics [ edit ] Matrix metalloproteinase enzymes Methuselah Mouse Prize , for research into slowing cellular ageing Millennium Mathematics Project , of

280-596: A Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role - Musical or Comedy for her performance. In August, Monroe also began filming MMP's first independent production, The Prince and the Showgirl , at Pinewood Studios in England. Based on a 1953 stage play by Terence Rattigan , it was to be directed and co-produced by, and to co-star, Laurence Olivier . The production was complicated by conflicts between him and Monroe. Olivier, who had also directed and starred in

420-495: A Jewish ceremony at the home of Kay Brown , Miller's literary agent, in Waccabuc, New York . With the marriage, Monroe converted to Judaism , which led Egypt to ban all of her films. Due to Monroe's status as a sex symbol and Miller's image as an intellectual, the media saw the union as a mismatch, as evidenced by Variety ' s headline, "Egghead Weds Hourglass". That year, Monroe became pregnant, but miscarried. Bus Stop

560-429: A beauty mark . According to Sarah Churchwell, Niagara was one of the most overtly sexual films of Monroe's career. In some scenes, Monroe's body was covered only by a sheet or a towel, considered shocking by contemporary audiences. Niagara ' s most famous scene is a 30-second long shot behind Monroe where she is seen walking with her hips swaying, which was used heavily in the film's marketing. When Niagara

700-583: A pop culture icon , with the American Film Institute ranking her as the sixth-greatest female screen legend from the Golden Age of Hollywood . Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson at Los Angeles General Hospital on June 1, 1926. Her mother, Gladys Pearl Baker (née Monroe), was born in Piedras Negras, Coahuila , Mexico to a poor Midwestern family who migrated to California at the turn of

840-559: A Girl's Best Friend "; according to the latter, she demonstrated the "ability to sex a song as well as point up the eye values of a scene by her presence". In September, Monroe made her television debut in the Jack Benny Show , playing Jack's fantasy woman in the episode "Honolulu Trip". She co-starred with Grable and Lauren Bacall in her third movie of the year, How to Marry a Millionaire , released in November. It featured Monroe as

980-528: A Polish music label Monday Morning Podcast , a weekly comedy podcast by Bill Burr Marchwood Military Port , a Military Port in Marchwood, England Missile Moyenne Portée (MMP), a French anti-tank missile Mucous membrane pemphigoid Marilyn Monroe Productions Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title MMP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

1120-427: A bookbinding format Tokyo Mew Mew , also known as Mew Mew Power, a Japanese cartoon Miss Moneypenny , secretary to James Bond's boss Mighty Math Powers, a method that Team Umizoomi uses Others [ edit ] Magellan Midstream Partners , a publicly traded partnership Marian Movement of Priests , a Catholic organization Multi-Man Publishing , a wargame company Metal Mind Productions ,

1260-582: A combination of perfectionism, low self-esteem, and stage fright. She disliked her lack of control on film sets and never experienced similar problems during photo shoots, in which she had more say over her performance and could be more spontaneous instead of following a script. To alleviate her anxiety and chronic insomnia , she began to use barbiturates , amphetamines , and alcohol, which also exacerbated her problems, although she did not become severely addicted until 1956. According to Sarah Churchwell , some of Monroe's behavior, especially later in her career,

1400-403: A commercial for Pabst beer and posed for artistic nude photographs by Tom Kelley for John Baumgarth calendars, using the name 'Mona Monroe'. Monroe had previously posed topless or clad in a bikini for other artists including Earl Moran , and felt comfortable with nudity. Shortly after leaving Columbia, she also met and became the protégée and mistress of Johnny Hyde , the vice president of

1540-399: A cross-realm "looking for group" system to help players form groups for instanced content (though not for open-world questing) from a larger pool of characters than their home server can necessarily provide. MMORPGs today use a wide range of business models, from free of charge, free with microtransactions , advertise funded, to various kinds of payment plans. Some MMORPGs require payment or

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1680-494: A difficult proposition. The hosted infrastructure for a commercial-grade MMORPG requires the deployment of hundreds (or even thousands) of servers. Developing an affordable infrastructure for an online game requires developers to scale large numbers of players with less hardware and network investment. In addition, the development team will need to have expertise with the fundamentals of game design: world-building, lore and game mechanics, as well as what makes games fun. Though

1820-527: A dumb actress who starts her own production company. After founding MMP, Monroe moved to Manhattan and spent 1955 studying acting. She took classes with Constance Collier and attended workshops on method acting at the Actors Studio , run by Lee Strasberg . She grew close to Strasberg and his wife Paula, receiving private lessons at their home due to her shyness, and soon became a family member. She replaced her old acting coach, Natasha Lytess, with Paula;

1960-520: A fish cannery worker; to prepare, she spent time in a fish cannery in Monterey . She received positive reviews for her performance: The Hollywood Reporter stated that "she deserves starring status with her excellent interpretation", and Variety wrote that she "has an ease of delivery which makes her a cinch for popularity". The latter was a thriller in which Monroe starred as a mentally disturbed babysitter and which Zanuck used to test her abilities in

2100-523: A four-day period. After returning to the U.S., she was awarded Photoplay ' s "Most Popular Female Star" prize. Monroe settled with Fox in March, with the promise of a new contract, a bonus of $ 100,000, and a starring role in the film adaptation of the Broadway success The Seven Year Itch . In April 1954, Otto Preminger 's western River of No Return , the last film that Monroe had filmed prior to

2240-578: A heavier dramatic role. It received mixed reviews from critics, with Crowther deeming her too inexperienced for the difficult role, and Variety blaming the script for the film's problems. Monroe's three other films in 1952 continued with her typecasting in comedic roles that highlighted her sex appeal. In We're Not Married! , her role as a beauty pageant contestant was created solely to "present Marilyn in two bathing suits", according to its writer Nunnally Johnson . In Howard Hawks 's Monkey Business , in which she acted opposite Cary Grant , she played

2380-467: A highly publicized romance with retired New York Yankees baseball star Joe DiMaggio , one of the most famous sports personalities of the era. Monroe found herself at the center of a scandal in March 1952, when she revealed publicly that she had posed for a nude calendar in 1949. The studio had learned about the photos and that she was publicly rumored to be the model some weeks prior, and together with Monroe decided that to prevent damaging her career it

2520-610: A housewife. After the wedding, they honeymooned at a lake in Ventura County, California , then moved into a studio apartment in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles , where they lived a calm, idyllic life. Dougherty later recalled that despite the circumstances they married under, he and Monroe "loved each other madly" and that being married "was like being on a honeymoon for a year." However, according to biographer Donald Spoto , Monroe found herself and Dougherty mismatched, and later said she

