Lutong is a suburban township in Miri , a city in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia . An oil refinery was built in Lutong by Shell Oil Company . Lutong's economy is generated mainly from staff of the oil and gas companies located nearby.
131-575: On 23 June 1945, the Australian Army landed and took control of the oil refinery and airstrip in three hours, with little resistance from the 553rd Independent Infantry Battalion . It was thought that a week earlier, the Japanese garrison had left the region and moved 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the southwest of Lutong, toward Miri. With the capture of Lutong, the Australians have gained control over
262-556: A Ferranti Mark 1* , was assembled and used at the Shell laboratory in Amsterdam. In 1970, Shell acquired the mining company Billiton , which it subsequently sold in 1994. In 1989, Shell redesigned a $ 3-billion natural gas platform in the North Sea , raising its height one to two meters, to accommodate an anticipated sea level rise due to global warming . In the 1990s, protesters criticised
393-572: A US$ 20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana . A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 percent lower than in 2012—the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 percent as a result. Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell
524-717: A coalition, that Australia joined, invading the country; thus starting the Iraq War on 19 March 2003. Between April 2015 and June 2020, the Army deployed a 300-strong element to Iraq, designated as Task Group Taji, as part of Operation Okra . In support of a capacity building mission, Task Group Taji's main role was to provide training to Iraqi forces, during which Australian troops have served alongside counterparts from New Zealand. In 2020 an investigation of allegations of war crimes committed during Australian military operations in Afghanistan
655-581: A full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies. The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij at The Hague , was in charge of production and manufacture. The British Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company was based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products. In 1912, Royal Dutch Shell purchased the Rothschilds ' Russian oil assets in a stock deal. The Group's production portfolio then consisted of 53 percent from
786-414: A fund that would go towards humanitarian aid to Ukraine. On 8 March, Shell announced that it would stop buying Russian oil and gas and close its service stations in the country. In 2022, the major oil and gas companies, including Shell, reported sharp rises in interim revenues and profits. In fact, this rise in profit for Shell was so sharp, that 2022 was the company's best year, as Shell recorded double
917-679: A further US$ 15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy. Shell announced on 8 April 2015 it had agreed to buy BG Group for £47 billion (US$ 70 billion), subject to shareholder and regulatory approval. The acquisition was completed in February 2016, resulting in Shell surpassing Chevron Corporation and becoming the world's second largest non-state oil company. On 7 June 2016, Shell announced that it would build an ethane cracker plant near Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , after spending several years doing an environmental cleanup of
1048-583: A link to the unit's past and a memorial to the fallen. Artillery do not have Battle Honours – their single Honour is "Ubique" which means "Everywhere" – although they can receive Honour Titles. The Army is the guardian of the National Flag and as such, unlike the Royal Australian Air Force , does not have a flag or Colours. The Army, instead, has a banner, known as the Army Banner. To commemorate
1179-459: A loss of $ 21.7 billion in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, despite reducing its operating expenses by 12%, or $ 4.5 billion, according to a Morningstar analysis cited by Barron's . In November 2021, Shell announced that it is planning to relocate their headquarters to London, abandon its dual share structure, and change its name from Royal Dutch Shell plc to Shell plc. The company's name change
1310-493: A self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company. Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague . The upstream oil sector
1441-469: A separate joint Australia–US attack. The Battle of Lae was additionally part of the wider Huon Peninsula campaign . Following Lae's capture, the Battle of Finschhafen commenced with a relatively swift control of objectives, with subsequent Japanese counterattacks beaten off. On 17 November 1943, a major offensive that began with the Battle of Sattelberg , continued with the Battle of Wareo , and concluded with
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#17328510177691572-413: A single-unit partnership for business purposes. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent stock ownership of the new group to Royal Dutch, and 40 percent to Shell. Both became holding companies for Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij , containing the production and refining assets, and Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company, containing the transport and storage assets. National patriotic sensibilities would not permit
1703-677: A standing peacetime regular army was formed and the Australian Army Reserve (1980–present) began to decline in importance. During its history, the Australian Army has fought in a number of major wars, including the Second Boer War , the First and Second World Wars, Korean War , Malayan Emergency , Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation , Vietnam War , the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and
1834-470: A type of snail shell ), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name. The Shell logo is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in the world. This logo is known as the " pecten " after the sea shell Pecten maximus (the giant scallop ), on which its design
1965-562: Is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration , production , refining , transport , distribution and marketing , petrochemicals , power generation , and trading . Shell has operations in over 99 countries, produces around 3.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has around 44,000 service stations worldwide. As of 31 December 2019, Shell had total proved reserves of 11.1 billion barrels (1.76 × 10 m ) of oil equivalent. Shell USA , its principal subsidiary in
2096-543: Is a public limited company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange . A core component of Big Oil , Shell is the second largest investor-owned oil and gas company in the world by revenue (after ExxonMobil ), and among the world's largest companies out of any industry. Measured by both its own emissions, and
