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56-505: MASSOB's leaders say it is a peaceful group and advertise a 25-stage plan to achieve its goal peacefully. There are two arms to the government, the Biafra Government in Exile and Biafra Shadow Government. The Nigerian government accuses MASSOB of violence; MASSOB's leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, was arrested in 2005 and detained on treason charges; he was released in 2007. MASSOB also championed

112-562: A government-in-exile in Ta'if . The Kuwaiti government in exile was far more affluent than most other such governments, having full disposal of the very considerable Kuwaiti assets in western banks—of which it made use to conduct a massive propaganda campaign denouncing the Ba'athist Iraqi occupation and mobilizing public opinion in the Western world in favor of war with Ba'athist Iraq . In March 1991, following

168-627: A boundary with Rivers State to the east and Delta State to the north across the Niger River for 17km and the Forçados River for 198km, with the waters of the Atlantic Ocean dominating its southern borders. It has a total area of 10,773 square kilometres (4,159 sq mi). The state comprises eight local government areas: Ekeremor , Kolokuma/Opokuma , Yenagoa , Nembe , Ogbia , Sagbama , Brass and Southern Ijaw . Bayelsa state

224-474: A formidable force, posing a serious challenge to the incumbent regime of the country, while others are maintained chiefly as a symbolic gesture. The phenomenon of a government in exile predates the formal utilization of the term. In periods of monarchical government , exiled monarchs or dynasties sometimes set up exile courts, as the House of Stuart did when driven from their throne by Oliver Cromwell and again at

280-666: A government in exile after loss of sovereignty in connection with World War II . A large number of European governments-in-exile were set up in London . Other exiled leaders in Britain in this time included King Zog of Albania and Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia . Occupied Denmark did not establish a government in exile, although there was an Association of Free Danes established in London . The government remained in Denmark and functioned with relative independence until August 1943 when it

336-524: A lot of rain. In Bayelsa, the average annual temperature is 56 degrees, and there are roughly 675 inches of rain each year. With an average humidity of 82% and a UV-index of 6, it is dry for 47 days out of the year. This is a black hazardous carbonate substance that pollutes the area due to its illegal burning of crude oil (locally called Kpo-fire). This carcinogenic chemical causes illnesses such as lung cancer , skin irritation, allergies , respiratory tract infections , eye problem, etc. Its effect

392-619: A new, majority-Ijaw state to be drawn in the Niger Delta Region became common. Between 1941 and 1956, numerous Ijaw nationalist organizations supportive of an Ijaw-majority state in Southern Nigeria were founded. Isaac Adaka Boro , a prominent Ijaw rights activist during the 1960s who was born in Oloibiri , attempted to proclaim a "Niger Delta Peoples Republic" in 1966. Bayelsa State was created out of Rivers State on 1 October 1996 by

448-821: A suffragan of the Archdiocese of Benin City . Major roads include the Isaac Adaka Boro Expressway 17 km north from Yenagoa to join A2 the Elele-Alimini-Patani East-West Rd east to Rivers State at Mbiama and northwest across the Forçados River to Delta State by the 850 m bridge (2014) at Patani . Waterways are essential for transport as many communities are not accessible by road. Bayelsa Airport on Wilberforce Island opened in 2019, with international flights approved in 2021. The main language spoken

504-545: A territory they once controlled, or claim legitimacy of a post-decolonization authority. The claim may stem from an exiled group's election as a legitimate government. The United Nations recognizes the right of self-determination for the population of these territories, including the possibility of establishing independent sovereign states. Formerly opposed the Derg and the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , sought to restore

560-526: A tropical monsoon climate with yearly temperature of 28.64 °C (83.55 °F) and it is -0.82% lower than Nigeria's averages. The state typically receives about 241.52 millimeters (9.51 inches) of precipitation and has 296.16 rainy days (81.14% of the time) annually. Bayelsa State has mostly received the effects of climate change due to environmental degradation and high levels of carbon emissions . The Bayelsa region experiences tropical monsoon weather. All year long, there are high temperatures and

616-462: Is Ijaw with dialects such as Kolokuma , Nembe , Epie-Atissa , and Ogbia . Like the rest of Nigeria, English is the official language . Languages of Bayelsa State listed by LGA: Due to massive overseas scholarship programs implemented by the old Rivers State in the 1970s and recent Bayelsa State governments, large numbers of Bayelsa professionals reside in Europe and North America . This