2660-604: A maritime labor union Moldova Metallurgical Plant, see Moldova Steel Works Maintenance management professional , a Canadian job qualification Sport [ edit ] Memphis Motorsports Park , a race track in Millington, Tennessee, United States Minute Maid Park , a ballpark in Houston, Texas, United States Miller Motorsports Park in Tooele County, Utah. Fiction [ edit ] Mass market paperback ,

2800-477: A micropayment model where the core content is free, but players are given the option to purchase additional content, such as equipment, aesthetic items, or pets. Games that make use of this model often have originated in Korea, such as Flyff and MapleStory . This business model is alternately called " pay for perks " or " freemium ", and games using it often describe themselves with the term " free-to-play ". MMORPG

2940-605: A model, Monroe occasionally used the pseudonym Jean Norman. Through Snively, Monroe signed a contract with an acting agency in June 1946. After an unsuccessful interview at Paramount Pictures , she was given a screen-test by Ben Lyon , a 20th Century-Fox executive. Head executive Darryl F. Zanuck was unenthusiastic about it, but he gave her a standard six-month contract to avoid her being signed by rival studio RKO Pictures . Monroe's contract began in August 1946, and she and Lyon selected

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3080-434: A monthly subscription to play. By definition, " massively multiplayer " games are always online, and most require some sort of continuous revenue (such as monthly subscriptions and advertisements) for maintenance and development purposes. Some games, such as Guild Wars , have disposed of the 'monthly fee' model entirely, and recover costs directly through sales of the software and associated expansion packs. Still others adopt

3220-485: A naïve model who teams up with her friends to find rich husbands, repeating the successful formula of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . It was the second film ever released in CinemaScope , a widescreen format that Fox hoped would draw audiences back to theaters as television was beginning to cause losses to film studios. Despite mixed reviews, the film was Monroe's biggest box office success at that point in her career. Unlike on

3360-452: A number of vital tasks. The server must be able to handle and verify a large number of connections, prevent cheating , and apply changes (bug fixes or added content) to the game. A system for recording the games data at regular intervals, without stopping the game, is also important. Maintenance requires sufficient servers and bandwidth , and a dedicated support staff. Insufficient resources for maintenance lead to lag and frustration for

3500-598: A pin-up had been thwarted by the studio head executive, Darryl F. Zanuck , who had a strong personal dislike of her and did not think she would earn the studio as much revenue in other types of roles. Under pressure from the studio's owner, Spyros Skouras , Zanuck had also decided that Fox should focus exclusively on entertainment to maximize profits and canceled the production of any "serious films". In January 1954, he suspended Monroe when she refused to begin shooting yet another musical comedy, The Girl in Pink Tights . This

3640-600: A platform specifically for independent MMOG developers. As there are a number of wildly different titles within the genre, and since the genre develops so rapidly, it is difficult to definitively state that the genre is heading in one direction or another. Still, there are a few obvious developments. One of these developments is the raid group quest, or "raid", which is an adventure designed for large groups of players (often twenty or more). Instance dungeons , sometimes shortened to "instances", are game areas that are "copied" for individual players or groups, which keeps those in

3780-429: A player wants to play a priest role in his MMORPG world, that player might buy a cope from a shop and learn priestly skills, proceeding to speak, act, and interact with others as their character would. This may or may not include pursuing other goals such as wealth or experience. Guilds or similar groups with a focus on roleplaying may develop extended in-depth narratives using the setting and resources similar to those in

3920-470: A practice she had begun at Fox. She also became a friend and occasional sex partner of Fox executive Joseph M. Schenck , who persuaded his friend Harry Cohn , the head executive of Columbia Pictures , to sign her in March 1948. At Columbia, Monroe's look was modeled after Rita Hayworth and her hair was bleached platinum blonde. She began working with the studio's head drama coach, Natasha Lytess , who would remain her mentor until 1955. Her only film at

4060-422: A profound effect on players and the game industry, and even the courts. The virtual currency selling pioneer IGE received a lawsuit from a World of Warcraft player for interfering in the economics and intended use of the game by selling WoW gold. Castronova's first study in 2002 found that a highly liquid (if illegal) currency market existed, with the value of Everquest' s in-game currency exceeding that of

4200-554: A saloon singer whose dreams of stardom are complicated by a naïve cowboy who falls in love with her. For the role, she learned an Ozark accent , chose costumes and makeup that lacked the glamor of her earlier films, and provided deliberately mediocre singing and dancing. Broadway director Joshua Logan agreed to direct, despite initially doubting Monroe's acting abilities and knowing of her difficult reputation. The filming took place in Idaho and Arizona, with Monroe "technically in charge" as

4340-559: A secretary who is a "dumb, childish blonde, innocently unaware of the havoc her sexiness causes around her". In O. Henry's Full House , with Charles Laughton she appeared in a passing vignette as a nineteenth-century street walker. Monroe added to her reputation as a new sex symbol with publicity stunts that year: she wore a revealing dress when acting as Grand Marshal at the Miss America Pageant parade, and told gossip columnist Earl Wilson that she usually wore no underwear. By

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4480-433: A seven-year contract for Monroe with 20th Century-Fox. According to its terms, Fox could opt not to renew the contract after each year. Hyde died of a heart attack only days later, which left Monroe devastated. In 1951, Monroe had supporting roles in three moderately successful Fox comedies: As Young as You Feel , Love Nest , and Let's Make It Legal . According to Spoto all three films featured her "essentially [as]

4620-449: A sex symbol and established her "look", her second film of 1953, the satirical musical comedy Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , cemented her screen persona as a " dumb blonde ". Based on Anita Loos ' novel and its Broadway version , the film focuses on two "gold-digging" showgirls played by Monroe and Jane Russell . Monroe's role was originally intended for Betty Grable , who had been 20th Century-Fox's most popular " blonde bombshell " in

4760-558: A sexy ornament", but she received some praise from critics: Bosley Crowther of The New York Times described her as "superb" in As Young As You Feel and Ezra Goodman of the Los Angeles Daily News called her "one of the brightest up-and-coming [actresses]" for Love Nest . Her popularity with audiences was also growing: she received several thousand fan letters a week, and was declared "Miss Cheesecake of 1951" by

4900-409: A space to freely develop social skills and communication skills without the stress of face-to-face contact. This in turn opens new pathways for social therapy for individuals with developmental disabilities. Many MMORPGs feature living economies. Virtual items and currency have to be gained through play and have definite value for players. Such a virtual economy can be analyzed (using data logged by