2227-704: Is a command formation of equal status to the other commands in the ADF and includes all of Army's special forces units. Special Operations Command comprises: Infantry, and some other combat units of the Australian Army carry flags called the King's Colour and the Regimental Colour, known as "the Colours". Armoured units carry Standards and Guidons – flags smaller than Colours and traditionally carried by Cavalry, Lancer, Light Horse and Mounted Infantry units. The 1st Armoured Regiment
2358-512: Is also commonly known as the "exploration and production" sector. Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generate the majority of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its various oil refineries . The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining , generally included a retail petrol station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales, and
2489-476: Is based. The yellow and red colours used are thought to relate to the colours of the flag of Spain , as Shell built early service stations in California , previously a Spanish colony . The current revision of the logo was designed by Raymond Loewy in 1971. The slash was removed from the name "Royal Dutch/Shell" in 2005, concurrent with moves to merge the two legally separate companies (Royal Dutch and Shell) to
2620-522: Is linked to The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel Sr., founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker , the Murex (Latin for
2751-629: Is located at Victoria Barracks in Sydney. The Australian Army's three regular brigades are based at Robertson Barracks near Darwin , Lavarack Barracks in Townsville , and Gallipoli Barracks in Brisbane . The Deployable Joint Force Headquarters is also located at Gallipoli Barracks. Shell plc Shell plc is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London , England. Shell
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#17328510177692882-516: Is on unifying all training establishments to create a base for scaling and mobilisation: Additionally, Forces Command includes the following training and support establishments: Administers the reserve forces from its headquarters located in Sydney . Army Aviation Command is responsible for the Australian Army's helicopters and training, aviation safety and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Army Aviation Command comprises: Special Operations Command
3013-503: Is the only unit in the Australian Army to carry a Standard, in the tradition of heavy armoured units. Artillery units' guns are considered to be their Colours, and on parade are provided with the same respect. Non-combat units (combat service support corps) do not have Colours, as Colours are battle flags and so are only available to combat units. As a substitute, many have Standards or Banners. Units awarded battle honours have them emblazoned on their Colours, Standards and Guidons. They are
3144-766: Is the principal land warfare force of Australia . It is a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF), along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force . The Army is commanded by the Chief of Army (CA), who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) who commands the ADF. The CA is also directly responsible to the Minister for Defence , with the Department of Defence administering
3275-522: The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in Aceh Province, Indonesia , Operation Sumatra Assist , ended on 24 March 2005. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks , Australia promised troops to any military operations that the US commenced in response to the attacks. Subsequently, the Australian Army committed combat troops to Afghanistan in Operation Slipper . This combat role continued until
3406-784: The ANZAC Mounted Division and eventually the Australian Mounted Division , participated in the Sinai and Palestine campaign . They were originally stationed there to protect the Suez Canal from the Turks, and following the threat of its capture passing, they started offensive operations and helped in the re-conquest of the Sinai Desert . This was followed by the Battles of Gaza, wherein on
3537-505: The Argentinian town of Magdalena, Buenos Aires , the Shell tanker Estrella pampeana collided with a German cargo ship , emptying its contents into the lake, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals. Over a decade after the spill, a referendum held in Magdalena determined the acceptance of a US$ 9.5 million compensatory payout from Shell. Shell denied responsibility for
3668-733: The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (ANMEF), dealt with the issue of the German Pacific holdings. ANMEF recruitment began on 10 August 1914, and operations started 10 days later. On 11 September, the ANMEF landed at Rabaul to secure German New Guinea , with no German outposts in the Pacific left by November 1914. During the AIF's preparations to depart Australia, the Ottoman Empire joined
3799-609: The Battle of Crete which, though more successful, still failed and another withdrawal was ordered. During the Greek Campaign, the Allies were pushed back to Egypt and the Siege of Tobruk began. Tobruk's primary defence personnel were Australians of the 9th Division; the so-called 'Rats of Tobruk'. Additionally, the AIF participated in the Syria–Lebanon campaign . The 9th Division fought in
3930-526: The Battle of Sio on 15 January 1944, was unleashed. The momentum of this advance was continued by the 8th Brigade , as they pursued the enemy in retreat, which culminated with the Battle of Madang . In mid-1944, Australian forces took over the garrisoning of Torokina from the US with this changeover giving Australian command responsibility over the Bougainville campaign . Soon after arriving in November of
4061-771: The East Indies , 29 percent from the Russian Empire , and 17 percent from Romania . During the First World War , Shell was the main supplier of fuel to the British Expeditionary Force . It was also the sole supplier of aviation fuel and supplied 80 percent of the British Army's TNT . It also volunteered all of its shipping to the British Admiralty . The German invasion of Romania in 1916 saw 17% of
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4192-560: The First and Second Battle of El Alamein before also being shipped home to fight the Japanese. In December 1941, following the Bombing of Pearl Harbor , Australia declared war on Japan . Consequently, the AIF was requested to return home, as the subsequent rapid conquest of Southeast Asia extremely concerned Australian policymakers, and the militia was mobilised. After the Fall of Singapore , and
4323-532: The Iraq War . Since 1947, the Australian Army has also been involved in many peacekeeping operations, usually under the auspices of the United Nations . Today, it participates in multilateral and unilateral military exercises and provides emergency disaster relief and humanitarian aid in response to domestic and international crises. Formed in March 1901, following federation, the Australian Army initially consisted of