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672-489: Is a political group that claims to be the legitimate government of a sovereign state or semi-sovereign state , but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually plan to one day return to their native country and regain formal power. A government in exile differs from a rump state in the sense that the latter controls at least part of its remaining territory. For example, during World War I , nearly all of Belgium

728-671: Is also meted on the environment as it causes air pollution , soil pollution , water pollution which has led to the death of both plants, humans and animals. This is a common annual problem in Bayelsa because it is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean . The rise of seawater is the major cause. The flooding has affected many communities, properties and human lives. Almost all areas in Bayelsa state are affected by flooding but Ekeremor , Southern Ijaw , Sagbama , Kolokuma/Opokuma and Yenagoa areas of Bayelsa state are more prone to flooding as it affects these areas yearly. Poor town planning

784-471: Is another major cause of flooding in Bayelsa State. As of August 2022, the state was stricken with a flood, displacing over 1.3 million people and destroying livestock and properties. This is one of the major environmental issues in Bayelsa State due to the activities of major oil companies. Oil spillage has affected farmlands, aquatic life and the health of the people. Almost every day, Udengs Eradiri

840-506: Is based relies on an argument that the sovereignty of Taiwan was not legitimately handed to the Republic of China at the end of World War II , and on that basis the Republic of China is located in foreign territory, therefore effectively making it a government in exile. By contrast, this theory is not accepted by those who view the sovereignty of Taiwan as having been legitimately returned to

896-541: Is hinged on the principle of non-violence as propagated by Mahatma Gandhi . At its inception, MASSOB concentrated on organizing rallies and peaceful protests which culminated in hoisting Biafran flags at different locations in the South East. In recent years, this practice has been reserved mainly for celebrating key dates and events or in commemoration of dead members. MASSOB members stage demonstrations to protest arrests and killings of its members. In one of these protests,

952-960: Is home to the Edumanom Forest Reserve , in June 2008 the last known site for chimpanzees in the Niger Delta. Other important cities besides Yenagoa include Akassa , Lobia , Wilberforce Island (the location of the Bayelsa Airport ), Amassoma and Ogobiri (the host communities of the Niger Delta University (NDU), Eniwari , Ekeremor , Aliebiri , Anyama-Ogbia, Anyama-Ijaw, Peretoru, Twon-Brass , Egwema-Brass, Kaiama , Nembe , Odi, Ogbia , Okpoama, Brass , Oporoma , Korokorosei, Otuan, Koroama, Okolobiri, Obunagha, Ogboloma , Sagbama , Olugbobiri , Peremabiri, Ekowe, and Swali. The Akassa Lighthouse has stood since 1910. Bayelsa has

1008-542: Is inclined to this view. These governments in exile were founded by deposed governments or rulers who continue to claim legitimate authority of the state they once controlled. It is the oldest government in exile in the world, led by Ivonka Survilla since 1997; based in Ottawa, Ontario . Declared an "extremist formation" in Belarus. This government was formed in response to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état . The cabinet members of

1064-479: Is informed of another oil spill in Bayelsa state, in the Niger Delta. He said Bayelsa used to be green, you could go to a farm or go fishing and have a very impressive harvest. You would spend hours in the water and have a handful of fish. Today, he added, you can spend the whole day without catching a glimpse of a fish. Another major environmental issue in Bayelsa state is air pollution (SOOT). Today, many people in Bayelsa state lament that they cannot breathe due to

1120-409: Is part of the general brain-drain trend affecting many African communities. The major tertiary institutions in Bayelsa state are: Bayelsa State consists of eight local government areas: The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state House of Assembly. The Capital city of the state is Yenagoa . The electoral system of Bayelsa state

1176-553: Is regarded as the least populous state in Nigeria with an estimated population of over 2,530,000 as at 2022. Being in the Niger Delta, Bayelsa State has a riverine and estuarine setting, with bodies of water within the state making the development of significant road infrastructure, quite difficult. The state is the primary and ancestral home of the Ijaw people's, from where migration took place to other Ijaw settlements. The languages of

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1232-449: Is substantial in the state. Even though Bayelsa State is well-endowed with natural resources, the state "enjoys very minimal dividends from its oil wealth due to the structural inequities in the national revenue allocation system in the practice of fiscal federalism in the country". Bayelsa has a riverine and estuarine setting. Many communities are almost (and in some cases) surrounded by water, making them inaccessible by road. The state