5040-515: A temporary design glitch attracted the attention of psychologists and epidemiologists across North America, when the " Corrupted Blood " disease of a monster began to spread unintentionally—and uncontrollably—into the wider game world. The Centers for Disease Control intended to use the incident as a research model to chart both the progression of a disease, and the potential human response to large-scale epidemic infection. However, due to Blizzard Entertainment 's failure to keep statistical records of

5180-544: A voting system used in Germany, New Zealand and other countries Manitoba Marijuana Party, now Freedom Party of Manitoba , a Canadian political party Minuteman Project , 2005 action to deter illegal immigration Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , was a non-aggression pact signed in Moscow in the late hours of 23 August 1939 Industry and labor [ edit ] International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots (MM&P),

5320-428: A wide spectrum of genres, gameplay types, and revenue systems. Some independent MMORPG projects are completely open source , while others feature proprietary content made with an open-source game engine. The WorldForge project has been active since 1998 and formed a community of independent developers who are working on creating framework for a number of open-source MMORPGs. The Multiverse Foundation has also created

5460-616: A woman who becomes the object of her married neighbor's sexual fantasies. Although the film was shot in Hollywood, the studio decided to generate advance publicity by staging the filming of a scene in which Monroe is standing on a subway grate with the air blowing up the skirt of her white dress on Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. The shoot lasted for several hours and attracted nearly 2,000 spectators. The "subway grate scene" became one of Monroe's most famous, and The Seven Year Itch became one of

5600-603: Is a prominent example, with each separate server housing several thousand players. In many MMORPGs the number of players in one world is often limited to around a few thousand, but a notable example of the opposite is EVE Online , which accommodates several hundred thousand players on the same server, with over 60,000 playing simultaneously (June 2010 ) at certain times. Some games allow characters to appear on any world, but not simultaneously (such as Seal Online: Evolution or Kolossium competition in Dofus ); others limit each character to

5740-437: Is a significant determining factor in their success or failure in combat-related situations. MMORPGs almost always have tools to facilitate communication between players. Many MMORPGs offer support for in-game guilds or clans , though these will usually form whether the game supports them or not. In addition, most MMOGs require some degree of teamwork in parts of the game. These tasks usually require players to take on roles in

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5880-484: Is a term coined by Richard Garriott to refer to massive multiplayer online role-playing games and their social communities. Previous to this and related coinages, these games were generally called graphical MUDs ; the history of MMORPGs traces back directly through the MUD genre. Through this connection, MMORPGs can be seen to have roots in the earliest multi-user games such as Mazewar (1974) and MUD1 (1978). 1985 saw

6020-475: Is particularly common in South Korea such as MapleStory , Rohan: Blood Feud , Atlantica Online and Lost Ark . Also, there are some free-to-play games, such as RuneScape and Tibia , where the game is free, but one would have to pay monthly to play the game with more features. Guild Wars and its sequel avoid some degree of competition with other MMORPGs by only requiring the initial purchase of

6160-589: The Actors Studio . Later that year, Fox awarded her a new contract, which gave her more control and a larger salary. Her subsequent roles included a critically acclaimed performance in Bus Stop (1956) and her first independent production in The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). She won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for her role in Some Like It Hot (1959), a critical and commercial success. Her last completed film

6300-622: The House Un-American Activities Committee , but Monroe refused. The relationship led to the FBI opening a file on her, as they suspected she was part of a communist group. However, the FBI never uncovered any evidence proving these claims. By the end of the year, Monroe and Fox signed a new seven-year contract, as MMP would not be able to finance films alone, and the studio was eager to have Monroe working for them again. Fox would pay her $ 400,000 to make four films, and granted her

6440-550: The Japanese yen . Some people even make a living by working these virtual economies; these people are often referred to as gold farmers , and may be employed in game sweatshops . Marilyn Monroe Marilyn Monroe ( / ˈ m æ r ə l ɪ n m ə n ˈ r oʊ / MARR -ə-lin mən- ROH ; born Norma Jeane Mortenson ; June 1, 1926 – August 4, 1962) was an American actress and model. Known for playing comic " blonde bombshell " characters, she became one of

6580-514: The Merchant Marine and was stationed on Santa Catalina Island , where Monroe moved with him. In April 1944, Dougherty was shipped out to the Pacific , where he remained for most of the next two years. Monroe, who had previously been having doubts about having children, begged him for a baby before he left. That same year, Monroe met her sister, Berniece Baker Miracle, and her husband, Paris, for

6720-540: The Photoplay Awards in January 1953, where she won the "Fastest Rising Star" award. A pleated "sunburst" waist-tight, deep décolleté gold lamé dress designed by William Travilla for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , but barely seen at all in the film, was to become a sensation. Prompted by such imagery, veteran star Joan Crawford publicly called the behavior "unbecoming an actress and a lady". While Niagara made Monroe

6860-496: The William Morris Agency . Through Hyde, Monroe landed small roles in several films, including two critically acclaimed works: Joseph Mankiewicz 's drama All About Eve (1950) and John Huston 's film noir The Asphalt Jungle (1950). Monroe was nervous and starstruck to be performing alongside Bette Davis in the former film, often forgetting her lines, demanding multiple takes, and arriving late. However, in 1977,

7000-571: The occult , and other genres . These elements are often developed using similar tasks and scenarios involving quests , monsters , and loot . In nearly all MMORPGs, the development of the player's character is the primary goal. Nearly all MMORPGs feature a character progression system, in which players earn experience points for their actions and use those points to reach character "levels", which makes them better at whatever they do. Traditionally, combat with monsters and completing quests for non-player characters , either alone or in groups, are

7140-532: The 1940s; Monroe was fast eclipsing her as a star who could appeal to both male and female audiences. As part of the film's publicity campaign, she and Russell pressed their hand and footprints in wet concrete outside Grauman's Chinese Theatre in June. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes was released shortly after and became one of the biggest box office successes of the year. Crowther of The New York Times and William Brogdon of Variety both commented favorably on Monroe, especially noting her performance of " Diamonds Are

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7280-591: The Atkinsons, and may have been sexually abused during this time. Always a shy girl, she developed a stutter and became withdrawn. In the summer of 1935, she briefly stayed with Grace and her husband Erwin "Doc" Goddard and two other families. In September 1935, Grace placed her in the Los Angeles Orphans Home #2, Hollygrove. The orphanage was "a model institution" and was described in positive terms by her peers, but Monroe felt abandoned. Encouraged by