4454-540: The Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), a communist led guerrilla army whose goal was to turn Malaya into a socialist republic, and whose leaders had previously been trained and funded by Britain to resist the Japanese occupation of Malaya . Australian military operations in Malaya consisted of patrolling actions and guarding infrastructure, though they rarely saw combat as the emergency was nearly over by
4585-769: The Menzies Government reinstituted conscription and compulsory military training with the National Service Scheme , which required all males of eighteen years of age to serve for specified period in either the Australian Regular Army (ARA) or CMF. The Australian military entered the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) in October 1955, committing the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2RAR) to fight alongside Commonwealth forces. The 2RAR fought against
4716-750: The Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), as part of a non-United Nations peacekeeping organisation that observes and enforces the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. Australia's largest peacekeeping deployment began in 1999 with the International Force for East Timor , while other ongoing operations include peacekeeping in the Sinai (as part of MFO), and the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (as part of Operation Paladin since 1956). Humanitarian relief after
4847-587: The New York Stock Exchange on 18 November 2005. The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group. During the 2009 Iraqi oil services contracts tender , a consortium led by Shell (45%) and which included Petronas (30%) was awarded a production contract for the "Majnoon field" in the south of Iraq, which contains an estimated 12.6 billion barrels (2.00 × 10 m ) of oil. The "West Qurna 1 field" production contract
4978-464: The Paradise Papers , a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment , revealed that Argentine Energy Minister Juan José Aranguren was revealed to have managed the offshore companies 'Shell Western Supply and Trading Limited' and 'Sol Antilles y Guianas Limited', both subsidiaries of Shell. One is the main bidder for the purchase of diesel oil by the government through
5109-487: The Russian invasion of Ukraine and in the midst of the growing boycott of Russian economy and related divestments , Shell bought a cargo of discounted Russian crude oil. The next day, following criticism from Ukraine's Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba , Shell defended the purchase as a short term necessity, but also announced that it intended to reduce such purchases, and it would put profits from any Russian oil it purchases into
5240-678: The Sultan of Muscat . In 1952, IPC offered financial support to raise an armed force that would assist the Sultan in occupying the interior region of Oman , an area that geologists believed to be rich in oil. This led to the 1954 outbreak of the Jebel Akhdar War in Oman that lasted for more than 5 years. Around 1952, Shell was the first company to purchase and use a computer in the Netherlands. The computer,
5371-432: The Tet Offensive , a Viet Cong military operation, and repulsed them with few casualties. The contribution of personnel to the war was gradually wound down, starting in late-1970 and ending in 1972; the official declaration of the end of Australia's involvement in the war was made on 11 January 1973. Following the Vietnam War, there was a significant hiatus of operational activity by the Australian Army. In late 1979, in
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5502-427: The first conscription plebiscite . It was defeated by a narrow margin and created a bitter divide on the issue of conscription throughout the 20th century. Following the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917, which was better defended and eased manpower restraints, the first Australian assault on the Hindenburg Line occurred on 11 April 1917 with the First Battle of Bullecourt . On 20 September,
5633-407: The 31 October 1917 the 4th and 12th Light Horse took Beersheba through the last charge of the Light Horse. They continued on to capture Jerusalem on 10 December 1917 and then eventually Damascus on 1 October 1918 whereby, a few days later on 10 October 1918, the Ottoman Empire surrendered. Repatriation efforts were implemented between the armistice and the end of 1919, which occurred after
5764-410: The ADF and the Army. Formed in 1901, as the Commonwealth Military Forces, through the amalgamation of the colonial forces of Australia following the Federation of Australia . Although Australian soldiers have been involved in a number of minor and major conflicts throughout Australia's history, only during the Second World War has Australian territory come under direct attack. The Australian Army
5895-476: The AIF attacked Pèronne and subsequently initiated the Battle of Mont St Quentin . Another operation around Épehy was planned for 18 September 1918, which aimed to retake the British trenches and, potentially, capture their most ambitious objective of the Hindenburg's outpost line – which they achieved. Following news of a three-month furlough for certain soldiers, seven AIF battalions were disbanded; consequently, members of these battalions mutinied. Soon after
6026-439: The AIF commenced operations with the Battle of the Somme , and more specifically with the Attack at Fromelles . Soon after, the 1st, 2nd and 4th Divisions became tied down in actions at the Battle of Pozières and Mouquet Farm . In around six weeks, the operations caused 28,000 Australian casualties. Due to these losses and pressure from the United Kingdom to maintain the AIF's manpower, Prime Minister Billy Hughes introduced
6157-401: The AIF landed at ANZAC Cove , which signaled the start of Australia's contribution to the campaign. Following little initial success, fighting quickly devolved into trench warfare, which precipitated a stalemate. On 15 December 1915, after eight months of fighting, the evacuation of Gallipoli commenced; it was completed 5 days later with no casualties recorded. After regrouping in Egypt, the AIF
6288-411: The Army had 28,387 permanent (regular) members and 20,742 reservists (part-time); all of whom are volunteers. As of June 2022, women made up 15.11% of the Army, with a target set for 18% 2025. Gender based restrictions for frontline combat or training roles were lifted in January 2013. Also as of June 2022, Indigenous Australians made up 3.7% of the Army. The ranks of the Australian Army are based on
6419-410: The Australian Army Dress Manual and are grouped into nine general categories, each ranging from ceremonial dress, to general duties dress, to battle dress (in addition there are a number of special categories specific to uniforms that are only worn when posted to specific locations, like ADFA or RMC-D), these are further divided into individual 'Dress Orders' denoted by alphabetical suffixes that detail
6550-488: The Australian Army increased its commitment again with the replacement of 1RAR with the 1st Australian Task Force , a force in which all nine battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment would serve. One of the heaviest actions of the war occurred in August 1966, with the Battle of Long Tan , wherein D Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (6RAR) successfully fended off an enemy force, estimated at 2,000 men, for four hours. In 1968, Australian forces defended against
