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48-510: M114 or M-114 may refer to: M114 155 mm howitzer , a towed howitzer used by the United States Army M114 armored fighting vehicle , a Vietnam War-era tracked armored fighting vehicle, used by the United States Army M114 bomb , a U.S. 4 lb. biological anti-personnel bomb, sub-munition for the M33 cluster bomb M-114 highway (Michigan) ,

96-518: A hardened steel shaft is used in the bearing. Integral bearings are not as common because bushings are easier to accommodate and can be replaced if necessary. Depending on the material, an integral bearing may be less expensive but it cannot be replaced. If an integral bearing wears out, the item may be replaced or reworked to accept a bushing. Integral bearings were very common in 19th-century machinery, but became progressively less common as interchangeable manufacture became popular. For example,

144-403: A static amount of pressure. In a hydrodynamic bearing the pressure in the oil film is maintained by the rotation of the journal. Hydrostatic bearings enter a hydrodynamic state when the journal is rotating. Hydrostatic bearings usually use oil , while hydrodynamic bearings can use oil or grease , however bearings can be designed to use whatever fluid is available, and several pump designs use

192-478: A bushing is conventionally called a thrust washer . Two-piece plain bearings, known as full bearings in industrial machinery, are commonly used for larger diameters, such as crankshaft bearings. The two halves are called shells . There are various systems used to keep the shells located. The most common method is a tab on the parting line edge that correlates with a notch in the housing to prevent axial movement after installation. For large, thick shells

240-400: A button stop or dowel pin is used. The button stop is screwed to the housing, while the dowel pin keys the two shells together. Another less common method uses a dowel pin that keys the shell to the housing through a hole or slot in the shell. The distance from one parting edge to the other is slightly larger than the corresponding distance in the housing so that a light amount of pressure

288-440: A common integral plain bearing is the hinge , which is both a thrust bearing and a journal bearing. A bushing , also known as a bush , is an independent plain bearing that is inserted into a housing to provide a bearing surface for rotary applications; this is the most common form of a plain bearing. Common designs include solid ( sleeve and flanged ), split , and clenched bushings. A sleeve, split, or clenched bushing

336-552: A flange at one end extending radially outward from the OD. The flange is used to positively locate the bushing when it is installed or to provide a thrust bearing surface. Sleeve bearings of inch dimensions are almost exclusively dimensioned using the SAE numbering system. The numbering system uses the format -XXYY-ZZ, where XX is the ID in sixteenths of an inch, YY is the OD in sixteenths of an inch, and ZZ

384-513: A fluid bearing when operating outside of its normal operating conditions; e.g., at startup and shutdown. Fluid lubrication results in a full-film or a boundary condition lubrication mode. A properly designed bearing system reduces friction by eliminating surface-to-surface contact between the journal and bearing through fluid dynamic effects . Fluid bearings can be hydrostatically or hydrodynamically lubricated. Hydrostatically lubricated bearings are lubricated by an external pump that maintains

432-621: A former road in the United States of America Mercedes-Benz M114 engine [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M114&oldid=940232546 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

480-426: A good interface for heat to travel out of the bearings into the housing. Plain bearings must be made from a material that is durable, low friction , low wear to the bearing and shaft, resistant to elevated temperatures, and corrosion resistant . Often the bearing is made up of at least two constituents, where one is soft and the other is hard. The hard constituent supports the load while the soft constituent supports

528-717: A lengthened chassis of the M5 light tank . The resulting vehicle received the designation 155 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T64. A single prototype was built before the T64 project was abandoned in favor of T64E1, based on the M24 Chaffee light tank chassis. This was eventually adopted as the M41 Howitzer Motor Carriage and saw action in the Korean War . Towards the end of the Korean War

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576-462: A new breech mechanism. Uniquely it was the sole 'slow-cone' interrupted screw mechanism to enter US service after 1920. After World War II, it was redesignated as the Howitzer, Medium, Towed: 155 mm, M114 , with the complete system composed of the cannon (M1 or M1A1), carriage (M1A1), and recoil system (M6, M6A1, M6B1 or M6B2). The carriage was also used by the 4.5-inch gun M1 . It went through

624-498: A number of minor changes over time. The original Warner electric brakes were replaced by Westinghouse air brakes on the M1A1. Both the M1 and M1A1 carriages used a mid-axle firing pedestal that was extended by a ratchet mechanism. The M1A2 replaced the ratchet with a screw-jack system and also modified the traveling lock. The M1A1E1 carriage was intended for use in jungle and muddy terrain and replaced