1288-465: Is the same as with a national government in exile—to assert a continuation of legitimate rule, even though having no control of the ground, and working towards restoration of such control. Meetings of the exiled Municipal Council of Lapithos took place in the homes of its members until the Exile Municipality was offered temporary offices at 37 Ammochostou Street, Nicosia. The current Exile Mayor of

1344-607: The Glorious Revolution (see James Francis Edward Stuart § Court-in-exile ). The House of Bourbon would be another example because it continued to be recognized by other countries at the time as the legitimate government of France after it was overthrown by the populace during the French Revolution . This continued to last through the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Napoleonic Wars from 1803–04 to 1815. With

1400-789: The Human Rights Writers' Association of Nigeria condemned the alleged killing of 16 members of MASSOB by security agencies in Anambra . In February 2013, MASSOB claimed that several corpses found floating in the Ezu River on the boundary of Enugu and Anambra States were those of its members previously arrested by the police. The group claimed that the police routinely executed MASSOB members without proper trial. On September 13, 2015, police in Anambra state arrested no fewer than 25 MASSOB members who were marking their 16th anniversary; one MASSOB member

1456-567: The Ijaw ( Ogbia , Nembe, Epie, Ijaw) are widely spoken in Bayelsa State, along with Isoko and Urhobo . The state is also the ancestral home of the Urhobo people in the Sagbama local government area. As a state in the oil-rich Niger Delta, Bayelsa State's economy is dominated by the petroleum industry . The state is the site of Oloibiri Oilfield , where oil was first discovered in Nigeria, and as of 2015

1512-784: The Monarchy of Ethiopia ; based in the Washington D.C metropolitan area . On 28 July 2004, the Crown Council redefined its role by redirecting its mission from the political realm to a mission of cultural preservation, development and humanitarian efforts in Ethiopia. Based in Quetta , as a continuation of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . After the Taliban were removed from power in the 2001 Afghan war ,

1568-520: The National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces was formed by groups whose members sought to end the rule of the ruling Ba'ath Party . The governments in exile may have little or no recognition from other states . The effectiveness of a government in exile depends primarily on the amount of support it receives, either from foreign governments or from the population of its own country. Some exiled governments come to develop into

1624-710: The Sani Abacha 's military government. Its name was derived from the first few letters of the names of the major local government areas from which it was formed: Brass LGA ( BA LGA), Yenagoa LGA ( YEL GA) and Sagbama LGA ( SA LGA). On 20 November 1999, the Nigerian military committed what is now referred to as the Odi massacre . The death toll remains disputed to this day, though Nnimmo Bassey , executive director of Environmental Rights Action, claims that nearly 2500 civilians were killed. In response to environmental degradation in

1680-986: The South South geopolitical zone, branded MASSOB to be one of three extremist groups threatening the security of Nigeria. Jonathan declared that "the Nigerian state faces three fundamental security challenges posed by extremist groups like Boko Haram in the North; the Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra in the South-East; and the Oodua People's Congress in the South-West." Government in Exile List of forms of government A government-in-exile (GiE)

1736-477: The Biafran passport was in response to persistent demands from Biafrans in diaspora. Since its inception, MASSOB has continually alleged mass arrests and killings of its members by government forces. The group's sanitation grassroot information spokesperson, Kelechi A. Chukwu , has alleged that the government forces carries out secret executions of MASSOB members in detention centres and prisons nationwide. In May 2008,

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1792-796: The National Unity Government are in hiding within Myanmar. These governments in exile claim legitimacy of autonomous territories of another state and have been founded by deposed governments or rulers, who do not claim independence as a separate state. These governments have been founded in exile by political organisations and opposition parties , aspire to become actual governing authorities or claim to be legal successors to previously deposed governments, and have been founded as alternatives to incumbent governments. These governments have been founded in exile by political organisations, opposition parties, and separatist movements, and desire to become

1848-724: The Republic of China at the end of the war. Both the government of the People's Republic of China and the Pan-Blue Coalition (including the Kuomintang ) in the Republic of China hold the latter view. However, there are also some who do not accept that the sovereignty of Taiwan was legitimately returned to the Republic of China at the end of the war nor that the Republic of China is a government-in-exile, and China's territory does not include Taiwan. The current Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan

1904-567: The Royal Government (Dutch) decreed an official Netherlands East Indies government-in-exile , with Dr van Mook as Acting Governor General, on Australian soil until Dutch rule was restored in the Indies. In the later stages of World War II , with the German Army increasingly pushed back and expelled from various countries, Axis-aligned groups from some countries set up "governments-in-exile" under

1960-937: The United States. Earlier, in 1897, the Hong Kong Junta was established as a government in exile by the Philippine revolutionary Republic of Biak-na-Bato . While formed long before World War II, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea continued in exile in China until the end of the war. At the fall of Java , and the surrender by the Dutch on behalf of Allied forces on 8 March 1942, many Dutch-Indies officials (including Dr van Mook and Dr Charles van der Plas ) managed to flee to Australia in March 1942, and on 23 December 1943,

2016-537: The aftermath of a civil war , revolution , or military coup . For example, during German expansion and advance in World War II , some European governments sought refuge in the United Kingdom , rather than face destruction at the hands of Nazi Germany . On the other hand, the Provisional Government of Free India proclaimed by Subhas Chandra Bose sought to use support from the invading Japanese to gain control of

2072-670: The auspices of the Axis powers, in the remaining Axis territory - even though internationally recognized governments were in place in their home countries. The main purpose of these was to recruit and organize military units composed of their nationals in the host country. Following the Ba'athist Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait , during the Persian Gulf War , on 2 August 1990, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and senior members of his government fled to Saudi Arabia , where they set up

2128-401: The border communities of Togo and the Republic of Benin. In his reaction, the then President of Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo , likened the Biafran pounds to a collector's item and attributed its high exchange value to its relative rarity. MASSOB launched the Biafran passport in 2009 as part of the program to celebrate its 10th anniversary. MASSOB leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, said the introduction of

2184-615: The country from what it viewed as British occupiers, and in the final year of WWII, after Nazi Germany was driven out of France, it maintained the remnants of the Nazi-sympathizing Vichy government as a French government in exile at the Sigmaringen enclave . A government in exile may also form from widespread belief in the illegitimacy of a ruling government. Due to the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, for instance,

2240-448: The debate on the political status of Taiwan . In addition to the island of Taiwan and some other islands it currently controls, the Republic of China formally maintains claims over territory now controlled by the People's Republic of China as well as some parts of Afghanistan , Bhutan , India , Japan , Mongolia , Myanmar , Pakistan , Russia , and Tajikistan . The usual formal reasoning on which this "government-in-exile" claim

2296-506: The defeat of Ba'athist Iraq at the hands of coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War , the Sheikh and his government were able to return to Kuwait. Following the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974 and the displacement of many Greek Cypriots from North Cyprus , displaced inhabitants of several towns set up what are in effect municipal councils in exile, headed by mayors in exile. The idea

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2352-611: The exposure of emissions of soot, a hazardous black amorphous carbon that has almost completely polluted the air in the areas. However, stakeholders in the affected areas had in 2018 reportedly initiated a campaign with the common refrain; "Save Rivers from this soot of death", in the Rivers state region. Bayelsa State's natural resources include: The Catholic Church comprises parts of Bomadi Diocese (1991) Bomadi (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy ] under Bishop Hyacinth Oroko Egbebo (2009) Bishop Hyacinth Oroko Egbebo [Catholic-Hierarchy ],

2408-467: The future sometimes include fictional governments in exile. Bayelsa State Bayelsa state is a state in the South South region of Nigeria , located in the core of the Niger Delta . Bayelsa State was created in 1996 and was carved out from Rivers State , making it one of the newest states in the federation. The capital, Yenagoa , is susceptible to high risk of annual flooding. It shares

2464-551: The governing authorities of their territories as independent states, or claim to be the successor to previously deposed governments, and have been founded as alternatives to incumbent governments. Founded by the Dalai Lama in Dharamsala , India with cooperation of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . These governments in exile are governments of non-self-governing or occupied territories. They claim legitimate authority over

2520-424: The government's controlled territory. These governments once controlled all or most of their claimed territory, but continue to control a smaller part of it while also continuing to claim legitimate authority of the entire territory they once fully controlled. The currently Taipei -based Republic of China government does not regard itself as a government-in-exile, but is claimed to be such by some participants in

