22-622: [REDACTED] Look up PNS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. PNS may refer to: Medicine [ edit ] Peripheral nervous system Peripheral nerve stimulation of the occipital nerves Paraneoplastic syndrome Pilonidal sinus Posterior nasal spine , a cephalometric landmark Transport [ edit ] Pensacola International Airport , IATA airport code Pensacola station (Amtrak) , Amtrak station code Technology [ edit ] Process network synthesis ,
44-576: A cephalometric landmark Transport [ edit ] Pensacola International Airport , IATA airport code Pensacola station (Amtrak) , Amtrak station code Technology [ edit ] Process network synthesis , a process engineering tool Military [ edit ] Portsmouth Naval Shipyard , United States Pakistan Navy Ship Science [ edit ] Post-normal science , approach to making policy with uncertain information Other [ edit ] Pakistan Nuclear Society Program on Nonviolent Sanctions , at
66-415: A major cause of death. Paraneoplastic pemphigus is one of the three major subtypes that affects IgG autoantibodies that are characteristically raised against desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 (which are cell-cell adhesion molecules found in desmosomes ). Underlying cancer or irreversible system impairment, seen in acute heart failure or kidney failure , may result in death as well. Prostate cancer
88-414: A major clinical manifestation of prostate cancer; and (under 20%), the syndrome as an initial sign of disease progression to the castrate-resistant state. Urologist researchers identify serum markers that are associated with the syndrome in order to specific what type of therapies may work most effectively. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes may be related immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), one of
110-556: A process engineering tool Military [ edit ] Portsmouth Naval Shipyard , United States Pakistan Navy Ship Science [ edit ] Post-normal science , approach to making policy with uncertain information Other [ edit ] Pakistan Nuclear Society Program on Nonviolent Sanctions , at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Public News Service , an American news media company Topics referred to by
132-495: A result of an activated immune system. In this scenario, the body may produce antibodies to fight off the tumor by directly binding and destroying the tumor cell. Paraneoplastic disorders may arise in that antibodies would cross-react with normal tissues and destroy them. Diagnostic testing in a possible paraneoplastic syndrome depends on the symptoms and the suspected underlying cancer. Diagnosis may be difficult in patients in whom paraneoplastic antibodies cannot be detected. In
154-523: Is common in regions of the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, lung, thymus, and central nervous system (as well as gynecological tumors and myosarcomas ). The following diseases manifest by means of physiological dysfunction besides the categories above: membranous glomerulonephritis , tumor-induced osteomalacia , Stauffer syndrome , Neoplastic fever, and thymoma-associated multiorgan autoimmunity . Rheumatologic ( hypertrophic osteoarthropathy), renal (secondary kidney amyloidosis and sedimentation of
176-448: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages PNS [REDACTED] Look up PNS in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. PNS may refer to: Medicine [ edit ] Peripheral nervous system Peripheral nerve stimulation of the occipital nerves Paraneoplastic syndrome Pilonidal sinus Posterior nasal spine ,
198-450: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Paraneoplastic syndrome A paraneoplastic syndrome is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms ) that is the consequence of a tumor in the body (usually a cancerous one). It is specifically due to the production of chemical signaling molecules (such as hormones or cytokines ) by tumor cells or by an immune response against
220-429: Is extremely difficult to identify for paraneoplastic syndrome, as there are so many ways the disease can manifest (which may eventually lead to cancer) . Ideas may relate to age-related diseases (unable to handle environmental or physical stress in combination with genetic pre-dispositions), accumulation of damaged biomolecules (damages signaling pathways in various regions of the body), increased oxygen free radicals in
242-2194: Is sometimes used for paraneoplastic syndrome, although it is used more often to refer to the peripheral nervous system . Symptomatic features of paraneoplastic syndrome cultivate in four ways: endocrine , neurological , mucocutaneous , and hematological . The most common presentation is a fever (release of endogenous pyrogens often related to lymphokines or tissue pyrogens), but the overall picture will often include several clinical cases observed which may specifically simulate more common benign conditions. The following diseases manifest by means of endocrine dysfunction: Cushing syndrome , syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone , hypercalcemia , hypoglycemia , carcinoid syndrome , and hyperaldosteronism . The following diseases manifest by means of neurological dysfunction: Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome , paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration , encephalomyelitis , limbic encephalitis , brainstem encephalitis , opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome , anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis , and polymyositis . The following diseases manifest by means of mucocutaneous dysfunction: acanthosis nigricans , dermatomyositis , Leser-Trélat sign , necrolytic migratory erythema , Sweet's syndrome , Florid cutaneous papillomatosis , pyoderma gangrenosum , and acquired generalized hypertrichosis . Mucocutaneous dysfunctions of paraneoplastic syndromes can be seen in cases of itching ( hypereosinophilia ), immune system depression (latent varicella-zoster virus in sensory ganglia ), pancreatic tumors (leading to adipose nodular necrosis of subcutaneous tissues ), flushes ( prostaglandin secretions), and even dermic melanosis (cannot be eliminated via urine and results in grey to black-blueish skin tones). The following diseases manifest by means of hematological dysfunction: granulocytosis , polycythemia , Trousseau sign , nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis , and anemia . Hematological dysfunction of paraneoplastic syndromes can be seen from an increase of erythropoietin (EPO), which may occur in response to hypoxia or ectopic EPO production/altered catabolism . Erythrocytosis
