34-549: Frelon is the French word for Hornet . It may refer to: Frelon (material) Aérospatiale Super Frelon SNCASE SE.3200 Frelon , precursor of the Aérospatiale Super Frelon Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Frelon . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
68-502: A device such as an epinephrine autoinjector , with prompt follow-up treatment in a hospital. In severe cases, allergic individuals may go into anaphylactic shock and die unless treated promptly. In general, Vespa stings induce the release of histamine due to the various mastoparans that they contain. However V. orientalis mastoparan is the interesting exception because it does not induce histamine increase in victim tissue – because it does not cause mast cell degranulation – and
102-408: A feeding hornet can be attacked by the disturbed insect. The adults also attack various insects, which they kill with stings and jaws. Due to their size and the power of their venom, hornets can kill large insects such as honey bees , grasshoppers , locusts , and katydids without difficulty. The victim is fully masticated and then fed to the larvae developing in the nest, rather than consumed by
136-596: A high prey density. In laboratory assays, workers of V. velutina oriented especially towards geraniol , a component of the honey bee worker aggregation pheromone, that could therefore represent an honest signal for hornets. Behavioral, chemical and electrophysiological analyses have also demonstrated that Vespa bicolor is attracted to (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol, which is major compound in the alarm pheromones of both Asian ( Apis cerana ) and European ( Apis mellifera ) honey bees, and its antennae respond to this compound. Intriguingly, this hornet attraction to honey bee pheromone
170-407: A mud ball she transports back to adds to her nest under construction. All known eumenine species are predators, most of them solitary mass provisioners , though some isolated species show primitive states of social behaviour and progressive provisioning . When a cell is completed, the adult wasp typically collects beetle larvae , spiders , or caterpillars and, paralyzing them, places them in
204-519: A subfamily of Vespidae , but sometimes recognized in the past as a separate family, Eumenidae . Mud dauber wasps, which also build their nests with mud, are in the families Sphecidae and Crabronidae and not discussed here. Most eumenine species are black or brown, and commonly marked with strikingly contrasting patterns of yellow, white, orange, or red (or combinations thereof), but some species, mostly from tropical regions, show faint to strong blue or green metallic highlights in
238-610: A typical insect sting, while others are among the most venomous known insects. Single hornet stings are not in themselves fatal, except sometimes to allergic victims. Multiple stings by hornets (other than V. crabro ) may be fatal because of highly toxic species-specific components of their venom. The stings of the Asian giant hornet ( V. mandarinia ) are among the most venomous known, and are thought to cause 30–50 human deaths annually in Japan. Between July and September 2013, hornet stings caused
272-484: Is also exploited by the orchid Dendrobium christyanum , which mimics the honey bee alarm pheromone in its flowers' scent to attract hornets that visit and pollinate the flowers. Bee-hunting hornets therefore likely visit the non-rewarding flowers in search of prey. While a history of recognizing subspecies exists within many of the Vespa species, the most recent taxonomic revision of the genus treats all subspecific names in
306-409: Is attended by workers that, while genetically female, cannot lay fertile eggs. Most species make exposed nests in trees and shrubs, but some (such as Vespa orientalis ) build their nests underground or in other cavities. In the tropics, these nests may last year-round, but in temperate areas, the nest dies over the winter, with lone queens hibernating in leaf litter or other insulative material until
340-455: Is mud made of a mixture of soil and regurgitated water, but many species instead use chewed plant material. The name "potter wasp" derives from the shape of the mud nests built by species of Eumenes and similar genera. It is believed that Native Americans based their pottery designs upon the form of local potter wasp nests. The female wasp scrapes up mud or dirt with her mandibles and front legs, combining it with water and saliva to form
374-699: Is not immunogenic . Hornets, like many social wasps, can mobilize the entire nest to sting in defense, which is highly dangerous to humans and other animals. The attack pheromone is released in case of threat to the nest. In the case of the Asian giant hornet ( V. mandarinia ), this is also used to mobilize many workers at once when attacking colonies of their prey, honey bees and other Vespa species. Three biologically active chemicals, 2-Pentanol , Isoamyl alcohol , and 1-methylbutyl 3-methylbutanoate, have been identified for this species. In field tests, 2-Pentanol alone triggered mild alarm and defensive behavior, but adding
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#1732858652629408-400: Is widely distributed throughout Europe, Russia, North America, and north-eastern Asia. Wasps native to North America in the genus Dolichovespula are commonly referred to as hornets (e.g., baldfaced hornets ), but all of them are actually yellowjackets . Like other social wasps, hornets build communal nests by chewing wood to make a papery pulp. Each nest has one queen, which lays eggs and