672-546: A solid polymer (plastic) type. Plastic bearings are now quite common, including usage in photocopy machines , tills , farm equipment , textile machinery, medical devices , food and packaging machines, car seating, and marine equipment. Common plastics include nylon , polyacetal , polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), rulon , PEEK , urethane , and vespel (a high-performance polyimide ). The types of lubrication system can be categorized into three groups: Examples of

720-418: A stabilising load to minimize whirl. One such is called the lemon bore or elliptical bore . In this design, shims are installed between the two halves of the bearing housing and then the bore is machined to size. After the shims are removed, the bore resembles a lemon shape, which decreases the clearance in one direction of the bore and increases the pre-load in that direction. The disadvantage of this design

768-534: Is a solid one-piece metal bushing with a figure eight groove channel on the inner diameter that is filled with graphite. A similar bearing replaces the figure eight groove with holes plugged with graphite. This lubricates the bearing inside and out. The last form is a plastic bearing, which has the lubricant molded into the bearing. The lubricant is released as the bearing is run in . There are three main types of lubrication: full-film condition , boundary condition , and dry condition . Full-film conditions are when

816-478: Is considered good design practice for injection molding. Plastic bearings are subject to the same design cautions as all other plastic parts: creep, high thermal expansion, softening (increased wear/reduced life) at elevated temperature, brittle fractures at cold temperatures, and swelling due to moisture absorption. While most bearing-grade plastics/polymers are designed to reduce these design cautions, they still exist and should be carefully considered before specifying

864-509: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages M114 155 mm howitzer The M114 is a towed howitzer developed and used by the United States Army . It was first produced in 1942 as a medium artillery piece under the designation of 155 mm Howitzer M1 . It saw service with the US Army during World War II , the Korean War , and

912-401: Is its lower load carrying capacity, as compared to typical journal bearings. It is also still susceptible to oil whirl at high speeds, however its cost is relatively low. Another design is the pressure dam or dammed groove , which has a shallow relief cut in the center of the bearing over the top half of the bearing. The groove abruptly stops in order to create a downward force to stabilize

960-403: Is only a "sleeve" of material with an inner diameter (ID), outer diameter (OD), and length. The difference between the three types is that a solid sleeved bushing is solid all the way around, a split bushing has a cut along its length, and a clenched bearing is similar to a split bushing but with a clench (or clinch ) across the cut connecting the parts. A flanged bushing is a sleeve bushing with

1008-867: Is relatively low. The cast iron glazes over therefore wear becomes negligible. In harsh environments, such as ovens and dryers , a copper and graphite alloy, commonly known by the trademarked name graphalloy , is used. The graphite is a dry lubricant , therefore it is low friction and low maintenance. The copper adds strength, durability, and provides heat dissipation characteristics. Unalloyed graphite bearings are used in special applications, such as locations that are submerged in water. Known as jewel bearings , these bearings use jewels , such as sapphire , ruby , and garnet . Solid plastic plain bearings are now increasingly popular due to dry-running lubrication-free behavior. Solid polymer plain bearings are low weight, corrosion resistant, and maintenance free. After studies spanning decades, an accurate calculation of

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1056-402: Is required to install the bearing. This keeps the bearing in place as the two halves of the housing are installed. Finally, the shell's circumference is also slightly larger than the housing circumference so that when the two halves are bolted together the bearing crushes slightly. This creates a large amount of radial force around the entire bearing, which keeps it from spinning . It also forms

1104-534: Is the length in eighths of an inch. Metric sizes also exist. A linear bushing is not usually pressed into a housing, but rather secured with a radial feature. Two such examples include two retaining rings , or a ring that is molded onto the OD of the bushing that matches with a groove in the housing. This is usually a more durable way to retain the bushing, because the forces acting on the bushing could press it out. Flanged bushings are designed for enhanced resistance to both radial and axial loads. The thrust form of

1152-619: The Vietnam War , before being replaced by the M198 howitzer . The gun was also used by the armed forces of many nations. The M114A1 remains in service in some countries. After the end of the First World War a board later labeled the Westervelt Board was convened to assess the artillery experience of the combatant powers and map out future directions for the US Army artillery. The conclusion of

