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75-626: [REDACTED] Look up lyme in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lyme or LYME may refer to: Lyme disease , an infectious disease carried by ticks caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia Places [ edit ] United Kingdom [ edit ] Lyme, an alternative name of Lyme Handley , a civil parish in Cheshire Lyme Park , an estate in Cheshire Lyme Regis ,

150-547: A "bull's eye" or "target-like" pattern, but this clearing only happens in 19% of cases in endemic areas of the United States. The rash may feel warm, usually is not itchy, is rarely tender or painful, and takes up to four weeks to resolve if untreated. The Lyme rash is often accompanied by symptoms of a flu-like illness, including fatigue, headache, body aches, fever, and chills [though usually neither nausea nor upper-respiratory problems]. These symptoms may also appear without

225-524: A challenge, with many TBDs presenting with similar nonspecific symptoms and diagnosis requiring a battery of assays to assess patients adequately. New advanced molecular diagnostic methods, including next-generation sequencing and metagenomics analysis, promise improved detection of novel and emerging pathogens with the ability to detect a litany of potential pathogens with a single assay. Ticks should be removed as soon as safely possible once discovered. They can be removed either by grasping tweezers as close to

300-481: A dual approach. Some diagnoses rely on clinical observations and symptom analysis, while others are confirmed through laboratory tests. ticks can transmit a wide range of viruses, many of which are arboviruses. In general, specific laboratory tests are not available for rapid diagnosis of tick-borne diseases. Due to their seriousness, antibiotic treatment is often justified based on clinical presentation alone. Diagnosing Lyme borreliosis relies on clinical criteria, with

375-564: A general sense of feeling unwell , and changes in personality. Lyme encephalopathy is controversial in the US and has not been reported in Europe. Problems such as depression and fibromyalgia are as common in people with Lyme disease as in the general population. There is no compelling evidence that Lyme disease causes psychiatric disorders, behavioral disorders (e.g. ADHD ), or developmental disorders (e.g. autism ). Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans

450-1276: A history of a tick bite and associated symptoms being crucial. Laboratory diagnosis follows a 'two-tiered diagnostic protocol,' involving detecting specific antibodies using methods such as immunoenzymatic assays and Western blot tests, preferably with recombinant antigens. While ELISA and Western blot have similar sensitivity, Western blot is more specific due to the identification of specific immunoreactive bands. Seroconversion typically occurs around two weeks after symptom onset, but false positive ELISA results can be linked to poorly reactive antibodies against specific antigens, especially in patients with other infectious and non-infectious diseases. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) presents non-specific clinical features, making laboratory diagnosis crucial. The diagnostic process typically involves identifying specific IgM- and IgG-serum antibodies through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) since these antibodies are detectable in most cases upon hospitalization. Patients with Lyme disease who are treated with appropriate antibiotics usually recover rapidly and completely. Antibiotics commonly used include doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil. For Anaplasmosis , ehrlichiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Doxycycline

525-412: A hospital where they may be given intravenous fluids, fever-reducing medications, breathing support, and other therapies as needed. For a person or pet to acquire a tick-borne disease requires that the individual gets bitten by a tick and that the tick feeds for a sufficient period of time. The feeding time required to transmit pathogens differs for different ticks and different pathogens. Transmission of

600-522: A hot dryer. According to the World Health Organization , tick-to-animal transmission is difficult to prevent because animals do not show visible symptoms; the only effective prevention relies on killing ticks on the livestock production facility. Ticks also have the potential to induce a motor illness characterized by acute, ascending flaccid paralysis. This condition can be fatal if not treated promptly, affecting both humans and animals. It

675-656: A market town in Tameside, Greater Manchester, England Newcastle-under-Lyme , a town and borough in Staffordshire, England Lyme and Cybelle , a male and female American folk/pop duo of the mid 1960s New Lyme (disambiguation) , several towns in the United States Lime (disambiguation) Flyme (disambiguation) Glyme (disambiguation) Uplyme All pages with titles beginning with Lyme All pages with titles containing Lyme Topics referred to by

750-658: A neighboring town East Lyme, Connecticut , a neighboring town Lyme, New Hampshire , a town in western New Hampshire Lyme, New York , a town in New York along the Lake Ontario shoreline Lyme Township, Huron County, Ohio , a small town in northern Ohio Other places [ edit ] Lyme Park, Gauteng , a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa Ships [ edit ] English ship Lyme (1654) , 52-gun third rate Speaker-class frigate built at Portsmouth, launched in 1654 HMS Lyme , any of several vessels of