2576-502: The group released a list of 2,020 members alleged to have been killed by security agents since 1999. MASSOB leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, has been arrested on several occasions and charged with treason. In 2011, Uwazuruike and 280 MASSOB members were arrested in Enugu while attending a function in honour of Ojukwu. Few days later, President Goodluck Jonathan ordered Uwazuruike's release as well as all other MASSOB members in detention. In June 2012,

2632-452: The house of the late Nigerian leader, Nnamdi Azikiwe , was torched. The then Secretary-General of Ohanaeze Ndigbo , Col. Joe Achuzie (rtd) exonerated MASSOB from blame and accused the security agents of "carelessness and irresponsibility." In 2005, MASSOB re-introduced the old Biafran currency into circulation. This sparked a lot of excitement at the time especially as one Biafran pound was said to exchange for two hundred and seventy naira at

2688-441: The release of oil militant Mujahid Dokubo-Asari , who faced similar charges at the time. In 2009, MASSOB launched "the Biafran International Passport" in response to persistent demand by Biafrans in the diaspora . MASSOB agitates for a Republic of Biafra comprising the South-East and South-South regions of Nigeria; though Uwazuruike has stated in interviews that the Niger Deltans "can have their own republic." The group's philosophy

2744-413: The spread of constitutional monarchy , monarchical governments which were exiled started to include a prime minister , such as the Dutch government during World War II headed by Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy . The capital of a government-in-exile is known as a capital-in-exile, located outside the government's proclaimed territory. This differs from a temporary capital , which is located somewhere inside

2800-400: The state caused by the oil industry , movements such as the "Rise for Bayelsa " campaign have emerged to push for protecting the local water supply. In 2019, the Bayelsa State government launched the first formal inquiry into the crisis of oil pollution in the state. Bayelsa State has one of the largest crude oil and natural gas deposits in Nigeria. As a result, petroleum production

2856-420: The state was estimated to produce 30-40% of the country's oil. The state has the largest gas reservoir (18 trillion cubic feet) in Nigeria. Though being the site of one of the largest crude oil and natural gas deposits in the country contributes to local economic development, the state remains plagued by rampant poverty as well as pollution stemming from oil spills . During the 20th century, demanding

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2912-438: The town is Athos Eleftheriou. The same premises are shared with the Exile Municipal Council of Kythrea . Also in the Famagusta District of Cyprus, the administration of the part retained by the Republic of Cyprus considers itself as a "District administration in exile", since the district's capital Famagusta had been under Turkish control since 1974. Works of alternate history as well as science fictional depictions of

2968-523: The veteran high-ranking leaders of the former government including Mullah Mohammed Omar , founder and spiritual leader of the Taliban, fled to Quetta , Balochistan Province , Pakistan where they set up Quetta Shura in exile to organize and direct the insurgency and retake Afghanistan which was achieved in August 2021 . Opposed communist government in Laos, sought to institute a constitutional monarchy until its self-proclaimed prime minister died; based in Gresham, Oregon . Many countries established

3024-683: Was occupied by Germany , but Belgium and its allies held on to a small slice in the country's west . A government in exile, in contrast, has lost all its territory. However, in practice the difference might be minor; in the above example, the Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse was located in French territory and acted as a government in exile for most practical purposes. Governments-in-exile and associated organisations employ strategies such as investigative reporting and diaspora mobilisation to sustain political visibility, engage supporters, and address ethical and operational challenges The governments in exile tend to occur during wartime occupation or in

3080-464: Was dissolved, placing Denmark under full German occupation. Meanwhile, Iceland , Greenland and the Faroe Islands were occupied by the Allies and effectively separated from the Danish crown. (See British occupation of the Faroe Islands , Iceland during World War II , and History of Greenland during World War II .) The Philippine Commonwealth (invaded 9 December 1941) established a government in exile , initially located in Australia and later in

3136-418: Was shot. At St Charles Lwanga Catholic Church Okpoko , 18 members were arrested and one shot and at Iba Pope Catholic Church, while at Awada, 11 members of MASSOB were arrested. At Awka , two MASSOB were arrested by the police according to the MASSOB former Deputy Director of Information, Mazi Chris Mocha . On May 31, 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan , a Niger Deltan Ijaw from Bayelsa State and from

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