7420-518: The Central Institute of Mental Health points towards impairments in social, emotional and physical aspects of the self-concept and a higher degree in avatar identification in addicted MMORPG players, compared to non-addicted and naive (nonexperienced) people. These findings generally support Davis' cognitive behavioral model of Internet addiction, which postulates that dysfunctional self-related cognitions represent central factors contributing towards

7560-473: The Internet up for game developers, which allowed for the first truly "massively"-scoped titles. Finally, MMORPGs as defined today began with Meridian 59 in 1996, innovative both in its scope and in offering first-person 3D graphics, with The Realm Online appearing nearly simultaneously. Ultima Online , released in 1997, is often credited with first popularizing the genre, though more mainstream attention

7700-530: The Rings Online , EverQuest , EverQuest II , Aion , Final Fantasy XIV , Guild Wars , Rift , RuneScape , Star Trek Online , Star Wars: The Old Republic , and DC Universe Online . Increased amounts of " player-created content " is another trend. The use of intellectual property licensing common in other video game genres has also appeared in MMORPGs. 2007 saw the release of The Lord of

7840-537: The Rings Online , based on J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth . Other licensed MMORPGs include The Matrix Online , based on the Matrix trilogy of films, Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning , based on Games Workshop 's table top game , Star Wars Galaxies , Star Wars The Old Republic , Champions Online and Age of Conan . Additionally, several licenses from television have been optioned for MMORPGs, for example Star Trek Online and Stargate Worlds (which

7980-513: The Strasbergs remained an important influence for the rest of her career. Monroe also started undergoing psychoanalysis , as Strasberg believed that an actor must confront their emotional traumas and use them in their performances. Monroe continued her relationship with DiMaggio despite the ongoing divorce process; she was also rumored to have dated actor Marlon Brando . Monroe had met playwright Arthur Miller in 1951, after being introduced on

8120-452: The University of Cambridge Moscow Mathematical Papyrus , an ancient Egyptian mathematical papyrus Matrilysin , an enzyme Minimal model program , a branch of birational geometry Million progressive motile (million motile sperm cells per milliliter), a measure of male fertility used in semen analysis Politics [ edit ] Mixed-member proportional representation ,

8260-514: The age of 15, she began dating him. Monroe had been harboring a crush on Dougherty, who had been class president and football captain during his days at school. In 1942, the company that employed Doc Goddard relocated him to West Virginia . California child protection laws prevented the Goddards from taking Monroe out of state, and she faced having to return to the orphanage. To prevent this, Grace Goddard approached Dougherty's mother, Ethel, with

8400-574: The army newspaper Stars and Stripes , reflecting the preferences of soldiers in the Korean War . In February 1952, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association named Monroe the "best young box office personality". In her private life, Monroe had a short relationship with director Elia Kazan and also briefly dated several other men, including director Nicholas Ray and actors Yul Brynner and Peter Lawford . In early 1952, she began

8540-495: The biggest commercial successes of the year after its release in June 1955. The publicity stunt placed Monroe on international front pages, and it also marked the end of her marriage to DiMaggio. The union had been troubled from the start by his jealousy and controlling attitude; he was also physically abusive. After returning from NYC to Hollywood in October 1954, Monroe filed for divorce, after only nine months of marriage. DiMaggio

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8680-408: The century. At age 15, Gladys had married John Newton Baker, an abusive man nine years her senior. They had two children together, Robert and Berniece . She successfully filed for divorce and sole custody of her two oldest in 1923, but Baker kidnapped the children soon after and moved with them to his native Kentucky . Monroe was not told that she had a sister until she was 12, and they met for

8820-529: The collapse of the studio system . Monroe stated that she was "tired of the same old sex roles" and asserted that she was no longer under contract to Fox, as it had not fulfilled its duties, such as paying her the promised bonus. This began a year-long legal battle between her and Fox in January 1955. The press largely ridiculed Monroe, and she was parodied in the Broadway play Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1955), in which her lookalike Jayne Mansfield played

8960-400: The comedies Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire , which established her star image as a " dumb blonde ". The same year, her nude images were used as the centerfold and cover of the first issue of Playboy . Monroe played a significant role in the creation and management of her public image throughout her career, but felt disappointed when typecast and underpaid by

9100-500: The concept into the thirty-question Bartle Test that helps players determine which category they are associated with. With over 650,000 test responses as of 2011, this is perhaps the largest ongoing survey of multiplayer game players. Based on Bartle and Yee's research, Jon Radoff has published an updated model of player motivation that focuses on immersion, competition, cooperation and achievement. These elements may be found not only in MMORPGs, but many other types of games and within

9240-528: The cover and as centerfold in the first issue of Playboy ; Monroe did not consent to the publication. The cover image was a photograph taken of her at the Miss America Pageant parade in 1952, and the centerfold featured one of her 1949 nude photographs. Monroe had become one of 20th Century-Fox's biggest stars, but her contract had not changed since 1950, so that she was paid far less than other stars of her stature and could not choose her projects. Her attempts to appear in films that would not focus on her as

9380-729: The development and maintenance of MMORPG addiction. The high degree of avatar identification found by Leménager et al. in the addicted group of this study indicates that MMORPG playing may represent an attempt to compensate for impairments in self-concept. Psychotherapeutic interventions should therefore focus on the development of coping strategies for real-life situations in which addicted players tend to experience themselves as incompetent and inferior. Richard Bartle , author of Designing Virtual Worlds , classified multiplayer RPG-players into four primary psychological groups. His classifications were then expanded upon by Erwin Andreasen, who developed

9520-429: The dramas Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock . Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that she had posed for nude photographs prior to becoming a star, but the story did not damage her career and instead resulted in increased interest in her films. By 1953, Monroe was one of the most marketable Hollywood stars. She had leading roles in the film noir Niagara , which overtly relied on her sex appeal, and

9660-604: The emerging field of gamification . There have been numerous discussions and evaluations by various scholarly institutions regarding the long-term effects of video game overuse. Many news agencies have criticized video games as promoting violent tendencies in its player base and encouraging anti-social behaviors. Ultimately this culminated in the World Health Organization classifying the overuse of video games as "Technological Addiction" in May 2019. In World of Warcraft ,

9800-444: The emotions they feel while playing an MMORPG are very strong, to the extent that 8.7% of male and 23.2% of female players in a statistical study have had an online wedding. Other researchers have found that the enjoyment of a game is directly related to the social organization of a game, ranging from brief encounters between players to highly organized play in structured groups. In a study by Zaheer Hussain and Mark D. Griffiths , it

9940-525: The end of the year, gossip columnist Florabel Muir named Monroe the " it girl " of 1952. During this period, Monroe gained a reputation for being difficult to work with, which would worsen as her career progressed. She was often late or did not show up at all, did not remember her lines, and would demand several re-takes before she was satisfied with her performance. Her dependence on her acting coaches—Natasha Lytess and then Paula Strasberg —also irritated directors. Monroe's problems have been attributed to