825-430: A positive result would likely be false, possibly causing unnecessary treatment. In some cases, when history, signs, and symptoms are strongly suggestive of early disseminated Lyme disease, empiric treatment may be started and reevaluated as laboratory test results become available. Tests for antibodies in the blood by ELISA and Western blot is the most widely used method for Lyme diagnosis. A two-tiered protocol

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900-438: A rare peripheral neuropathy was described that included numbness, tingling, or burning starting at the feet or hands and over time possibly moving up the limbs. In a later analysis that discovered poor documentation of this manifestation, experts wondered if it exists at all in the US or is merely very rare. A neurologic syndrome called Lyme encephalopathy is associated with subtle memory and cognitive difficulties, insomnia ,

975-528: A rash or linger after the rash has disappeared. Lyme can progress to later stages without a rash or these symptoms. People with high fever for more than two days or whose other symptoms of viral-like illness do not improve despite antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease, or who have abnormally low levels of white or red cells or platelets in the blood, should be investigated for possible coinfection with other tick-borne diseases such as ehrlichiosis and babesiosis . Not everyone with Lyme disease has all

1050-546: A related syndrome called southern tick-associated rash illness , which resembles a mild form of Lyme disease. On the West Coast of the United States , the main vector is the western black-legged tick ( Ixodes pacificus ). The tendency of this tick species to feed predominantly on host species such as the Western Fence Lizard that are resistant to Borrelia infection appears to diminish transmission of Lyme disease in

1125-719: A tick or a bite, and the EM rash need not look like a bull's eye (most EM rashes in the U.S. do not) or be accompanied by any other symptoms. In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota , but it is expanding into other areas. Several bordering areas of Canada also have high Lyme risk. In the absence of an EM rash or history of tick exposure, Lyme diagnosis depends on laboratory confirmation. The bacteria that cause Lyme disease are difficult to observe directly in body tissues and also difficult and too time-consuming to grow in

1200-516: A tick quickly (within 24 hours), you can greatly reduce your chances of getting Lyme disease." In Europe, Ixodes ricinus ticks may spread the bacteria more quickly. In North America, the bacterial species Borrelia burgdorferi and B. mayonii cause Lyme disease. In Europe and Asia, Borrelia afzelii , Borrelia garinii , B. spielmanii and four other species also cause the disease. The disease does not appear to be transmissible between people, by other animals nor through food. Diagnosis

1275-563: A tick salivary protein that appears to have immunosuppressive effects that enhance infection. Successful infection of the mammalian host depends on bacterial expression of OspC. Tick bites often go unnoticed because of the small size of the tick in its nymphal stage, as well as tick secretions that prevent the host from feeling any itch or pain from the bite. However, transmission is quite rare, with only about 1.2 to 1.4 percent of recognized tick bites resulting in Lyme disease. While B. burgdorferi

1350-422: A total body skin examination for EM rashes and asked whether EM-type rashes had manifested within the last 1–2 months. Presence of an EM rash and recent tick exposure (i.e., being outdoors in a likely tick habitat where Lyme is common , within 30 days of the appearance of the rash) are sufficient for Lyme diagnosis; no laboratory confirmation is needed or recommended. Most people who get infected do not remember

1425-589: A town in Dorset commonly known as Lyme Lyme Bay , an area of the English Channel Lyme Brook , tributary stream of the River Trent, Staffordshire Forest of Lyme , a historic area of forest covering parts of Cheshire, Derbyshire, and Staffordshire United States [ edit ] Lyme, Connecticut , a town in southeastern Connecticut, the namesake of Lyme disease Old Lyme, Connecticut ,

1500-601: Is borrelial lymphocytoma , a purplish lump that develops on the ear lobe, nipple, or scrotum . Lyme arthritis occurs in up to 60% of untreated people, typically starting about six months after infection. It usually affects only one or a few joints, often a knee or possibly the hip , other large joints, or the temporomandibular joint . Usually, large joint effusion and swelling occur, but only mild or moderate pain. Without treatment, swelling and pain typically resolve over time, but periodically return. Baker's cysts may form and rupture. In early US studies of Lyme disease,