1200-413: The attitude angle , which is the angle formed between the vertical and a line that crosses through the center of the journal and the center of the bearing, and the eccentricity ratio, which is the ratio of the distance of the centre of the journal from the centre of the bearing, to the overall radial clearance. The attitude angle and eccentricity ratio are dependent on the direction and speed of rotation and

1248-457: The Frelon is chemically inert . A common plain bearing design utilizes a hardened and polished steel shaft and a softer bronze bushing. The bushing is replaced whenever it has worn too much. Common bronze alloys used for bearings include: SAE 841 , SAE 660 ( CDA 932 ), SAE 863 , and CDA 954 . A cast iron bearing can be used with a hardened steel shaft because the coefficient of friction

1296-518: The US Army replaced the M41 self-propelled howitzer with the M44 self-propelled howitzer . The gun fires separate-loading, bagged charge ammunition, with up to seven different propelling charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 7 (the largest). Muzzle velocity, range and penetration in the tables below are for maximum charge in form of complete M4A1 propelling charge. Plain bearing Plain bearings, in general, are

1344-488: The US Army was concerned about the arising high-speed towing requirements not satisfied by the plain bearings and solid rubber ties. In 1939 the development began anew, by spring 1941 the first specimen was ready to be test-fired and immediately after passing them it was standardized on 15 May 1941 as Howitzer M1 on the Carriage M1. The howitzer itself differed from the older model by a lengthened barrel of 20 calibers and

1392-427: The bearing walls. There are many forms of self-lubricating bearings. The first, and most common, are sintered metal bearings, which have porous walls. The porous walls draw oil in via capillary action and release the oil when pressure or heat is applied. An example of a sintered metal bearing in action can be seen in self-lubricating chains , which require no additional lubrication during operation. Another form

1440-485: The bearing's load is carried solely by a film of fluid lubricant and there is no contact between the two bearing surfaces. In mix or boundary conditions, load is carried partly by direct surface contact and partly by a film forming between the two. In a dry condition, the full load is carried by surface-to-surface contact. Bearings that are made from bearing grade materials always run in the dry condition. The other two classes of plain bearings can run in all three conditions;

1488-401: The bearing. In some cases the frequency of the whirl coincides with and "locks on to" the critical speed of the machine shaft; this condition is known as "oil whip". Oil whip can be very destructive. Oil whirl can be prevented by a stabilising force applied to the journal. A number of bearing designs seek to use bearing geometry to either provide an obstacle to the whirling fluid or to provide

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1536-406: The board vis-a-vis corps (heavy field) artillery was that an ideal heavy howitzer should have range of at least 16,000 yards (15 km) and allow the elevation of 65° (as opposed to the existing World War I -era M-1918 155 mm howitzers, a license-built French Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider , 11.5 km and +42° 20' respectively). Board also recommended that the new 155-mm howitzer and

1584-409: The condition in which a bearing runs is dependent on the operating conditions, load, relative surface speed, clearance within the bearing, quality and quantity of lubricant, and temperature (affecting lubricant viscosity). If the plain bearing is not designed to run in the dry or boundary condition, it has a high coefficient of friction and wears out. Dry and boundary conditions may be experienced even in

1632-435: The hard constituent. In general, the harder the surfaces in contact the lower the coefficient of friction and the greater the pressure required for the two to gall or to seize when lubrication fails. Babbitt is usually used in integral bearings. It is coated over the bore, usually to a thickness of 0.25 to 2.5  mm (9.8 to 98.4 thou ), depending on the diameter. Babbitt is made using soft material when compared to

1680-422: The journal. This design has a high load capacity and corrects most oil whirl situations. The disadvantage is that it only works in one direction. Offsetting the bearing halves does the same thing as the pressure dam. The only difference is the load capacity increases as the offset increases. A more radical design is the tilting-pad design, which uses multiple pads that are designed to move with changing loads. It

1728-435: The least expensive type of bearing. They are also compact and lightweight, and they have a high load-carrying capacity. The design of a plain bearing depends on the type of motion the bearing must provide. The three types of motions possible are: Integral plain bearings are built into the object of use as a hole prepared in the bearing surface. Industrial integral bearings are usually made from cast iron or babbitt , and