10080-565: The event, the 2005 Corrupted Blood Outbreak ultimately failed to produce any results. Nevertheless, the CDC has continued to express interest in the use of MMORPGs for disease research. It has been suggested by Springer University in Germany that MMORPGs encourage and provide opportunities to study and improve in economic theory by providing a controlled environment for the natural development of economic practices between players of including professions, trade, and services. Research has shown that for

10220-519: The factory to shoot morale-boosting pictures of female workers. Although none of her pictures were used, she quit working at the factory in January 1945 and began modeling for Conover and his friends. Defying her deployed husband and his disapproving mother, she moved on her own and signed a contract with the Blue Book Model Agency in August 1945. The agency deemed Monroe's figure more suitable for pin-up than high fashion modeling, and she

10360-522: The first time in 1944 when Monroe was 17 or 18. Following the divorce, Gladys worked as a film negative cutter at Consolidated Film Industries . Her second marriage occurred in 1924 when she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated just months later and divorced in 1928. In 2022, DNA testing indicated that Monroe's father was Charles Stanley Gifford, a co-worker of Gladys, with whom she had an affair in 1925, though until then, her father

10500-585: The first time. They continued to stay in touch throughout Monroe's career. After Dougherty left, Monroe moved in with Dougherty's parents and began a job at the Radioplane Company , a munitions factory in Van Nuys, to help the war effort. In late 1944, she met photographer David Conover , who had been sent by captain Ronald Reagan , then working in the U.S. Army Air Forces ' First Motion Picture Unit , to

10640-538: The front-end requires expertise with implementing 3D engines , real-time shader techniques and physics simulation. The actual visual content (areas, creatures, characters, weapons, spaceships and so forth) is developed by artists who typically begin with two-dimensional concept art, and later convert these concepts into animated 3D scenes, models and texture maps. Developing an MMOG server requires expertise with client/server architecture, network protocols, security, and database design. MMORPGs include reliable systems for

10780-454: The game to play. The cost of developing a competitive commercial MMORPG title often exceeded $ 10 million in 2003. These projects require multiple disciplines within game design and development such as 3D modeling, 2D art, animation, user interfaces, client/server engineering, database architecture, and network infrastructure. The front-end (or client) component of a commercial, modern MMORPG features 3D graphics. As with other modern 3D games,

10920-546: The game world. Over time, the MMORPG community has developed a sub-culture with its own slang and metaphors, as well as an unwritten list of social rules and taboos. Players will often complain about 'grind' (a slang term for any repetitive, time-consuming activity in an MMORPG), or talk about 'buffs' and 'nerfs' (respectively an upgrade or downgrade of a particular game mechanic). As with all such cultures, social rules exist for such things as invitations to join an adventuring party,

11060-438: The game's website or posting their stats on a high score screen. Another common practice is to enforce a maximum reachable level for all players, often referred to as a level cap. Once reached, the definition of a player's progression changes. Instead of being awarded primarily with experience for completing quests and dungeons, the player's motivation to continue playing will be replaced with collecting money and equipment. Often,

11200-444: The game) and has value in economic research. More significantly, these "virtual" economies can affect the economies of the real world. One of the early researchers of MMORPGs was Edward Castronova , who demonstrated that a supply-and-demand market exists for virtual items and that it crosses over with the real world. This crossover has some requirements of the game: The idea of attaching real-world value to "virtual" items has had

11340-420: The game, and often involve elements of collaboration and trust between players. Most MMORPGs provide different types of classes that players can choose. Among those classes, a small portion of players choose to roleplay their characters, and there are rules that provide functionality and content to those who do. Community resources such as forums and guides exist in support of this play style. For example, if

11480-524: The game. EverQuest and Guild Wars are two examples of games that use such a format. Players generally must purchase the client software for a one-time fee, although an increasing trend is for MMORPGs to work using pre-existing "thin" clients, such as a web browser. Depending on the number of players and the system architecture, an MMORPG might be run on multiple separate servers, each representing an independent world, where players from one server cannot interact with those from another; World of Warcraft

11620-581: The group, such as protecting other players from damage (called tanking), "healing" damage done to other players or damaging enemies. MMORPGs generally have Game Moderators or Game Masters (frequently referred to as GMs or "mods"), who may be paid employees or unpaid volunteers who attempt to supervise the world. Some GMs may have additional access to features and information related to the game that are not available to other players and roles. Relationships formed in MMORPGs can often be just as intense as relationships formed between friends or partners met outside

11760-562: The head of MMP, occasionally making decisions on cinematography and with Logan adapting to her chronic lateness and perfectionism. The experience changed Logan's opinion of Monroe, and he later compared her to Charlie Chaplin in her ability to blend comedy and tragedy. On June 29, 1956, Monroe and Miller were married in a four-minute civil ceremony at the Westchester County Court in White Plains, New York ; two days later they had

11900-512: The home of family friends named the Howells. Though neither the Goddards or Monroe's mother attended the wedding, the Bolenders and their daughter, Nancy, were in attendance. "I remember the winding staircase in the living room and all of us just staring at the top of the stairs until she appeared," Nancy later recalled. "What a beautiful bride." Monroe subsequently dropped out of high school and became

12040-572: The instance separated from the rest of the game world. This reduces competition, and also reducing the amount of data that needs to be sent to and from the server, reducing lag. The Realm Online was the first MMORPG to begin to use a rudimentary form of this technique and Anarchy Online would develop it further, using instances as a key element of gameplay. Since then, instancing has become increasingly common. The "raids", as mentioned above, often involve instance dungeons. Examples of games which feature instances are World of Warcraft , The Lord of

12180-429: The interactions between MMORPG players are real, even if the environments are virtual, psychologists and sociologists are able to use MMORPGs as tools for academic research. Sherry Turkle has found that many people have expanded their emotional range by exploring the many different roles (including gender identities) that MMORPGs allow a person to explore. Nick Yee has surveyed more than 35,000 MMORPG players over

12320-424: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MMP&oldid=1117759344 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Massively multiplayer online role-playing game As in role-playing games (RPGs),

12460-512: The most popular sex symbols of the 1950s and early 1960s, as well as an emblem of the era's sexual revolution . She was a top-billed actress for a decade, and her films grossed $ 200 million (equivalent to $ 2 billion in 2023) by the time of her death in 1962. Born and raised in Los Angeles County, Monroe spent most of her childhood in a total of twelve foster homes and an orphanage before marrying James Dougherty at age sixteen. She