1575-453: Is a chronic skin disorder observed primarily in Europe among the elderly. It begins as a reddish-blue patch of discolored skin, often on the backs of the hands or feet. The lesion slowly atrophies over several weeks or months, with the skin becoming first thin and wrinkled and then, if untreated, completely dry and hairless. It is also associated with peripheral neuropathy. Lyme disease is caused by spirochetes , gram-negative bacteria from

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1650-525: Is based on a combination of symptoms, history of tick exposure and possibly testing for specific antibodies in the blood. Blood tests are often falsely negative in the early stages of the disease. Testing of individual ticks is not typically useful. Prevention includes efforts to prevent tick bites by wearing clothing to cover the arms and legs and using DEET or picaridin -based insect repellents . Using pesticides to reduce tick numbers may also be effective. Ticks can be removed using tweezers . If

1725-446: Is classified as a zoonosis , as it is transmitted to humans from a natural reservoir among small mammals and birds by ticks that feed on both sets of hosts . Hard-bodied ticks of the genus Ixodes are the vectors of Lyme disease (also the vector for Babesia ). Most infections are caused by ticks in the nymphal stage , because they are very small, thus may feed for long periods of time undetected. Nymphal ticks are generally

1800-453: Is different from chronic Lyme disease , a term no longer supported by scientists and used in different ways by different groups. Some healthcare providers claim that chronic Lyme is caused by persistent infection, but this is not believed to be true because no evidence of persistent infection can be found after standard treatment. As of 2023 , clinical trials of proposed human vaccines for Lyme disease were being carried out, but no vaccine

1875-426: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lyme disease Lyme disease , also known as Lyme borreliosis , is a tick-borne disease caused by species of Borrelia bacteria, transmitted by blood-feeding ticks in the genus Ixodes . The most common sign of infection is an expanding red rash , known as erythema migrans (EM), which appears at

1950-546: Is mainly associated with certain species of ticks. Symptoms typically ranges from fatigue, numbness in the legs, muscle aches, and, to in some cases, paralysis and other severe neurological manifestations. Tick-borne diseases (TBD) are a major health threat in the US. The number of pathogens and the burden of disease have been increasing over the last couple decades. With improved diagnostics and surveillance, new pathogens are regularly identified, bettering our understanding of TBDs. Unfortunately, diagnosis of these illnesses remains

2025-410: Is most associated with ticks hosted by white-tailed deer and white-footed mice , Borrelia afzelii is most frequently detected in rodent-feeding vector ticks, and Borrelia garinii and Borrelia valaisiana appear to be associated with birds. Both rodents and birds are competent reservoir hosts for B. burgdorferi sensu stricto . The resistance of a genospecies of Lyme disease spirochetes to

2100-569: Is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): the sensitive ELISA test is performed first, and if it is positive or equivocal, then the more specific Western blot is run. The immune system takes some time to produce antibodies in quantity. After Lyme infection onset, antibodies of types IgM and IgG usually can first be detected respectively at 2–4 weeks and 4–6 weeks, and peak at 6–8 weeks. When an EM rash first appears, detectable antibodies may not be present. Therefore, it

2175-632: Is recommended that testing not be performed and diagnosis be based on the presence of the EM rash. Up to 30 days after suspected Lyme infection onset, infection can be confirmed by detection of IgM or IgG antibodies; after that, it is recommended that only IgG antibodies be considered. A positive IgM and negative IgG test result after the first month of infection is generally indicative of a false-positive result. The number of IgM antibodies usually collapses 4–6 months after infection, while IgG antibodies can remain detectable for years. Other tests may be used in neuroborreliosis cases. In Europe, neuroborreliosis

2250-641: Is the first line treatment for adults and children of all ages. For babesiosis, a combination therapy with atovaquone and azithromycin is most commonly recommended for treatment of mild to moderate babesiosis. Treatment is usually continued for 7 to 10 days. A combination regimen of oral clindamycin and quinine has also been proven effective, but the rate of adverse reactions is significantly higher with this combination. For Powassan virus, there are no medications for treating Powassan virus infections. Medications, however, can help to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. People with severe disease are typically treated in

2325-613: Is the most common disease spread by ticks in the Northern Hemisphere. Infections are most common in the spring and early summer. Lyme disease was diagnosed as a separate condition for the first time in 1975 in Lyme, Connecticut . It was originally mistaken for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis . The bacterium involved was first described in 1981 by Willy Burgdorfer . People with persistent symptoms after appropriate treatments are said to have Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS). PTLDS