442-937: The Primorsky Krai , Khabarovsky Krai (southern part), and Jewish Autonomous Oblast regions of Russia, and China , Korea , Taiwan , Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , Indochina , India , Nepal , Sri Lanka , and Thailand , but is most commonly found in the mountains of Japan , where they are commonly known as the giant sparrow bee. The Oriental hornet ( V. orientalis ) occurs in semidry, subtropical areas of central Asia ( Azerbaijan , Armenia , Dagestan in Russia, Iran , Afghanistan , Oman , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Kyrghyzstan , southern Kazakhstan ), and southern Europe ( Italy , Malta , Albania , Romania , Turkey , Greece , Bulgaria , Cyprus ). The Asian hornet ( V. velutina ) has been introduced to France , Spain , Portugal , Italy , and
476-630: The United Kingdom . Hornets have stingers used to kill prey and defend nests. Hornet stings are more painful to humans than typical wasp stings because hornet venom contains a large amount (5%) of acetylcholine . Individual hornets can sting repeatedly. Unlike honey bees , hornets do not die after stinging because their stingers are very finely barbed (only visible under high magnification) and can easily be withdrawn, so are not pulled out of their bodies when disengaging. The toxicity of hornet stings varies according to hornet species; some deliver just
510-634: The adult hornets. Some of their prey being considered pests, hornets may be considered beneficial under some circumstances. The larvae of hornets produce a sweet secretion containing sugars and amino acids that workers and queens consume. Hornets' ability to prey upon honey bees is favored by a number of adaptations. Vespa have a larger body size compared to their prey, a heavy exoskeleton to resist bee attacks, and strong mandibles and venomous sting. As concerns hornet hunting strategies, it has been demonstrated that some species such as V. tropica and V. velutina , can use both visual and olfactory cues for
544-633: The background colors. Like most vespids, their wings are folded longitudinally at rest. They are particularly recognized by the following combination of characteristics: Eumenine wasps are diverse in nest building. The different species may either use existing cavities (such as beetle tunnels in wood, abandoned nests of other Hymenoptera , or even man-made holes like old nail holes and screw shafts on electronic devices) that they modify in several degrees, or they construct their own either underground or exposed nests. The nest may have one or several individual brood cells. The most widely used building material
578-410: The cell to serve as food for a single wasp larva. For example, Euodynerus foraminatus paralyzes the larvae of the poison hemlock moth ( A. alstroemeriana ). As a normal rule, the adult wasp lays a single egg in the empty cell before provisioning it. Some species lay the egg in the opening of the cell, suspended from a thread of dried fluid. When the wasp larva hatches, it drops and starts to feed upon
612-466: The cycle likely depends on latitude. Adult hornets and their relatives (e.g., yellowjackets ) feed themselves with nectar and sugar-rich plant foods. Thus, they can often be found feeding on the sap of oak trees , rotting sweet fruits, honey, and any sugar-containing foodstuffs. Hornets frequently fly into orchards to feed on overripe fruit, and tend to gnaw a hole in fruit to become totally immersed in its pulp. A person who accidentally picks fruit with
646-684: The death of 42 people in China. Asian giant hornet's venom can cause allergic reactions and multiple organ failure leading to death, though dialysis can be used to remove the toxins from the bloodstream. As with other wasps, death due to a single sting on the skin only occurs when an allergy is present, and serious outcomes with Asian giant hornet stings in China and Japan are only documented with many stings or anaphylactic shock due to an existing allergy. People who are allergic to wasp venom may also be allergic to hornet stings. Allergic reactions are commonly treated with epinephrine (adrenaline) injection using
680-678: The east, the species' distribution area stretches over the Ural Mountains to western Siberia (found in the vicinity of Khanty-Mansiysk ). In Asia, the European hornet is found in southern Siberia, as well as in eastern China. The European hornet was accidentally introduced to eastern North America about the middle of the 19th century and has lived there since at about the same latitudes as in Europe. However, it has never been found in western North America. The Asian giant hornet ( V. mandarinia ) lives in
714-458: The genus Vespa as synonyms, effectively relegating them to no more than informal names for regional color forms. Hornet larvae are widely accepted as food in mountainous regions in China. Hornets and their nests are treated as medicine in traditional Chinese medicine. Potter wasp Potter wasps (or mason wasps ), the Eumeninae , are a cosmopolitan wasp group presently considered
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#1732858652629748-470: The largest of the eusocial wasps , and are similar in appearance to yellowjackets , their close relatives. Some species can reach up to 5.5 cm (2.2 in) in length. They are distinguished from other vespine wasps by the relatively large top margin of the head . Worldwide, 22 species of Vespa are recognized. Most species only occur in the tropics of Asia, though the European hornet ( V. crabro )