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#1732852426786264-443: Is the second most common urological malignancy to be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes after renal cell carcinoma . Paraneoplastic syndromes of this nature tend to occur in the setting of late stage and aggressive tumors with poor overall outcomes (endocrine manifestations, neurological entities, dermatological conditions, and other syndromes). A vast majority of prostate cancer cases (over 70%) document paraneoplastic syndrome as
286-569: The Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Public News Service , an American news media company Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PNS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PNS&oldid=1141658607 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
308-431: The absence of these antibodies, other tests that may be helpful include MRI, PET, lumbar puncture and electrophysiology. A specifically devastating form of (neurological) paraneoplastic syndromes is a group of disorders classified as paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs). These PNDs affect the central or peripheral nervous system; some are degenerative, though others (such as LEMS ) may improve with treatment of
330-550: The body (alters metabolic processes in various regions of the body), etc. . However, prophylactic efforts include routine checks with physicians (particularly those that specialize in neurology and oncology) especially when a patient notices subtle changes in his or her own body. Treatment options include: A specific prognosis for those with paraneoplastic syndromes links to each unique case presented. Thus, prognosis for paraneoplastic syndromes may vary greatly. For example, paraneoplastic pemphigus often included infection as
352-520: The condition or the tumor. Symptoms of PNDs may include difficulty with walking and balance , dizziness , rapid uncontrolled eye movements , difficulty swallowing, loss of muscle tone , loss of fine motor coordination , slurred speech, memory loss, vision problems, sleep disturbances, dementia , seizures , and sensory loss in the limbs. The most common cancers associated with PNDs are breast, ovarian, and lung cancers, but many other cancers can produce paraneoplastic symptoms, as well. The root cause
374-462: The disease pathogenesis. In this paradigm, tumor cells express tissue-restricted antigens (e.g., neuronal proteins), triggering an anti-tumor immune response which may be partially or, rarely, completely effective in suppressing tumor growth and symptoms. Patients then come to clinical attention when this tumor immune response breaks immune tolerance and begins to attack the normal tissue expressing that (e.g., neuronal) protein. The abbreviation PNS
396-434: The immunocomplexes in nephrons ), and gastrointestinal (production of molecules that affect the motility and secretory activity of the digestive tract) dysfunctions, for example, may relate to paraneoplastic syndromes. The mechanism for a paraneoplastic syndrome varies from case to case. However, pathophysiological outcomes usually arise when a tumor does. Paraneoplastic syndrome often occurs alongside associated cancers as
418-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PNS . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PNS&oldid=1141658607 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
440-415: The tumor. Unlike a mass effect , it is not due to the local presence of cancer cells. Paraneoplastic syndromes are typical among middle-aged to older people, and they most commonly occur with cancers of the lung , breast , ovaries or lymphatic system (a lymphoma ). Sometimes, the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes show before the diagnosis of a malignancy , which has been hypothesized to relate to
462-514: The underlying causes in inflammatory central nervous system diseases (CNS). The central idea around such research pinpoints treatment strategies to combat cancer related outcomes in the clinical arena, specifically ICIs. Research suggests that patients who are treated with ICIs are more susceptible to CNS disease (since the mechanism of ICIs induces adverse effects on the CNS due to augmented immune responses and neurotoxicity ). The purpose of this exploration
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#1732852426786484-594: Was to shed light on immunotherapies and distinguishing between neurotoxicity and brain metastasis in the early stages of treatment. In other research, scientists have found that paraneoplastic peripheral nerve disorders (autoantibodies linked to multifocal motor neuropathy ) may provide important clinical manifestations. This is especially important for patients who experience inflammatory neuropathies since solid tumors are often associated with peripheral nerve disorders. CV2 autoantibodies, which target dihydropyriminase-related protein 5 (DRP5, or CRMP5) are also associated with
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