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2400-406: Is usually caused by Borrelia garinii and almost always involves lymphocytic pleocytosis , i.e. the densities of lymphocytes (infection-fighting cells) and protein in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) typically rise to characteristically abnormal levels, while glucose level remains normal. Additionally, the immune system produces antibodies against Lyme inside the intrathecal space, which contains

2475-827: The Centers for Disease Control and at least 27 are known globally. New tick-borne diseases have been discovered in the 21st century, due in part to the use of molecular assays and next-generation sequencing . Ticks tend to be more active during warmer months, though this varies by geographic region and climate. Areas with woods, bushes, high grass, or leaf litter are likely to have more ticks. Those bitten commonly experience symptoms such as body aches, fever , fatigue , joint pain , or rashes . People can limit their exposure to tick bites by wearing light-colored clothing (including pants and long sleeves), using insect repellent with 20%–30% N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) , tucking their pants legs into their socks, checking for ticks frequently, and washing and drying their clothing in

2550-461: The areas of the body served by nerves connected to the affected roots , e.g. limb(s) or part(s) of trunk. The pain is often described as unlike any other previously felt, excruciating, migrating, worse at night, rarely symmetrical, and often accompanied by extreme sleep disturbance. Mononeuritis multiplex is an inflammation causing similar symptoms in one or more unrelated peripheral nerves. Rarely, early neuroborreliosis may involve inflammation of

2625-432: The bacteriolytic activities of the alternative complement pathway of various host species may determine its reservoir host association. Budding research has suggested that B. burgdorferi sensu lato may also be able to form enzootic cycle among lizard populations; this was previously assumed not to be possible in major areas containing populations of lizards, such as California. Except for one study in Europe, much of

2700-468: The brain or spinal cord , with symptoms such as confusion, abnormal gait, ocular movements, or speech , impaired movement , impaired motor planning , or shaking . In North America, facial palsy is the typical early neuroborreliosis presentation, occurring in 5–10% of untreated people, in about 75% of cases accompanied by lymphocytic meningitis. Lyme radiculopathy is reported half as frequently, but many cases may be unrecognized. In European adults,

2775-480: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and may be accompanied for several weeks by variable headache and, less commonly, usually mild meningitis signs such as inability to flex the neck fully and intolerance to bright lights but typically no or only very low fever. After several months neuroborreliosis can also present otolaryngological symptoms . Up to 76.5% of them present as tinnitus , the most common symptom. Vertigo and dizziness (53.7%) and hearing loss (16.7%) were

2850-480: The extracellular matrix , which may interfere with the function of immune factors. Exposure to the Borrelia bacterium during Lyme disease possibly causes a long-lived and damaging inflammatory response , a form of pathogen-induced autoimmune disease. The production of this reaction might be due to a form of molecular mimicry , where Borrelia avoids being killed by the immune system by resembling normal parts of

2925-928: The genus Borrelia . Spirochetes are surrounded by peptidoglycan and flagella . The Lyme-related Borrelia species are collectively known as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato , and show a great deal of genetic diversity . B. burgdorferi sensu lato is a species complex made up of 20 accepted and three proposed genospecies. Eight species are known to cause Lyme disease: B. mayonii (found in North America), B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (found in North America and Europe), B. afzelii , B. garinii, B. spielmanii, and B. lusitaniae (all found in Eurasia ). Some studies have also proposed that B. valaisiana may sometimes infect humans, but this species does not seem to be an important cause of disease. Three stages occur in

3000-424: The white-footed mouse , and occasionally birds. Areas where Lyme is common are expanding. Within the tick midgut, the Borrelia ' s outer surface protein A (OspA) binds to the tick receptor for OspA, known as TROSPA. When the tick feeds, the Borrelia downregulates OspA and upregulates OspC, another surface protein. After the bacteria migrate from the midgut to the salivary glands, OspC binds to Salp15,

3075-852: The British Royal Navy RFA Lyme Bay (L3007) , a landing ship dock of the British Royal Fleet Auxiliary Lyme-class frigate , class of two 24-gun sixth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy People [ edit ] David Lyme (born 1966), also known as Jordi Cubino, a Catalan singer, songwriter, and model Other uses [ edit ] LYME (software bundle) , a solution stack consisting of Linux, Yaws, Mnesia, and Erlang Lyme Art Association , arts organization established in 1914, with roots going back to 1902 Lyme-grass or Leymus arenarius See also [ edit ] Ashton-under-Lyme ,