12600-414: The mountain lodge of Monroe's lawyer Lloyd Wright. On January 29, 1954, fifteen days later, they flew to Japan, combining a "honeymoon" with his commitment to his former San Francisco Seals coach Lefty O'Doul , to help train Japanese baseball teams. From Tokyo, she traveled with Jean O'Doul, Lefty's wife, to Korea, where she participated in a USO show, singing for over 60,000 U.S. Marines over

12740-565: The often-critical Davis praised Monroe's performance, saying, "Oh, I knew she had a long way to go. Definitely, no question, I knew she was going to make it. She was a very ambitious girl, [and] knew what she wanted [and was] very serious about it...I thought she had talent." Despite her screen time being only a few minutes in the latter, she gained a mention in Photoplay and according to biographer Donald Spoto "moved effectively from movie model to serious actress". In December 1950, Hyde negotiated

12880-593: The orphanage staff, who thought that Monroe would be happier living in a family, Grace became her legal guardian in 1936, but did not take her out of the orphanage until the summer of 1937. Monroe's second stay with the Goddards lasted only a few months because Doc allegedly molested her, though these claims are disputed. She then lived for brief periods with her relatives and Grace's friends and relatives in Los Angeles and Compton . Monroe's childhood experiences first made her want to become an actress: I didn't like

13020-434: The past several years, focusing on psychological and sociological aspects of these games. Recent findings included that 15% of players become a guild-leader at one time or another, but most generally find the job tough and thankless; and that players spend a considerable amount of time (often a third of their total time investment) doing things that are external to gameplay but part of the metagame . Many players report that

13160-415: The player assumes the role of a character (often in a fantasy world or science-fiction world) and takes control over many of that character's actions. MMORPGs are distinguished from single-player or small multi-player online RPGs by the number of players able to interact together, and by the game's persistent world (usually hosted by the game's publisher ), which continues to exist and evolve while

13300-535: The player is offline and away from the game. MMORPGs are played throughout the world. Global revenues for MMORPGs exceeded half a billion dollars in 2005, and the western world 's revenues exceeded a billion dollars in 2006. In 2008, the spending on subscription MMORPGs by consumers in North America and Europe grew to $ 1.4 billion. World of Warcraft , a popular MMORPG, had over 10 million subscribers as of November 2014. World of Warcraft ' s total revenue

13440-517: The players, and can severely damage the reputation of a game, especially at launch. Care must also be taken to ensure that player population remains at an acceptable level by adding or removing servers. Peer-to-peer MMORPGs could theoretically work cheaply and efficiently in regulating server load, but practical issues such as asymmetrical network bandwidth, CPU-hungry rendering engines, unreliability of individual nodes, and inherent lack of security (opening fertile new grounds for cheating ) can make them

13580-513: The popularization of Facebook and microtransactions came a wave of Flash and HTML5 based MMORPGs that use the free to play model. They require no download outside of a browser and usually have heavily integrated social media sharing features. Smartphones with their GPS capabilities (amongst others) enable augmented reality in games such as Ingress and Pokémon Go . The games are enhanced by location and distance based tracking, bench marking goals or facilitating trade between players. Since

13720-563: The positive learner, game-based interaction could reduce inhibition as well as enhance the enjoyment and motivation of second language learning , but appears to be more suitable for learners of intermediate and higher levels of proficiency than language beginners. The Division of Autism and developmental disabilities published a significant report detailing the value of MMORPGs for the treatment of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. The report suggests that individuals with autism spectrum disorder could benefit from MMORPGs by being provided

13860-436: The primary ways to earn experience points. The accumulation of wealth (including combat-useful items) is also a way to progress in many MMORPGs. This is traditionally best accomplished via combat. The cycle produced by these conditions, combat leading to new items allowing for more combat with no change in gameplay, is sometimes pejoratively referred to as the level treadmill , or "grinding". The role-playing game Progress Quest

14000-458: The production. Her dependence on pharmaceuticals escalated and, according to Spoto, she had a miscarriage. She and Greene also argued over how MMP should be run. Despite the difficulties, filming was completed on schedule by the end of 1956. The Prince and the Showgirl was released to mixed reviews in June 1957 and proved unpopular with American audiences. It was better received in Europe, where she

14140-491: The proper division of treasure, and how a player is expected to behave while grouped with other players. Most MMORPGs are deployed using a client–server system architecture . The server software generates a persistent instance of the virtual world that runs continuously, and players connect to it via a client software. The client software may provide access to the entire playing world, or further 'expansions' may be required to be purchased to allow access to certain areas of

14280-465: The proposition that Dougherty marry Monroe. Ethel agreed, and the two told Monroe and Dougherty their idea. Both were rather skeptical: Dougherty thought Monroe was rather young to marry, and Monroe was nervous. On one occasion, Monroe approached Grace with the idea that they marry as friends instead of consummating their marriage, but Grace replied, "Don't worry, you'll learn." Monroe married Dougherty on June 19, 1942, just after her 16th birthday, at

14420-471: The public interest. Despite her newfound popularity as a sex symbol, Monroe also wished to showcase more of her acting range. She had begun taking acting classes with Michael Chekhov and mime Lotte Goslar soon after beginning the Fox contract, and Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock showed her in different roles. In the former, a drama starring Barbara Stanwyck and directed by Fritz Lang , she played

14560-581: The relationship unmarried, Dougherty refused. Monroe spent her first six months at Fox learning acting, singing, and dancing, and observing the film-making process. Her contract was renewed in February 1947, and she was given her first film roles, bit parts in Dangerous Years (1947) and Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948). The studio also enrolled her in the Actors' Laboratory Theatre , an acting school teaching

14700-591: The release of a roguelike (pseudo-graphical) MUD called Island of Kesmai on CompuServe and Lucasfilm 's graphical MUD Habitat . The first fully graphical multi-user RPG was Neverwinter Nights , which was delivered through America Online in 1991 and was personally championed by AOL President Steve Case . Other early proprietary graphical online RPGs include three on The Sierra Network : The Shadow of Yserbius in 1992, The Fates of Twinion in 1993, and The Ruins of Cawdor in 1995. Another milestone came in 1995 as NSFNET restrictions were lifted, opening

14840-432: The right to choose her own projects, directors and cinematographers. She would also be free to make one film with MMP per each completed film for Fox. Monroe began 1956 by announcing her win over 20th Century-Fox. On February 23, 1956, she legally changed her name to Marilyn Monroe . The press wrote favorably about her decision to fight the studio; Time called her a "shrewd businesswoman" and Look predicted that