6681-428: The Australian contingent joined the Third Battle of Ypres with the Battle of Menin Road , and continued on to fight in the Battle of Polygon Wood , which lasted until 3 October; in total, these tow operations cost roughly 11,000 in Australian casualties. Until 15 November 1917, multiple attacks at the Battle of Broodseinde Ridge and the Battle of Passchendaele occurred, but, failed to take their objectives following
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#17328510177696812-434: The Central Powers; thereby receiving declarations of war from the Allies of World War I in early November 1914. After initial recruitment and training, the AIF departed for Egypt where they underwent further preparations, and where the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) was formed. Their presence in Egypt was due to the planned Gallipoli campaign , an invasion of the Ottoman Empire via Gallipoli . On 25 April,
6943-494: The Chief of Army reversed a previous ban on berets as general duties headwear for all personnel except Special Forces personnel (SASR, CDO Regiments). Australian Multi-cam Camouflage Uniform is the camouflage pattern for Australian Army camouflage uniforms, and was introduced in 2014, replacing the Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform (DPCU) , and Disruptive Pattern Desert Uniform (DPDU) for all Australian Army orders of dress. The Army's operational headquarters, Forces Command,
7074-399: The General Conference of the Malaysian Methodist Church. Another church, Good Shepherd Church Lutong, also sits within the area. Lutong Beach is a beachfront located in front of the former Lutong Airfield. A botched effort at building a breakwater resulted in the numerous concrete pillars that protrude chaotically from the shorelines along the beach front. Piasau is a short drive away, and
7205-435: The Japanese being driven out of New Guinea entirely. In parallel with these defences, the Battle of Milne Bay was waged, and when the Japanese were repulsed, it was considered their first significant reversal for the war. In November 1942, the campaign ended after the Japanese withdrawal, with Australian advances leading to the Battle of Buna–Gona . In early 1943, the Salamaua–Lae campaign began, with operations against
7336-431: The Lutong Refinery became the second refinery in shell and the first in Malaysia to hold the record of holding no lost time injuries after ten years. The Lutong Refinery in Miri was shut down in June 2003, having been in operation since 1917 and having gone 17 years without a license to operate. Grace Methodist Church is a large membership organisation that is a component of the SCAC (Sarawak Chinese Annual Conference) under
7467-480: The Militia their nicknames of "koalas" and "chocos" or "chocolate soldiers". The Imperial Japanese Navy 's failure in the Battle of the Coral Sea , was the impetus for the Imperial Japanese Army to try to capture Port Moresby via the Owen Stanley Range . On 21 July 1942, the Japanese began the Kokoda Campaign after landing at Gona; attempts to defeat them by Australian battalions were met with eventual success. Resultant offensive operations concluded with
7598-405: The North Korean forces; the units came from the Australian contribution to BCOF. The 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3RAR) arrived in Pusan on 28 September 1950. Australian troop numbers would increase and continue to be deployed up until the armistice, with 3RAR being eventually joined by the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR). For a brief period, between 1951 and 1959,
7729-416: The Piasau bridge have a nice glimpse of the sea. It used to be the sole path that connected Brunei with Miri. The beach was more resilient to the weight of the cars that were traveling through it to get to both locations back then. In 2021, emergency construction to construct a 185 metres (607 ft) gabion wall was initiated as a temporary solution to prevent waves from Lutong Beach each from further damaging
7860-438: The Second World War. After the surrender of Japan, Australia provided a contingent to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) which included the 34th Brigade . The units that composed the brigade would eventually become the nucleus of the regular army, with the battalions and brigade being renumbered to reflect this change. Following the start of the Korean War , the Australian Army committed troops to fight against
7991-462: The Second World War. In October 1944, Australian participation in the Aitape–Wewak campaign began with the replacement of US forces at Aitape with the Australian 6th Division. US forces had previously captured the position, and had held it passively, though Australian command found this unsuitable. On 2 November 1944, the 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment was tasked with patrolling the area, wherein minor engagements were reported. In early December,
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#17328510177698122-426: The United States, is one of its largest businesses. Shell holds 44% of Raízen , a publicly-listed joint venture with Cosan , which is the third-largest Brazil -based energy company. In addition to the main Shell brand, the company also owns the Jiffy Lube , Pennzoil and Quaker State brands. Shell is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index and had a market capitalisation of US$ 199 billion on 15 September 2022,
8253-438: The airstrip began to receive commercial passenger planes. This continued until the runway at Miri Airport was constructed. Royal Dutch Shell constructed the first oil refinery in Sarawak in Tanjung Lobang, and then relocated it to Lutong. West Lutong discharged its first extract of foreign oil in 1968. The first refinery in Malaysia, Shell's Lutong Refinery, received MS-ISO 9002-1991 certification from SIRIM in 1993. In 1996,
8384-513: The airstrip on which they landed had also been abandonment by the Japanese a few months prior, when the Australians burst into Lutong on Wednesday morning. Allied bombs had damaged the hangar and the huts , but the field had fared better than the Labuan or Brunei strips , and it could be restored fast and simply. When the Australians arrived at Lutong, 135 Indian POWs, including Sikhs and Punjabis , were released. They were taken prisoner upon Singapore 's collapse and sent to Lutong to labor in
8515-454: The appointment of Jorma Ollila , chairman and CEO of Nokia at the time, to succeed Aad Jacobs as the company's non-executive chairman on 1 June 2006. Ollila is the first Shell chairman to be neither Dutch nor British. Other non-executive directors include Maarten van den Bergh , Wim Kok , Nina Henderson, Lord Kerr , Adelbert van Roxe, and Christine Morin-Postel. Since 3 January 2014, Ben van Beurden has been CEO of Shell. His predecessor