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3150-510: The CSF. Demonstration by lumbar puncture and CSF analysis of pleocytosis and intrathecal antibody production are required for definite diagnosis of neuroborreliosis in Europe (except in cases of peripheral neuropathy associated with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans , which usually is caused by Borrelia afzelii and confirmed by blood antibody tests). In North America, neuroborreliosis is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and may not be accompanied by

3225-466: The Northern Hemisphere because the nymphal stage of the tick is responsible for most cases. 80% of Lyme infections begin with a rash of some sort at the site of a tick bite, often near skin folds such as the armpit , groin , back of the knee , or the trunk under clothing straps, or in children's hair, ears, or neck. Most people who get infected do not remember seeing a tick or a bite. The rash appears typically one or two weeks (range 3–32 days) after

3300-461: The PNS, electromyography and nerve conduction studies can be used to monitor objectively the response to treatment. In Lyme carditis, electrocardiograms are used to evidence heart conduction abnormalities, while echocardiography may show myocardial dysfunction. Biopsy and confirmation of Borrelia cells in myocardial tissue may be used in specific cases but are usually not done because of risk of

3375-455: The US, 30-50% of deer ticks will be infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (the agent of Lyme disease). Other pathogens are much more rare. Ticks can be tested for infection using a highly specific and sensitive qPCR procedure. Several commercial labs provide this service to individuals for a fee. The Laboratory of Medical Zoology (LMZ), a nonprofit lab at the University of Massachusetts , provides

3450-614: The West. Transmission can occur across the placenta during pregnancy and as with a number of other spirochetal diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes are possible with untreated infection; prompt treatment with antibiotics reduces or eliminates this risk. There is no scientific evidence to support Lyme disease transmission via blood transfusion, sexual contact, or breast milk. Ticks that transmit B. burgdorferi to humans can also carry and transmit several other microbes, such as Babesia microti and Anaplasma phagocytophilum , which cause

3525-457: The arms and legs may develop. Lyme disease is transmitted to humans by the bites of infected ticks of the genus Ixodes . In the United States, ticks of concern are usually of the Ixodes scapularis type. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , "In most cases, a tick must be attached for 36 to 48 hours or more before the Lyme disease bacterium can be transmitted. If you remove

3600-404: The bacteria to survive and eventually spread throughout the body. Days to weeks following the tick bite, the spirochetes spread via the bloodstream to joints, heart, nervous system, and distant skin sites, where their presence gives rise to the variety of symptoms of the disseminated disease. The spread of B. burgdorferi is aided by the attachment of the host protease plasmin to the surface of

3675-455: The bacterium that causes Lyme disease is well understood to require a substantial feeding period. In general, soft ticks ( Argasidae ) transmit pathogens within minutes of attachment because they feed more frequently, whereas hard ticks ( Ixodidae ) take hours or days, but the latter are more common and harder to remove. For an individual to acquire infection, the feeding tick must also be infected. Not all ticks are infected. In most places in

3750-399: The bite and expands 2–3 cm per day up to a diameter of 5–70 cm (median is 16 cm). The rash is usually circular or oval, red or bluish, and may have an elevated or darker center. This rash is termed an Erythema Migrans (EM) which translates as "Migrating Redness." In about 79% of cases in Europe, this rash gradually clears from the center toward the edges possibly forming

3825-495: The body that bear no relation to the original tick bite. Transient muscle pains and joint pains are also common. In about 10–15% of untreated people, Lyme causes neurological problems known as neuroborreliosis . Early neuroborreliosis typically appears 4–6 weeks (range 1–12 weeks) after the tick bite and involves some combination of lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuritis, radiculopathy, and/or mononeuritis multiplex. Lymphocytic meningitis causes characteristic changes in

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3900-621: The body's tissues. Chronic symptoms from an autoimmune reaction could explain why some symptoms persist even after the spirochetes have been eliminated from the body. This hypothesis may explain why chronic arthritis persists after antibiotic therapy, similar to rheumatic fever , but its wider application is controversial. Lyme disease is diagnosed based on symptoms, objective physical findings (such as erythema migrans (EM) rash, facial palsy , or arthritis ), history of possible exposure to infected ticks , and possibly laboratory tests . People with symptoms of early Lyme disease should have

