57-413: Lupane may refer to: Lupane District , Zimbabwe Lupane State University Lupane (compound) (a type of triterpene compounds) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lupane . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
114-622: A Prime Minister by modern-day political language, Mhlanga was an aid de camp. Lupane residents participated in the Liberation War that lead to Zimbabwe Independence, April 1980, from white minority rule through the Political Party ZAPU of ZIPRA Liberation Armed Forces wing from 1960s. The area being a stronghold of ZAPU was not spared from Gukurahundi disturbances that occurred in the Matabeleland and Midlands areas in mid 1980s. In
171-551: A Zimbabwean playwright, actor and theatre director 18°56′S 27°46′E / 18.933°S 27.767°E / -18.933; 27.767 Coal Bed Methane Coalbed methane ( CBM or coal-bed methane ), coalbed gas , or coal seam gas ( CSG ) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal beds. In recent decades it has become an important source of energy in United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries. The term refers to methane absorbed into
228-437: A few percent carbon dioxide . Coalbed methane is generally formed due to thermal maturation of kerogen and organic matter, in contrast to coal seams with regular groundwater recharge where methane is typically generated by microbial communities living in situ . Coalbed methane grew out of venting methane from coal seams. Some coal beds have long been known to be "gassy," and as a safety measure, boreholes were drilled into
285-640: A field development plan approved. With the completion of the drilling of 23 vertical production wells by GEECL, coalbed methane became commercially available in India on 14 July 2007 with CNG priced at ₹30 per kg. Initially 90% of the CBM would be distributed as CNG gas to fuel vehicles. GEECL is responsible for Southeast Asia's first CBM station and is also locating one in the West Bengal city of Asansol . Prashant Modi, President and Chief Operating Officer of GEECL, said, "With
342-522: A number of unconventional gas sources, including coalbed methane. Coalbed methane was exempted from federal price controls, and was also given a federal tax credit. In Australia, commercial extraction of coal seam gas began in 1996 in the Bowen Basin of Queensland . Gas contained in coal bed methane is mainly methane and trace quantities of ethane , nitrogen , carbon dioxide and few other gases. Intrinsic properties of coal as found in nature determine
399-559: A resource of over 370,000,000 cubic kilometres (13,000,000 × 10 ^ cu ft) is thought to exist with a purity of 95% methane . Lupane town is the main centre for the district and is the location of the Matebeleland North government head offices. Tourist passing through the Lupane Town may be in transit from Bulawayo to Victoria Falls and Hwange or vice versa. Marketing of area may need to be spruced up to harness tourism in
456-471: A source of income. Goat and sheep farming are practised to provide sources of food. Poultry farming is more into the chicken and to some extent, few small scale farmers breed turkey, goose, ducks and pigeons. Cattle and on rare occasions other livestock find their way into the nearest town, Bulawayo, for selling. Lupane is home to indigenous hardwoods harvested and used around the country and exports. The region has been explored for Coal Bed Methane (CBM) and
513-509: A subject of discussion by scholars citing contributory factor to poor performance. The central location of Lupane in the Matabeleland North Province played to the advantage of being the choice of a Provincial Capital. The road networks mainly managed by ZINARA and Kusile Rural District Council through District Development Fund (DDF) , is the main mode of transport for people and goods, as the area has no sea or rail system within
570-536: Is affordable by many albeit the higher cost of smartphones that one has to overcome. The Table below shows a summary of Lupane population up to last census, year 2012, the growth rate from previous census was low due to migration. The area is not highly developed and with fewer opportunities available, people move to other urban areas mainly Bulawayo, and neighboring countries such as South Africa and Botswana. Cont Mhlanga – Founder of AmaKhosi Theatre in Bulawayo and
627-673: Is also the Provincial Capital. The District is situated at an elevation of 976 m with a population of 107,000 inhabitants by 2022. Lupane Town is the main center of the district located 172 km from Bulawayo along the A8 Victoria Falls Road . The Government Provincial Administrative offices are located at the Town Centre. A new university near the Town has been established under the name Lupane State University , which caters for
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#1732852616869684-410: Is because of shrinking of coal, when methane is released from its matrix, which results in opening up of fractures and increased permeability. It is also believed that due to shrinkage of coal matrix at lower reservoir pressures, there is a loss of horizontal stress in the reservoir which induces in-situ failure of coal. Such a failure has been attributed to sudden decrease in the fracture permeability of
741-486: Is considered a non-renewable resource , although the Alberta Research Council , Alberta Geological Survey and others have argued coalbed methane is a renewable resource because the bacterial action that formed the methane is ongoing. This is subject to debate since it has also been shown that the dewatering that accompanies CBM production destroys the conditions needed for the bacteria to produce methane and