8646-422: The area continued, and all significant actions ceased by July. The Borneo campaign was a series of three distinct amphibious operations that were undertaken by the 7th and 9th Divisions. The campaign began with the Battle of Tarakan on 1 May 1945, followed six weeks later by the Battle of Labuan , and concluded with the Battle of Balikpapan . The purpose of capturing Tarakan was to establish airfields, and
8777-399: The armed forces: conscription was abolished and the economic effects of the Great Depression started to be felt in Australia. The economic ramifications of the depression led to decisions that decreased defence expenditure and manpower for the army. Since conscription was repealed, to reflect the new volunteer nature of the Citizens Forces , the CMF was renamed to the Militia. Following
8908-417: The battleplan of John Monash completed three minutes over the planned 90 minute operation. Following this success, the Battle of Amiens was launched on 8 August 1918, in conjunction with the Canadian Corps and the British III Corps , and concluded on 12 August 1918; General Erich Ludendorff described it as "the black day of the German Army". On 29 August 1918, following territorial advances and pursuits,
9039-480: The beach is reachable from the roadside. Having been frequently battered by powerful waves in 2022, the beach started to show signs of wear and tear. Sea debris and logs that were carried ashore by heavy waves at high tide during the previous several days are all over the beach and the adjacent regions, including the roadways. This Sarawak location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Australian Army The Australian Army
9170-400: The centenary of the Army, the Governor General Sir William Deane , presented the Army with a new Banner at a parade in front of the Australian War Memorial on 10 March 2001. The banner was presented to the Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A) , Warrant Officer Peter Rosemond. The Army Banner bears the Australian Coat of Arms on the obverse, with the dates "1901–2001" in gold in
9301-415: The coastline road near the Lutong Old Airport. In the Second World War, soldiers and equipment were transported over rivers using jetties equipped with ferries (operated by the 2/13th Battalion ). A Westland Hovercraft was seen skimming onto Lutong Beach. Since there were no concrete roads, the only way to go from Lutong to Kuala Belait was to take boats across the Baram and Belait rivers and utilise
9432-555: The commandos were sent inland to establish access to the Torricelli Range , while the 19th Brigade handled patrolling, consequently, the amount of fierce fighting and territory secured increased. Following this success, thought was given for the capture of Maprik and Wewak , though supply became a major issue in this period. On 10 February 1945, the campaign's major offensive was underway, which resulted in both falling in quick succession on 22 April 1945. Smaller operations to secure
9563-626: The company's environmental record, particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea. Despite support from the UK government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better. Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development , supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment. Shell
9694-564: The conflict began, and continued throughout, with the training and supply of Malaysian troops; Australian soldiers only saw combat during defensive operations. In January 1965, permission was granted for the deployment of 3RAR, with extensive operations conducted in Sarawak from March until their withdrawal in July 1965. The subsequent deployment of 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (4RAR), in April 1966,
9825-561: The consequent capture of the entire 8th Division as POWs , this concern only grew. These events hastened the relief of the Rats of Tobruk, while the other divisions were immediately recalled to reinforce New Guinea. General conscription was reintroduced, though service was again limited to Australian possessions, which caused tension between the AIF and Militia. This was in addition to the CMF's perceived inferior fighting ability, with these grievances earning
9956-406: The core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry , each business now seeks to be
10087-577: The corps attacked and captured more of the line. On 5 October 1918, after furious fighting, the Australian Corps was withdrawn from the front, as the entire corps had been operating continuously since 8 August 1918. They would not return to the battlefield, as Germany signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ultimately ended the war on the Western Front. The Australian mounted units, composed of
10218-446: The cost of a planned $ 28bn capital spending programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $ 2–3bn from the sale. In June 2010, Shell agreed to acquire all the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $ 4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields. Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and canceled
10349-554: The declaration of war on Nazi Germany and her allies by the United Kingdom , and the subsequent confirmation by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 3 September 1939, the Australian Army raised the Second Australian Imperial Force, a 20,000-strong volunteer expeditionary force, which initially consisted of the 6th Division ; later increased to include the 7th and 9th Divisions, alongside the 8th Division which
10480-416: The departure of the chairman Philip Watts . A lawsuit resulted in the payment of $ 450 million to non-American shareholders in 2007. As a result of the scandal, the corporate structure was simplified. Two classes of ordinary shares, A (code RDSA) and B (code RDSB), identical but for the tax treatment of dividends, were issued for the company. In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by
10611-617: The disbandment of the Australian Imperial Force. In 1921, CMF units were renumbered to that of the AIF, to perpetuate the honours and numerical identities of the units involved in WW1. During this period there was a complacency towards matters of defence, due to the devastating effects of the previous war on the Australian psyche. Following the election of Prime Minister James Scullin in 1929, two events occurred that substantially affected
10742-401: The division was renamed the 1st Australian Division. The 1st , 3rd and 7th Brigades were placed under the direct control of the division's headquarters. This reform aimed to improve the connections between the divisional headquarters and the brigades it commands during deployments. Forces Command controls for administrative purposes all non-combat assets of the Australian Army. Its focus
10873-557: The emissions of all the fossil fuels it sells, Shell was the ninth-largest corporate producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the period 1988–2015. Shell was formed in April 1907 through the merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company of the United Kingdom. The combined company rapidly became the leading competitor of the American Standard Oil and by 1920 Shell