14980-543: The scenes to keep the leads on point at musical sets. Monroe was determined to make it as an actress, and continued studying at the Actors' Lab. She had a small role in the play Glamour Preferred at the Bliss-Hayden Theater , but it ended after a couple of performances. To network, she frequented producers' offices, befriended gossip columnist Sidney Skolsky , and entertained influential male guests at studio functions,

15120-476: The set of As Young as You Feel by director Elia Kazan . Though he was married to Mary Slattery, they began an affair in 1955. The affair became increasingly serious after October 1955, when Monroe's divorce was finalized and Miller separated from Slattery so he could be with Monroe. The studio urged her to end it, as Miller was being investigated by the FBI for allegations of communism and had been subpoenaed by

15260-511: The sets of other films, Monroe got along well with her costars, particularly Grable, who reportedly found Monroe a delightful person to hang out with. Monroe was listed in the annual Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll in both 1953 and 1954, and according to Fox historian Aubrey Solomon became the studio's "greatest asset" alongside CinemaScope. Monroe's position as a leading sex symbol was confirmed in December 1953, when Hugh Hefner featured her on

15400-402: The stage name "Marilyn Monroe". The first name was picked by Lyon, who was reminded of Broadway star Marilyn Miller ; the surname was Monroe's mother's maiden name. However, the studio was reluctant to hire Monroe, a married woman, for fear she would become pregnant. In September 1946, she traveled to Las Vegas to divorce Dougherty, leaving him heartbroken. Though Monroe wanted to continue

15540-478: The stage play, angered her with the patronizing statement "All you have to do is be sexy", and with his demand she replicate Vivien Leigh 's stage interpretation of the character. He also disliked the constant presence of Paula Strasberg, Monroe's acting coach, on set. In retaliation, Monroe became uncooperative and began to deliberately arrive late, later saying, "if you don't respect your artists, they can't work well." Monroe also experienced other problems during

15680-598: The studio was the low-budget musical Ladies of the Chorus (1948), in which she had her first starring role as a chorus girl courted by a wealthy man. She also screen-tested for the lead role in Born Yesterday (1950), but her contract was not renewed in September 1948. Ladies of the Chorus was released the following month and was not a success. When her contract at Columbia ended, Monroe returned again to modeling. She shot

15820-524: The studio. She was briefly suspended in early 1954 for refusing a film project but returned to star in The Seven Year Itch (1955), one of the biggest box office successes of her career. When the studio was still reluctant to change Monroe's contract, she founded her own film production company in 1954 with her good friend, photographer Milton Greene . She dedicated 1955 to building the company and began studying method acting under Lee Strasberg at

15960-683: The suspension, was released. She called it a " Z-grade cowboy movie in which the acting finished second to the scenery and the CinemaScope process", but it was popular with audiences. The first film she made after the suspension was the musical There's No Business Like Show Business , which she strongly disliked but the studio required her to do for dropping The Girl in Pink Tights . It was unsuccessful upon its release in late 1954, with Monroe's performance considered vulgar by many critics. In September 1954, Monroe began filming Billy Wilder 's comedy The Seven Year Itch , starring opposite Tom Ewell as

16100-477: The techniques of the Group Theatre ; she later stated that it was "my first taste of what real acting in a real drama could be, and I was hooked". Despite her enthusiasm, her teachers thought her too shy and insecure to have a future in acting, and Fox did not renew her contract in August 1947. She returned to modeling while also doing occasional odd jobs at film studios, such as working as a dancing "pacer" behind

16240-463: The vast majority of MMORPGs are produced by companies, many small teams of programmers and artists have contributed to the genre. As shown above, the average MMORPG development project requires enormous investments of time and money, and running the game can be a long-term commitment. As a result, non-corporate (or independent, or " indie ") development of MMORPGs is less common compared to other genres. Still, many independent MMORPGs do exist, representing

16380-417: The widened range of equipment available at the maximum level will have increased aesthetic value to distinguish high ranking players in game between lower ranked players. Colloquially known as endgame gear, this set of empowered weapons and armor adds a competitive edge to both scripted boss encounters as well as player vs player combat. Player motivation to outperform others is fueled by acquiring such items and

16520-424: The win would be "an example of the individual against the herd for years to come". In contrast, Monroe's relationship with Miller prompted some negative comments, such as Walter Winchell 's statement that "America's best-known blonde moving picture star is now the darling of the left-wing intelligentsia." In March, Monroe began filming the drama Bus Stop , her first film under the new contract. She played Chérie,

16660-518: The world around me because it was kind of grim ... When I heard that this was acting, I said that's what I want to be ... Some of my foster families used to send me to the movies to get me out of the house and there I'd sit all day and way into the night. Up in front, there with the screen so big, a little kid all alone, and I loved it. Monroe found a more permanent home in September 1938, when she began living with Grace's aunt Ana Lower in Sawtelle . Monroe

16800-466: The world in which it was created. World of Warcraft has experimented with "cross-realm" (i.e. cross-server) interaction in player vs player "battlegrounds", using server clusters or "battlegroups" to co-ordinate players looking to participate in structured player vs player content such as the Warsong Gulch or Alterac Valley battlegrounds. Additionally, patch 3.3, released on December 8, 2009, introduced

16940-532: Was "dying of boredom" during the marriage. The first problems in their marriage appeared in late 1943, when Monroe and Dougherty attended a dance at the Catalina Casino ballroom. That night, Monroe was a popular dancing partner, while Dougherty was relatively ignored. Jealous, he told her that they were leaving. When Monroe told him she might go back to the dance alone, he told her that she would not be allowed to come home if she did. In 1943, Dougherty enlisted in

17080-783: Was $ 1.04 billion US dollars in 2014. Star Wars: The Old Republic , released in 2011, became the world's "fastest-growing subscription MMO in history" after gaining more than 1 million players within the first three days of its launch. Although modern MMORPGs sometimes differ dramatically from their predecessors, many of them share the same basic characteristics. These include several common features: The majority of popular MMORPGs are based on traditional fantasy themes, often occurring in an in-game universe comparable to that of Dungeons & Dragons . Some employ hybrid themes that either merge or replace fantasy elements with those of science fiction , sword and sorcery , or crime fiction . Others draw thematic material from American comic books ,

17220-684: Was also in response to the condescension and sexism of her male co-stars and directors. Biographer Lois Banner said that she was bullied by many of her directors. Monroe starred in three movies that were released in 1953 and emerged as a major sex symbol and one of Hollywood's most bankable performers. The first was the Technicolor film noir Niagara , in which she played a femme fatale scheming to murder her husband, played by Joseph Cotten . By then, Monroe and her make-up artist Allan "Whitey" Snyder had developed her "trademark" make-up look: dark arched brows, pale skin, "glistening" red lips and