798-456: Is estimated to have approximately 90 trillion cubic feet (2.5 trillion cubic metres) of coalbed gas. Alberta , in 2013, was the only province with commercial coalbed methane wells and is estimated to have approximately 170 trillion cubic feet (4.8 trillion cubic metres) of economically recoverable coalbed methane, with overall reserves totaling up to 500 trillion cubic feet (14 trillion cubic metres). Coalbed methane
855-402: Is in a near-liquid state, lining the inside of pores within the coal (called the matrix). The open fractures in the coal (called the cleats) can also contain free gas or can be saturated with water. Unlike much natural gas from conventional reservoirs, coalbed methane contains very little heavier hydrocarbons such as propane or butane , and no natural-gas condensate . It often contains up to
912-493: Is largely untested. Some methane is extracted by coal mine venting operations, and burned to generate electricity. Assessment by private industry of coalbed methane wells independent of mining began in 2008, when 55 onshore exploration licences were issued, covering 7,000 square kilometers of potential coalbed methane areas. IGas Energy became the first in the UK to commercially extract coalbed methane separate from mine venting; as of 2012,
969-495: Is saline or otherwise undesirable. Water from coalbed methane wells in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming, US, commonly meets federal drinking water standards, and is widely used in the area to water livestock. Its use for irrigation is limited by its relatively high sodium adsorption ratio . Depending on aquifer connectivity, water withdrawal may depress aquifers over a large area and affect groundwater flows. In Australia,
1026-424: Is seen as being lower due to the rural location of schools offering challenges to learners who travel longer distances and the under equipment of schools. There are 105 primary schools scattered around Lupane district, offering ZIMSEC Grade 7 Examinations, entrance to Form 1 at secondary schools. The issue of non-Ndebele Teachers teaching at Primary Schools, predominately Lupane being a Ndebele speaking region has been
1083-461: Is similar to a standard gas well. The methane desorption process follows a curve (of gas content vs. reservoir pressure) called a Langmuir isotherm . The isotherm can be analytically described by a maximum gas content (at infinite pressure), and the pressure at which half that gas exists within the coal. These parameters (called the Langmuir volume and Langmuir pressure, respectively) are properties of
1140-616: Is utilised in some areas particularly ARDA Estate in Jotsholo drawing water from nearby Shangani River Dam. Tshongogwe area practice irrigation crop farming and supplies produce to Jotsholo and Lupane. Crops cultivated include millet, sorghum, sugar cane, cotton and corn or maize and vegetables. Small scale farming in Lupane and villages in the area own cattle as a symbol for wealth, for transport and crop farming using animal drawn ploughs. Cattle also provide milk used to supplement food and for re-sale as
1197-490: The TelOne offers landline connections. The reception in the Town area is very good, but this dwindles as remote areas are approached. The cost of using a cellphone is high for poor people in the area and many cannot afford, however, this has been a great opportunity for many who receive calls from diaspora friends and families who provide remittances back home. all networks offer data and provide data based messaging WhatsApp which
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#17328526168691254-536: The 2000s, there have been cases of clashes of ever changing political stronghold landscape of MDC , with ZANU-PF . The Lupane State University was built in 2005, a notable feature to the modern history of Lupane together with the Bubi-Lupane Dam in 2010 on the Bubi River to supply water to Lupane District. A water treatment plant is also being built. Lupane is home to Lupane State University , located within
1311-652: The CBM industry estimates extraction of 126,000 million litres (3.3 × 10 US gallons) to 280,000 million litres (7.4 × 10 US gallons) of groundwater per year; while the National Water Commission estimates extraction above 300,000 million litres (7.9 × 10 US gallons) a year. In 2012, the Aspen Skiing Company built a 3-megawatt methane-to-electricity plant in Somerset, Colorado at Oxbow Carbon's Elk Creek Mine. Coal Seam Gas resources are in
1368-538: The Igas coalbed methane wells at Doe Green, extracting gas for electrical generation, were the only commercial CBM wells in the UK. The use of CBM (in GWh) for electricity generation in the UK is as shown. United States coalbed methane production in 2017 was 1.76 trillion cubic feet (TCF), 3.6 percent of all US dry gas production that year. The 2017 production was down from the peak of 1.97 TCF in 2008. Most CBM production came from
1425-449: The Lupane Town. Recently built dam and farming activities can be used to attract tourism. There are heritage sites that are probably not harnessed to attract tourist, the area where Lobengula disappeared. Although Lupane history has not been properly documented, the area is thought to have been occupied by the Tonga people who were pushed further up Northwards to present day Binga District by
1482-639: The Registry Offices were constructed after Lupane was declared provincial capital to serve the Province the Lupane State University rounds up a series of new complexes. The Town is fast expanding with Kusile Rural District Council and Lupane Local Board of new homesteads, low middle and high density suburbs, catering for low middle and high income people. Lupane has three mobile network communication receptions for Econet , Net*One and Telecel , and