11004-550: The end of 2013 when it was replaced by a training contingent operating under Operation Highroad until 2021. After the Gulf War the UN imposed heavy restrictions on Iraq to stop them producing any Weapon of mass destruction . In the early 21st century, the US accused Iraq of possessing these weapons, and requested that the UN invade the country in response, a motion which Australia supported. The UN denied this motion, however, it did not stop
11135-450: The entire west coast of Borneo , extending our reach 80 miles (130 km) below Brooketon on the tip of the Brunei , where they landed just 12 days ago. They have also cut off the enormously valuable oilfield of Seria and placed the Australians across the main Japanese line of retreat down the coast. The key to the main oil fields on the west coast was Lutong. After being processed there,
11266-424: The entrenched Japanese aimed towards recapturing the eponymous towns. This culminated in the capture of Lae, held by the 7th Division in early September 1943, from a successful combined amphibious landing at Lae and an airborne landing at Nadzab . The seaborne assault was notable as it was the first large–scale amphibious operation since Gallipoli. Subsequently, Salamaua was taken days later on 11 September 1943, by
11397-584: The firm operated as a dual-listed company , whereby the British and Dutch companies maintained their legal existence and separate listings but operated as a single-unit partnership. From 2005 to 2022, the company had its headquarters in The Hague, its registered office in London and had two types of shares (A and B). In January 2022, the firm merged the A and B shares, moved its headquarters to London, and changed its legal name to Shell plc . The Royal Dutch Shell Group
11528-607: The group's worldwide production destroyed. In 1919, Shell took control of the Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company and in 1921 formed Shell-Mex Limited, which marketed products under the "Shell" and "Eagle" brands in the United Kingdom. During the Genoa Conference of 1922 Royal Dutch Shell was in negotiations for a monopoly over Soviet oilfields in Baku and Grosny , although the leak of a draft treaty led to breakdown of
11659-604: The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990, a coalition of countries sponsored by the United Nations Security Council , of which Australia was a part, gave a deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait of the 15 January 1991. Iraq refused to retreat and thus full conflict and the Gulf War began two days later on 17 January 1991. In January 1993, the Australian Army deployed 26 personnel on an ongoing rotational basis to
11790-574: The island was taken seven weeks following the initial amphibious landing. On 10 June 1945, the operation at Labuan commenced, and was tasked to secure resources and a naval base, and would continue until Japan's surrender. On 1 July 1945, the Balikpapan engagement commenced, with all its major objectives being acquired by war's end; this operation remains the largest amphibious operation undertaken by Australian forces, with 33,000 Australian servicemen participating. On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, ending
11921-698: The largest deployment of the decade, the Army committed 151 troops to the Commonwealth Monitoring Force, which monitored the transition of Rhodesia to universal suffrage. A decade later in 1989, Australia deployed 300 army engineer personnel as the Australian contribution to the United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia . The mission helped transition the country to independence from South African control. Following
12052-530: The largest of any company listed on the LSE and the 44th-largest of any company in the world. By 2021 revenues, Shell is the second-largest investor-owned oil company in the world (after ExxonMobil ), the largest company headquartered in the United Kingdom, the second-largest company headquartered in Europe (after Volkswagen ), and the 15th largest company in the world. Until its unification in 2005 as Royal Dutch Shell plc ,
12183-510: The legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted , and his brother Samuel Samuel . Their father had owned an antique company in Houndsditch , London, which expanded in 1833 to import and sell seashells, after which the company "Shell" took its name. For various reasons, the new firm operated as a dual-listed company , whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence but operated as
12314-627: The oil from Seria was sent via sea lines to ships. The Japanese made every effort to further the development of Seria , which has the potential to be the largest field in the British Empire . They also made great efforts to maintain the Lutong refinery, which employed over 200 Indian POWs and an unknown number of Javanese as forced labor . Huge quantities of machinery and other equipment were also brought by them. The refinery had been completely destroyed by intense Allied bombing for several months, and
12445-559: The penetration of the Hindenburg Line, plans for the breakthrough of the main trench, with the Australian Corps as the vanguard, were completed. However, due to manpower issues, only the 3rd and 5th Divisions participated, with the American Expeditionary Forces ' 27th and 30th Divisions given as reinforcements. On 29 September, following a three day long bombardment, the Battle of the Hindenburg Line commenced, wherein
12576-552: The period 4 to 25 April 1918. After the cessation of offensives by the German Army , the Australian Corps began participating in " Peaceful penetration " operations, which were localised raids designed to harass and gain small tracts of territory; these proved so effective that several major operational objectives were captured. On 4 July 1918, the Battle of Hamel saw the first successful use of tanks alongside Australians, with
12707-455: The process of raising separate volunteer forces until the mid-20th century; this solution was not without its drawbacks, as it caused logistical dilemmas. After the declaration of war on the Central Powers , the Australian Army raised the all volunteer First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) which had an initial recruitment of 52,561 out of a promised 20,000 men. A smaller expeditionary force,
12838-552: The profits from 2021, and the highest profit in its entire history. In November 2024, Shell won a case in the Hague court of appeal against Friends of the Earth which would have required Shell to cut its carbon emissions by 45%, in line with the Paris climate accords . The key trends of Shell are (as at the financial year ending 31 December): On 4 August 2005, the board of directors announced
12969-495: The proposed plant's site. In January 2017, Shell agreed to sell £2.46bn worth of North Sea assets to oil exploration firm Chrysaor. In 2017, Shell sold its oil sands assets to Canadian Natural Resources in exchange of approximately 8.8% stake in that company. In May 2017, it was reported that Shell plans to sell its shares in Canadian Natural Resources fully exiting the oil sands business. On 5 November 2017,