3975-422: The case of HGA—can be treated with the doxycycline prescribed for Lyme. Persistent fever or compatible anomalous laboratory findings may be indicative of a co-infection. B. burgdorferi can spread throughout the body during the course of the disease, and has been found in the skin, heart, joints, peripheral nervous system, and central nervous system. B. Burgdorferi does not produce toxins. Therefore, many of

4050-409: The data implicating lizards is based on DNA detection of the spirochete and has not demonstrated that lizards are able to infect ticks feeding upon them. As some experiments suggest lizards are refractory to infection with Borrelia , it appears likely their involvement in the enzootic cycle is more complex and species-specific. In Europe, the main vector is Ixodes ricinus , which is also called

4125-439: The diseases babesiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), respectively. Among people with early Lyme disease, depending on their location, 2–12% will also have HGA and 2–10% will have babesiosis. Ticks in certain regions also transmit viruses that cause tick-borne encephalitis and Powassan virus disease . Co-infections of Lyme disease may not require additional treatment, since they may resolve on their own or—as in

4200-497: The first manifestation of Lyme disease. Lyme carditis in 19–87% of people adversely impacts the heart's electrical conduction system, causing atrioventricular block that often manifests as heart rhythms that alternate within minutes between abnormally slow and abnormally fast. In 10–15% of people, Lyme causes myocardial complications such as cardiomegaly , left ventricular dysfunction, or congestive heart failure. Another skin condition, found in Europe but not in North America,

4275-514: The laboratory. The most widely used tests look instead for presence of antibodies against those bacteria in the blood. A positive antibody test result does not by itself prove active infection but can confirm an infection that is suspected because of symptoms, objective findings, and history of tick exposure in a person. Because as many as 5–20% of the normal population have antibodies against Lyme, people without history and symptoms suggestive of Lyme disease should not be tested for Lyme antibodies:

4350-415: The life cycle of a tick - larva, nymph, and adult. During the nymph stage, ticks most frequently transmit Lyme disease and are usually most active in late spring and early summer in regions where the climate is mild. During the adult stage, Lyme disease transmission is less common because adult ticks are less likely to bite humans and tend to be larger in size, so can be easily seen and removed. Lyme disease

4425-748: The lower limbs may occur. In European children, the most common manifestations are facial palsy (in 55%), other cranial neuritis, and lymphocytic meningitis (in 27%). In about 4–10% of untreated cases in the United States and 0.3–4% of untreated cases in Europe, typically between June and December, about one month (range 4 days to 7 months) after the tick bite, the infection may cause heart complications known as Lyme carditis . Symptoms may include heart palpitations (in 69% of people), dizziness , fainting , shortness of breath , and chest pain . Other symptoms of Lyme disease may also be present, such as EM rash, joint aches , facial palsy , headaches , or radicular pain . In some people, however, carditis may be

4500-442: The most common presentation is a combination of lymphocytic meningitis and radiculopathy known as Bannwarth syndrome , accompanied in 36-89% of cases by facial palsy. In this syndrome, radicular pain tends to start in the same body region as the initial erythema migrans rash, if there was one, and precedes possible facial palsy and other impaired movement . In extreme cases, permanent impairment of motor or sensory function of

4575-682: The mouth as possible and pulling without rotation; some companies market grooved tools that rotate the hypostome to facilitate removal. Chemical methods to make the tick self-detach, or trying to pull the tick out with one's fingers, are not efficient methods. In Australia and New Zealand, where tick-borne infections are less common than tick reactions, the Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy recommends seeking medical assistance or killing ticks in-situ by freezing and then leaving them to fall out to prevent allergic/anaphylactic reactions. Diagnosing tick-borne diseases involves

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4650-484: The next most common symptoms. In children, partial loss of vision may also occur. Cranial neuritis is an inflammation of cranial nerves . When due to Lyme, it most typically causes facial palsy , impairing blinking, smiling, and chewing on one or both sides of the face. It may also cause intermittent double vision . Lyme radiculopathy is an inflammation of spinal nerve roots that often causes pain and less often weakness , numbness , or altered sensation in

4725-605: The procedure. Tick-borne disease The occurrence of ticks and tick-borne illnesses in humans is increasing. Tick populations are spreading into new areas, in part due to climate change . Tick populations are also affected by changes in the populations of their hosts (e.g. deer, cattle, mice, lizards) and those hosts' predators (e.g. foxes). Diversity and availability of hosts and predators can be affected by deforestation and habitat fragmentation . Because individual ticks can harbor more than one disease-causing agent, patients can be infected with more than one pathogen at