782-407: The larva progresses through five stages of development. During this time, the queen feeds it a protein-rich diet of insects. Then, the larva spins a silk cap over the cell's opening, and during the next two weeks, transforms into an adult, a process called metamorphosis . The adult then eats its way through the silk cap. This first generation of workers, invariably females, now gradually undertakes all
816-479: The larvae. In early to mid-autumn, they leave the nest and mate during " nuptial flights ". Other temperate species (e.g., the yellow hornet , V. simillima , or the Oriental hornet , V. orientalis ) have similar cycles. In the case of tropical species (e.g., V. tropica ), life histories may well differ, and in species with both tropical and temperate distributions (such as the Asian giant hornet , V. mandarinia ),
850-411: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frelon&oldid=932832704 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hornet See text Hornets (insects in the genus Vespa ) are
884-479: The long-range detection of honey bee colonies. Foragers of V. tropica can readily associate color and shape with potential food sources and exhibit color generalization. V. velutina foragers visually distinguish between bee dummy bait and cotton ball dummy bait, both treated with bee odors, preferring bee dummies. Foraging hornets are also selectively attracted to honey bee colony odors, in particular honey and pollen, as well as honey bee pheromones , which may signal
918-418: The nest is founded in spring by a fertilized female known as the queen. She generally selects sheltered places such as dark, hollow tree trunks. She first builds a series of cells (up to 50) out of chewed tree bark. The cells are arranged in horizontal layers named combs, each cell being vertical and closed at the top. An egg is then laid in each cell. After 5–8 days, the egg hatches. Over the following two weeks,
952-583: The other two compounds increased aggressiveness in a synergistic effect. In the European hornet ( V. crabro ) the major compound of the alarm pheromone is 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol. If a hornet is killed near a nest, it may release pheromones that can cause the other hornets to attack. Materials that come into contact with these pheromones, such as clothes, skin, and dead prey or hornets, can also trigger an attack, as can certain food flavorings, such as banana and apple flavorings, and fragrances that contain C 5 alcohols and C 10 esters . In V. crabro ,
986-428: The peak of its population, which occurs in late summer, the colony can reach a size of 700 workers. At this time, the queen starts producing the first reproductive individuals. Fertilized eggs develop into females (called " gynes " by entomologists), and unfertilized ones develop into males (sometimes called "drones" as with honeybee drones ). Adult males do not participate in nest maintenance, foraging, or caretaking of
1020-548: The same subfamily. Also, a related genus of Asian nocturnal vespines, Provespa , is referred to as "night wasps" or "night hornets", though they are not true hornets. Some other large wasps are sometimes referred to as hornets, most notably the bald-faced hornet ( Dolichovespula maculata ) found in North America. It is set apart by its black and ivory coloration. The name "hornet" is used for this species primarily because of its habit of making aerial nests (similar to some of
1054-423: The spring. Male hornets are docile and do not have stingers. Hornets are often considered pests because they aggressively guard their nesting sites when threatened and their stings can be more dangerous than those of bees . While taxonomically well defined, some confusion may remain about the differences between hornets and other wasps of the family Vespidae , specifically the yellowjackets, which are members of
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1088-458: The supplied prey for a few weeks before pupating . The complete lifecycle may last from a few weeks to more than a year from the egg until the adult emerges. Adult potter wasps feed on floral nectar . Potter wasps are the most diverse subfamily of vespids , with almost 200 genera, and contain the vast majority of species in the family (nearly 3,000 species from a total of about 4,500 in the whole family). The overwhelming morphological diversity of
1122-431: The tasks formerly carried out by the queen ( foraging , nest building, taking care of the brood , etc.) with the exception of egg-laying , which remains exclusive to the queen. As the colony size grows, new combs are added, and an envelope is built around the cell layers until the nest is entirely covered, with the exception of an entry hole. To build cells in total darkness, they apparently use gravity to aid them. At
1156-531: The true hornets) rather than subterranean nests. Another example is the Australian hornet ( Abispa ephippium ), which is actually a species of potter wasp . Hornets are found mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. The European hornet ( V. crabro ) is the best-known species, widely distributed in Europe (but is never found north of the 63rd parallel ), and European Russia (except in extreme northern areas). In
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