17360-551: Was awarded the Italian David di Donatello and the French Crystal Star awards and nominated for a BAFTA . After returning from England, Monroe took an 18-month hiatus to concentrate on family life. She and Miller split their time between NYC, Connecticut and Long Island . She had an ectopic pregnancy in mid-1957, and a miscarriage a year later; these problems were most likely linked to her endometriosis . Monroe

17500-552: Was best to admit to them while stressing that she had been broke at the time. The strategy gained her public sympathy and increased interest in her films, for which she was now receiving top billing . In the wake of the scandal, Monroe was featured on the cover of Life magazine as the "Talk of Hollywood", and gossip columnist Hedda Hopper declared her the "cheesecake queen" turned "box office smash". Three of Monroe's films— Clash by Night , Don't Bother to Knock and We're Not Married! —were released soon after to capitalize on

17640-430: Was created as a parody of this trend. Eve Online , a space-based MMORPG, uses an alternative method of progression where users train skills in real-time rather than using experience points as a measure of progression. In some MMORPGs, there is no limit to a player's level, allowing the grinding experience to continue indefinitely. MMORPGs that use this model often glorify top ranked players by displaying their avatars on

17780-529: Was devastated and wrote letters to Monroe apologizing and confessing his undying love for her. Monroe was also incredibly sad, and could be seen crying in court during the divorce procedures. After filming for The Seven Year Itch wrapped up in November 1954, Monroe left Hollywood for the East Coast, where she and photographer Milton Greene founded their own production company, Marilyn Monroe Productions (MMP)—an action that has later been called "instrumental" in

17920-489: Was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia . After several months in a rest home, she was committed to the Metropolitan State Hospital . She spent the rest of her life in and out of hospitals and was rarely in contact with Monroe. Monroe became a ward of the state , and her mother's friend Grace Goddard took responsibility over her and her mother's affairs. For the next 16 months, Monroe continued living with

18060-519: Was enrolled at Emerson Junior High School and went to weekly Christian Science services with Lower. She excelled in writing and contributed to the school newspaper, but was otherwise a mediocre student. Owing to the elderly Lower's health problems, Monroe returned to live with the Goddards in Van Nuys in about early 1941. That same year, she began attending Van Nuys High School , where she met factory worker James Dougherty , five years her senior. At

18200-431: Was featured mostly in advertisements and men's magazines. She straightened her naturally curly brown hair and dyed it platinum blonde , on advice from a modeling agency . According to Emmeline Snively, the agency's owner, Monroe quickly became one of its most ambitious and hard-working models; by early 1946, she had appeared on 33 magazine covers for publications such as Pageant , U.S. Camera , Laff , and Peek . As

18340-521: Was forced to move back to the city for employment. She then began visiting her daughter on weekends. In the summer of 1933, Gladys bought a small house in Hollywood with a loan from the Home Owners' Loan Corporation and moved seven-year-old Monroe in with her. They shared the house with lodgers, actors George and Maude Atkinson and their daughter, Nellie. In January 1934, Gladys had a mental breakdown and

18480-445: Was found that just over one in five gamers (21%) said they preferred socializing online to offline. Significantly more male gamers than female gamers said that they found it easier to converse online than offline. It was also found that 57% of gamers had created a character of the opposite gender, and it is suggested that the online female persona has a number of positive social attributes. A German fMRT-study conducted by researchers of

18620-562: Was front-page news, and Monroe immediately took action to counter negative publicity. At the 11th Golden Globe Awards in 1954, Monroe was named " World Film Favorite ", despite not being present at the awards ceremony. Monroe met baseball player Joe DiMaggio in 1952, while on a blind date in Los Angeles. After two years of dating, she and DiMaggio were married at the San Francisco City Hall on January 14, 1954. They spent their honeymoon outside Idyllwild, California , in

18760-792: Was garnered by 1999's EverQuest and Asheron's Call in the West and 1996's Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds in South Korea. The financial success of these early titles has ensured competition in the genre since that time. MMORPG titles now exist on consoles and in new settings. In 2008, the market for MMORPGs had Blizzard Entertainment 's World of Warcraft dominating as the largest MMORPG, alongside other titles such as Final Fantasy XIV and Guild Wars 2 , though an additional market exists for free-to-play MMORPGs, which are supported by advertising and purchases of in-game items. This free-to-play model

18900-582: Was later canceled). The first console-based MMORPG was Phantasy Star Online for the Dreamcast . The first console-based open-world MMORPG was Final Fantasy XI for the PlayStation 2 . EverQuest Online Adventures , also on the PlayStation 2, was the first console MMORPG in North America. Although console-based MMORPGs are considered more difficult to produce, the platform is gaining more attention. With

19040-407: Was released in August 1956 and became a critical and commercial success. The Saturday Review of Literature wrote that Monroe's performance "effectively dispels once and for all the notion that she is merely a glamour personality" and Crowther proclaimed: "Hold on to your chairs, everybody, and get set for a rattling surprise. Marilyn Monroe has finally proved herself an actress." She also received

19180-448: Was released in January 1953, women's clubs protested it as immoral, but it proved popular with audiences. While Variety deemed it "clichéd" and "morbid", The New York Times commented that "the falls and Miss Monroe are something to see", as although Monroe may not be "the perfect actress at this point ... she can be seductive—even when she walks". Monroe continued to attract attention by wearing revealing outfits, most famously at

19320-408: Was the drama The Misfits (1961). Monroe's troubled private life received much attention. Her marriages to retired baseball star Joe DiMaggio and to playwright Arthur Miller were highly publicized; both ended in divorce. On August 4, 1962, she died at age 36 of an overdose of barbiturates at her Los Angeles home . Her death was ruled a probable suicide. Long after her death, Monroe remains

19460-466: Was thought to be Mortensen. Monroe had two other half-siblings from Gifford's marriage with his first wife; a sister, Doris Elizabeth, and a brother, Charles Stanley. Although Gladys was mentally and financially unprepared for a child, Monroe's early childhood was stable and happy. Gladys placed her daughter with evangelical Christian foster parents Albert and Ida Bolender in the suburban town of Hawthorne . She also lived there for six months, until she

19600-554: Was working in a factory during World War II when she met a photographer from the First Motion Picture Unit and began a successful pin-up modeling career, which led to short-lived film contracts with 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures . After a series of minor film roles, she signed a new contract with Fox in late 1950. Over the next two years, she became a popular actress with roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business , and in

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