1776-416: The load. In hydrostatic bearings the oil pressure also affects the eccentricity ratio. In electromagnetic equipment like motors, electromagnetic forces can counteract gravity loads, causing the journal to take up unusual positions. One disadvantage specific to fluid-lubricated, hydrodynamic journal bearings in high-speed machinery is oil whirl —a self-excited vibration of the journal. Oil whirl occurs when

1824-413: The lubrication wedge becomes unstable: small disturbances of the journal result in reaction forces from the oil film, which cause further movement, causing both the oil film and the journal to "whirl" around the bearing shell. Typically the whirl frequency is around 42% of the journal turning speed. In extreme cases oil whirl leads to direct contact between the journal and the bearing, which quickly wears out

1872-610: The material of composition of the journal or the rotating shaft. Babbitt bearings are designed to not damage the journal during direct contact and to collect any contaminants in the lubrication. Bi-material bearings consist of two materials, a metal shell and a plastic bearing surface. Common combinations include a steel-backed PTFE -coated bronze and aluminum-backed Frelon . Steel-backed PTFE-coated bronze bearings are rated for more load than most other bi-metal bearings and are used for rotary and oscillating motions. Aluminum -backed Frelon are commonly used in corrosive environments because

1920-406: The new 4.7-inch (120 mm) gun share all the carriage, even if it compromises both designs. The M1920 carriage resulting from this requirements was of the split-trail type with pneumatic equilibrators , permitting a total traverse of 60°. Unfortunately, it "gave considerable trouble due to the persistent failure of the top carriage" on the firing tests. In 1923–1925 the design was modified with

1968-518: The prime mover, while the XM123A1 provided a single 20 horsepower motor with electric steering. The extra weight on the left trail displaced the howitzer after each round was fired, requiring it to be realigned, and the project was abandoned. The concept was copied from the Soviet 85mm SD-44 auxiliary-propelled antitank gun developed in 1954 and used by airborne forces. The howitzer was experimentally mounted on

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2016-429: The pumped fluid as a lubricant. Hydrodynamic bearings require greater care in design and operation than hydrostatic bearings. They are also more prone to initial wear because lubrication does not occur until there is rotation of the shaft. At low rotational speeds the lubrication may not attain complete separation between shaft and bushing. As a result, hydrodynamic bearings may be aided by secondary bearings that support

2064-423: The second type of bearing are Oilites and plastic bearings made from polyacetal ; examples of the third type are metalized graphite bearings and PTFE bearings. Most plain bearings have a plain inner surface; however, some are grooved , such as spiral groove bearing . The grooves help lubrication enter the bearing and cover the whole journal. Self-lubricating plain bearings have a lubricant contained within

2112-465: The service life of polymer plain bearings is possible today. Designing with solid polymer plain bearings is complicated by the wide range, and non-linearity, of coefficient of thermal expansion . These materials can heat rapidly when used in applications outside the recommended pV limits. Solid polymer type bearings are limited by the injection molding process. Not all shapes are possible with this process, and shapes that are possible are limited to what

2160-402: The shaft during start and stop periods, protecting the fine tolerance machined surfaces of the journal bearing. On the other hand, hydrodynamic bearings are simpler to install and are less expensive. In the hydrodynamic state a lubrication "wedge" forms, which lifts the journal. The journal also slightly shifts horizontally in the direction of rotation. The location of the journal is measured by

2208-478: The top carriage reinforced, with the result standardized as M1925. However, it was never built in steel, because after the evaluation of a wooden model the project was abandoned. Instead, two new carriages were developed and built in the following years, which were designated T1 ( photos ) and T1E1. All of them had the same ballistics (perhaps even the same gun body), with maximal range of 16,390 yards (14.99 km), and were undergoing tests in early 1930s. By 1934,

2256-421: The war, although nothing seems to have come from it. A mid-1960s variant was the 155mm XM123 & M123A1 auxiliary-propelled howitzers. The XM123 was produced by American Machine and Foundry and outfitted with two 20 horsepower air-cooled engines produced by Consolidated Diesel Corporation, driver's seat, steering wheel, and guide wheel on the left trail, allowing it to be more rapidly emplaced when detached from

2304-469: The wheels of the M1A1 with a free-wheeling tracked suspension, but the project was terminated after V-J day without having reached production. The T-9 and T-10 carriages were projects using low-grade steel alloys that were canceled when no longer needed. The T-16 was a light-weight carriage using high-grade steel that was estimated to save some 1,200 lb (540 kg); work began in July 1945 and continued after

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