4800-602: The removed tick is full of blood a single dose of doxycycline may be used to prevent the development of infection but is not generally recommended since the development of infection is rare. If an infection develops, a number of antibiotics are effective, including doxycycline, amoxicillin and cefuroxime . Standard treatment usually lasts for two or three weeks. Some people develop a fever and muscle and joint pains from treatment, which may last for one or two days. In those who develop persistent symptoms, long-term antibiotic therapy has not been found to be useful. Lyme disease

4875-565: The same CSF signs; they confirm a diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) neuroborreliosis if positive, but do not exclude it if negative. American guidelines consider CSF analysis optional when symptoms appear to be confined to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), e.g. facial palsy without overt meningitis symptoms. Unlike blood and intrathecal antibody tests, CSF pleocytosis tests revert to normal after infection ends and therefore can be used as objective markers of treatment success and inform decisions on whether to retreat. In infection involving

4950-475: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lyme . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyme&oldid=1066855658 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

5025-407: The same time, compounding the difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. As the incidence of tick-borne illnesses increases and the geographic areas in which they are found expand, health workers increasingly must be able to distinguish the diverse, and often overlapping, clinical presentations of these diseases. As of 2020 18 tick-borne pathogens have been identified in the United States according to

5100-584: The sheep tick or castor bean tick. In China, Ixodes persulcatus (the taiga tick) is probably the most important vector. In North America, the black-legged tick or deer tick ( Ixodes scapularis ) is the main vector on the East Coast. The lone star tick ( Amblyomma americanum ), which is found throughout the Southeastern United States as far west as Texas , is unlikely to transmit the Lyme disease spirochetes , though it may be implicated in

5175-412: The signs and symptoms of Lyme disease are a consequence of the immune response to spirochete in those tissues. B. burgdorferi is injected into the skin by the bite of an infected Ixodes tick. Tick saliva, which accompanies the spirochete into the skin during the feeding process, contains substances that disrupt the immune response at the site of the bite. This provides a protective environment where

5250-561: The site of the tick bite about a week afterwards. The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful. Approximately 70–80% of infected people develop a rash. Early diagnosis can be difficult. Other early symptoms may include fever, headaches and tiredness . If untreated, symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face , joint pains , severe headaches with neck stiffness or heart palpitations . Months to years later, repeated episodes of joint pain and swelling may occur. Occasionally, shooting pains or tingling in

5325-403: The size of a poppy seed and sometimes with a dark head and a translucent body. Or, the nymphal ticks can be darker. The younger larval ticks are very rarely infected. Although deer are the preferred hosts of adult deer ticks, and tick populations are much lower in the absence of deer, ticks generally do not acquire Borrelia from deer, instead they obtain them from infected small mammals such as

5400-425: The spirochete can establish infection. The spirochetes multiply and migrate outward within the dermis . The host inflammatory response to the bacteria in the skin causes the characteristic circular EM lesion. Neutrophils , however, which are necessary to eliminate the spirochetes from the skin, fail to appear in necessary numbers in the developing EM lesion because tick saliva inhibits neutrophil function. This allows

5475-465: The spirochete. If untreated, the bacteria may persist in the body for months or even years, despite the production of B. burgdorferi antibodies by the immune system. The spirochetes may avoid the immune response by decreasing expression of surface proteins that are targeted by antibodies, antigenic variation of the VlsE surface protein, inactivating key immune components such as complement , and hiding in

5550-469: The symptoms, and many of these symptoms can also occur with other diseases. Asymptomatic infection exists, but occurs in less than 7% of infected individuals in the United States. Asymptomatic infection may be much more common among those infected in Europe. Within days to weeks after the onset of local infection, the Borrelia bacteria may spread through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. In 10–20% of untreated cases, EM rashes develop at sites across

5625-417: Was available. A vaccine, LYMERix, was produced, but discontinued in 2002 due to insufficient demand. There are several vaccines for the prevention of Lyme disease in dogs. Lyme disease can produce a broad range of symptoms. The incubation period is usually one to two weeks, but can be much shorter (days) or much longer (months to years). Lyme symptoms most often occur from the month of May to September in

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