13100-526: The ranks of the British Army , and carry mostly the same actual insignia . For officers the ranks are identical except for the shoulder title "Australia". The Non-Commissioned Officer insignia are the same up until Warrant Officer , where they are stylised for Australia (for example, using the Australian, rather than the British coat of arms). The ranks of the Australian Army are as follows: (or equivalent) The Australian Army uniforms are detailed in
13231-403: The refineries. They displayed symptoms of semi-starvation , maltreatment , and neglect spanning three years. and several were discovered by their patrols within the compound, so frail they were unable to leave. Drivers who wish to avoid the excessive traffic on the main routes have taken to using Lutong Beach Road. Additionally, and sporadically, vehicles on this route from Lutong to Miri across
13362-565: The request of the British government. The Defence Act 1903 , established the operation and command structure of the Australian Army. In 1911, the Universal Service Scheme was implemented, introducing conscription for the first time in Australia, with males aged 14–26 assigned into cadet and CMF units; though the scheme did not prescribe or allow overseas service outside the states and territories of Australia . This restriction would be primarily, and continually, bypassed through
13493-405: The revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves , it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the LSE, a secondary listing on Euronext Amsterdam , its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague , Netherlands and its registered office in London. The company
13624-426: The same period the previous year. On 30 September 2020, the company said that it would cut up to 9,000 jobs as a result of the economic effects caused by the pandemic and announced a "broad restructuring". In December 2020, Shell forecast another write-down of $ 3.5-4.5 billion for the fourth quarter due to lower oil prices, following $ 16.8 billion of impairment in the second quarter. In February 2021, Shell announced
13755-418: The same year, the commander of II Corps , Lieutenant-General Stanley Savige , began an offensive to retake the island with the 3rd Division alongside the 11th and 23rd Brigades. The campaign lasted until the Japanese surrender , with controversy surrounding its little apparent significance to the war's conclusion, and the number of casualties incurred; this was one of Australia's most costliest campaigns in
13886-522: The sandy beach. Lutong Airstrip is a remnant of the Japanese occupation of World War II , with them operating Nakajima Ki-43s on the airstrip. It was repeatedly bombed by allied forces during the Japanese occupation. It was later captured by the Australians to allow reconnaissance aircraft such as the Taylorcraft Austers , to land. After being restored and put into service in 1954, when Malayan Airways expanded its Borneo service air network,
14017-538: The single legal entity which exists today. On 15 November 2021, Royal Dutch Shell plc announced plans to change its name to Shell plc. Shell is organised into four major business groupings: Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing established
14148-411: The six, disbanded and separate, colonial military forces' land components. Due to the Army being continuation of the colonial armies, it became immediately embroiled in conflict as contingents had been committed to fight for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the Second Boer War . The Army gained command of these contingents and even supplied federal units to reinforce their commitment at
14279-424: The specific items of clothing, embellishment and accoutrements, i.e. Dress Order No. 1A - 'Ceremonial Parade Service Dress', Dress Order No. 2G - 'General Duty Office Dress', Dress Order No 4C 'Combat Dress ( AMCU )' . The slouch hat or beret are the regular service and general duties hat, while the field hat , or combat helmet is for use in the field while training, on exercise, or on operations. In December 2013
14410-426: The spill, but an Argentine court ruled in 2002 that the corporation was responsible. In 2002, Shell acquired Pennzoil-Quaker State through its American division for $ 22 USD per share, or about $ 1.8 billion USD. Through its acquisition of Pennzoil, Shell became a descendant of Standard Oil . With its acquisition, Shell inherited multiple auto part brands including Jiffy Lube , Rain-X , and Fix-a-Flat . The company
14541-512: The start of the rain and subsequent muddying of the fields. On 21 March 1918, the Germans attempted a breakout through the Michael Offensive , which was part of the much larger German spring offensive ; the AIF suffered 15,000 casualties due to this effort. During this operation, Australian troops conducted a series of local defences and offensives to hold and retake Villers–Brettoneux over
14672-572: The state owned CAMMESA (Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico). On 30 April 2020, Shell announced that it would cut its dividend for the first time since the Second World War , due to the oil price collapse following the reduction in oil demand during the COVID-19 pandemic . Shell stated that their net income adjusted for the cost of supply dropped to US$ 2.9 billion in three months to 31 March. This compared with US$ 5.3 billion in
14803-568: The talks. In 1929, Shell Chemicals was founded. By the end of the 1920s, Shell was the world's leading oil company, producing 11 percent of the world's crude oil supply and owning 10 percent of its tanker tonnage. During the Spanish Civil War the company sold oil to the Nationalist side of Francisco Franco . Located in the north bank of the River Thames in London, Shell Mex House
14934-582: The time of their deployment. All three original Royal Australian Regiment battalions would complete at least one tour before the end of operations. In August 1963, Australia ended deployments to Malaya, three years after the emergency's official end. In 1962, the Borneo Confrontation began, due to Indonesia's opposition to the formation of Malaysia . It was an undeclared war that entailed a series of border conflicts between Indonesian-backed forces and British–Malaysian allies. Initial Australian support in
15065-473: The upper hoist. The reverse bears the Rising Sun badge of the Australian Army, flanked by seven campaign honours on small gold-edged scrolls: South Africa , World War I , World War II , Korea , Malaya-Borneo , South Vietnam , and Peacekeeping. The banner is trimmed with gold fringe, has gold and crimson cords and tassels, and is mounted on a pike with the usual British royal crest finial. As of June 2022