1539-524: The Rocky Mountain states of Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico. Kazakhstan could witness the development of a large coalbed methane (CBM) sector over the coming decades, according to industry professionals. Preliminary research suggests there may be as much as 900 billion m3 of gas in Kazakhstan's main coalfields – 85% of all reserves in Kazakhstan. Great Eastern Energy (GEECL) was the first company with
1596-451: The US. Most of the gas in coal beds is in the adsorbed form. When the reservoir is put into production, water in the fracture spaces is pumped off first. This leads to a reduction of pressure enhancing desorption of gas from the matrix. Fracture permeability acts as the major channel for the gas to flow. The higher the permeability, the higher the gas production. For most coal seams found in the US,
1653-506: The United States, methane escaping from coal during mining amounts to seven percent of total methane emissions . Recovery of coal mine methane in advance of mining is seen as a major opportunity to reduce methane emissions. Companies like CNX Resources have methane abatement programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from active and closed mines. CBM wells are connected by a network of roads, pipelines, and compressor stations. Over time, wells may be spaced more closely in order to extract
1710-401: The amount of gas that can be recovered. Coalbed methane reservoirs are considered as a dual-porosity reservoirs. Dual porosity reservoirs are reservoirs in which porosity related to cleats (natural fractures) are responsible for flow behavior and reservoir porosity of the matrix is responsible for the storage of gas. The porosity of a coalbed methane reservoir can vary from 10%-20%; However,
1767-539: The arrival of King Mzilikazi during the establishment of the Ndebele Kingdom in Matabeleland. To this present day, the area is predominantly Ndebele speaking people, who were also ruled by King Lobengula after taking over from Mzilikazi. Two of Lobengula's counsellors, Magwegwe Fuyana and Mhlanga were buried in Lupane, Pupu area near Shangani River. Magwegwe Fuyane was the last of Lobengula's Kingdom equivalent to
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1824-486: The cleat porosity of the reservoir is estimated to be in the range of 0.1%-1% Adsorption capacity of coal is defined as the volume of gas adsorbed per unit mass of coal usually expressed in SCF ( standard cubic feet , the volume at standard pressure and temperature conditions) gas/ton of coal. The capacity to adsorb depends on the rank and quality of coal. The range is usually between 100 and 800 SCF/ton for most coal seams found in
1881-457: The coal seam. A high cleat density is required for profitable exploitation of CBM. Also important is the maceral composition: maceral is a microscopic, homogeneous, petrographic entity of a corresponding sedimentary rock. A high vitrinite composition is ideal for CBM extraction, while inertinite hampers the same. The rank of coal has also been linked to CBM content: a vitrinite reflectance of 0.8–1.5% has been found to imply higher productivity of
1938-511: The coal, and vary widely. A coal in Alabama and a coal in Colorado may have radically different Langmuir parameters, despite otherwise similar coal properties. As production occurs from a coal reservoir, the changes in pressure are believed to cause changes in the porosity and permeability of the coal. This is commonly known as matrix shrinkage/swelling. As the gas is desorbed, the pressure exerted by
1995-438: The coalbed. The gas composition must be considered, because natural gas appliances are designed for gas with a heating value of about 1,000 BTU ( British thermal units ) per cubic foot, or nearly pure methane. If the gas contains more than a few percent non-flammable gases such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide , either these will have to be removed or it will have to be blended with higher-BTU gas to achieve pipeline quality . If
2052-502: The effect on global warming per unit of mass than CO 2. over 20 years, reducing to 25 times over 100 years and 7.5 times over 500 years. Analysis of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources indicates that generating electricity from CBM, as with conventional natural gas, has less than half the greenhouse gas effect of coal. Multiple Australian studies have indicated the long term negative environmental effects of coal seam gas extraction, both locally and globally. In
2109-454: The formation geology. Coalbed methane wells often produce at lower gas rates than conventional reservoirs, typically peaking at near 300,000 cubic feet (8,500 m ) per day (about 0.100 m³/s), and can have large initial costs. The production profiles of CBM wells are typically characterized by a " negative decline " in which the gas production rate initially increases as the water is pumped off and gas begins to desorb and flow. A dry CBM well
2166-492: The formation's thickness, probably due to other factors of the area's geology. The pressure difference between the well block and the sand face should be as high as possible as is the case with any producing reservoir in general. Other affecting parameters include coal density, initial gas-phase concentration, critical gas saturation, irreducible water saturation, relative permeability to water and gas at conditions of Sw = 1.0 and Sg = 1-Sw irreducible respectively. To extract
2223-460: The gas inside the pores decreases, causing them to shrink in size and restricting gas flow through the coal. As the pores shrink, the overall matrix shrinks as well, which may eventually increase the space the gas can travel through (the cleats), increasing gas flow. The potential of a particular coalbed as a CBM source depends on the following criteria. Cleat density/intensity: cleats are joints confined within coal sheets. They impart permeability to