15196-780: The value of World War II military production contracts. The 1930s saw Shell's Mexican assets seized by the local government. After the invasion of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany in 1940, the head office of the Dutch companies was moved to Curaçao . In 1945, Shell's Danish headquarters in Copenhagen , at the time being used by the Gestapo , was bombed by Royal Air Force De Havilland Mosquitoes in Operation Carthage . In 1937, Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 23.75 percent owned by Royal Dutch Shell plc, signed an oil concession agreement with
15327-504: Was Peter Voser who became CEO of Shell on 1 July 2009. Following a career at the corporation, in locations such as Australia and Africa, Ann Pickard was appointed as the executive vice president of the Arctic at Royal Dutch Shell, a role that was publicized in an interview with McKinsey & Company in June 2014. In January 2023, Wael Sawan succeeded Ben van Beurden as CEO. The name Shell
15458-547: Was already incorporated in 2002 as Forthdeal Limited , a shelf corporation incorporated by Swift Incorporations Limited and Instant Companies Limited, both based in Bristol. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, whereas, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from
15589-442: Was augmented with the reintroduction of conscription , which was based on a 'birthday ballot' selection process for all registered 20-year-old males. These men were required to register, unless they gave a legitimate reason for their exemption, else they faced penalties. This scheme would prove to be one of the most controversial implementations of conscription in Australia, with large protests against its adoption. In March 1966,
15720-467: Was awarded to a consortium led by ExxonMobil (60%) and included Shell (15%). In February 2010, Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture, Raízen , comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses. In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet
15851-482: Was completed in 1931, and was the head office for Shell's marketing activity worldwide. In 1932, partly in response to the difficult economic conditions of the Great Depression , Shell-Mex merged its UK marketing operations with those of BP (British Petroleum) to create Shell-Mex & BP , a company that traded until the brands separated in 1975. Royal Dutch Company ranked 79th among United States corporations in
15982-696: Was concluded with the release of the Brereton Report . The report identified 25 ADF personnel that were involved directly or indirectly in the murder of 39 civilians and prisoners, with 19 referred to the Australian Federal Police to be criminally investigated. A 'warrior culture' in the SAS was specifically criticised with investigators 'frustrated by outright deceit by those who knew the truth and, not infrequently, misguided resistance to inquiries and investigations by their superiors'. Beginning 1 July 2023,
16113-767: Was created in April 1907 through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company ( Dutch : Koninklijke Nederlandse Petroleum Maatschappij ) of the Netherlands and the Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited of the United Kingdom . It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil . The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Pangkalan Brandan , North Sumatra , and initially led by August Kessler , Hugo Loudon, and Henri Deterding . The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of
16244-576: Was initially composed almost completely of part-time soldiers, where the vast majority were in units of the Citizens Military Force (CMF or Militia) (1901–1980) during peacetime, with limits set on the regular Army. Since all reservists were barred from forcibly serving overseas, volunteer expeditionary forces ( 1st AIF , ANMEF , 2nd AIF ) were formed to enable the Army to send large numbers of soldiers to serve overseas during periods of war. This period lasted from federation until post-1947, when
16375-462: Was less intensive, with the battalion withdrawn in August. This is not to mention the efforts of several other corps and units in the conflict. The Australian Army commenced its involvement in the Vietnam War by sending military advisors in 1962, which was then increased by sending in combat troops, specifically 1RAR, on 27 May 1965. Just before the official start of hostilities, the Australian Army
16506-483: Was notably late in its acquisition as seen by journalists, with Shell seen as streamlining its assets around the same time of other major mergers and acquisitions in the industry, such as BP 's purchase of Amoco and the merger of Exxon and Mobil . In 2004, Shell overstated its oil reserves, resulting in loss of confidence in the group, a £17 million fine by the Financial Services Authority and
16637-745: Was registered in the Companies House on 21 January 2022. In December 2021, Shell pulled out of the Cambo oil field , off the Shetland Islands, claiming that "the economic case for investment in this project is not strong enough at this time, as well as having the potential for delays". The proposed oilfield had been the subject of intense campaigning by environmentalists in the run-up to the COP26 UN climate summit in Glasgow in November 2021. On 4 March 2022, during
16768-555: Was sent to Singapore . In October 1939, compulsory military training recommenced for unmarried men aged 21, who had to complete three months of training. The 2nd AIF commenced its first operations in North Africa with Operation Compass , that began with the Battle of Bardia . This was followed by supplying Australian units to defend against the Axis in the Battle of Greece . After the evacuation of Greece, Australian troops took part in
16899-906: Was split into two groups and further expanded with reinforcements. This division would see a majority of the Australian Light Horse fight the Ottomans in Arabia and the Levant , whereas the rest of the AIF would go to the Western Front . The AIF arrived in France with the 1st , 2nd , 4th and 5th Divisions; which comprised, in part, I ANZAC Corps and, in full, II ANZAC Corps . The 3rd Division would not arrive until November 1916, as it underwent training in England after its transfer from Australia. In July 1916,
17030-490: Was subsequently criticised by the European Commission and five European Union members after deciding to leave part of its decommissioned oil rigs standing in the North Sea. Shell argued that removing them would be too costly and risky. Germany said that the estimated 11,000 tonnes of raw oil and toxins remaining in the rigs would eventually seep into the sea, and called it a 'ticking timebomb'. On 15 January 1999, off
17161-587: Was the largest producer of oil in the world. Shell first entered the chemicals industry in 1929. Shell was one of the " Seven Sisters " which dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s. In 1964, Shell was a partner in the world's first commercial sea transportation of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In 1970, Shell acquired the mining company Billiton , which it subsequently sold in 1994 and now forms part of BHP . In recent decades gas has become an increasingly important part of Shell's business and Shell acquired BG Group in 2016. Shell
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