2280-627: The gas, a steel-encased hole is drilled into the coal seam 100 to 1,500 metres (330 to 4,920 ft) below ground. As the pressure within the coal seam declines due to natural production or the pumping of water from the coalbed, both gas and produced water come to the surface through tubing. Then the gas is sent to a compressor station and into natural gas pipelines. The produced water is either reinjected into isolated formations, released into streams, used for irrigation, or sent to evaporation ponds. The water typically contains dissolved solids such as sodium bicarbonate and chloride but varies depending on
2337-504: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupane&oldid=1043663952 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lupane District Lupane ( luːpɑːnɛ ) District is located in the Matabeleland North Province of Zimbabwe , and it
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2394-531: The location in the country. Rains in the Lupane District are generally low, but peak in summertime driven by the ITCZ and winter periods are dry. The summer time is hot with daily temperatures reaching a maximum of 40 C, whilst winters are mild reaching daily minimum temperatures below 10 C. Lupane Town is located on the flatlands of Matabeleland North province, as evidenced by straight railway line passing through
2451-602: The major coal basins in Queensland and New South Wales, with further potential resources in South Australia. Commercial recovery of coal seam gas (CSG) began in Australia in 1996. As of 2014, coal seam gas, from Queensland and New South Wales, made up about ten percent of Australia's gas production. Demonstrated reserves were estimated to be 33 trillion cubic feet (35 905 petajoules) as of January 2014. In Canada, British Columbia
2508-424: The methane composition of the coalbed gas is less than 92%, it may not be commercially marketable. As with all carbon-based fossil fuels, burning coalbed methane releases carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere. Its effect as greenhouse gas was first analyzed by chemist and physicist Svante Arrhenius . CBM production also entails leaks of fugitive methane into the atmosphere. Methane is rated as having 72 times
2565-426: The other side is connected via Fitting road. Local people in the rural areas utilise donkey or ox driven cart as a mode of transport for crop produce or accessing service centres. A small aerodrome is available in the town area for mainly high profiled people and politicians or investors who come to visit the area for game activities or mineral surveys. Most buildings in Lupane notably Government Complex, Hospital and
2622-478: The permeability lies in the range of 0.1–50 milliDarcys. The permeability of fractured reservoirs changes with the stress applied to them. Coal displays a stress-sensitive permeability and this process plays an important role during stimulation and production operations . Fracture permeability in Coalbed methane reservoir tends to increase with depletion of gas; in contrast to conventional reservoirs. This unique behavior
2679-537: The rate of formation of additional methane is undetermined. This debate is currently causing a right of ownership issue in the Canadian province of Alberta , as only non-renewable resources can legally be owned by the province. Although gas in place in Britain's coal fields has been estimated to be 2,900 billion cubic meters, it may be that as little as one percent might be economically recoverable. Britain's CBM potential
2736-401: The region and beyond. The word Lupane is thought to be a Kalanga or Lozwi word. Lupane is a rural semi-arid area with a growing population and some infrastructural expansion due to status of being accorded the capital of the province under government devolution. The area falls under Savannah climate with four seasons, the altitude rainfall patterns favours woodlands and grasslands depending on
2793-520: The remaining methane. The produced water brought to the surface as a byproduct of gas extraction varies greatly in quality from area to area, but may contain undesirable concentrations of dissolved substances such as salts , naturally present chemicals, heavy metals and radionuclides . In many producing regions the water is treated, such as through a Reverse Osmosis plant and used beneficially for irrigation, water for livestock, urban and industrial uses, or dust suppression. In 2012 Eastern Star Gas
2850-595: The reservoir The thickness of the formation may not be directly proportional to the volume of gas produced in some areas. For example, it has been observed in the Cherokee Basin in Southeast Kansas that a well with a single zone of 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 m) of pay can produce excellent gas rates, whereas an alternative formation with twice the thickness can produce next to nothing. Some coal (and shale) formations may have high gas concentrations regardless of
2907-426: The seams from the surface, and the methane allowed to vent before mining. Coalbed methane as a natural-gas resource received a major push from the US federal government in the late 1970s. Federal price controls were discouraging natural gas drilling by keeping natural gas prices below market levels; at the same time, the government wanted to encourage more gas production. The US Department of Energy funded research into
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#17328526168692964-408: The solid matrix of the coal. It is called 'sweet gas' because of its lack of hydrogen sulfide . The presence of this gas is well known from its occurrence in underground coal mining, where it presents a serious safety risk . Coalbed methane is distinct from a typical sandstone or other conventional gas reservoir, as the methane is stored within the coal by a process called adsorption . The methane
3021-551: The vicinity of its town. The main road passing through Lupane Town is the A8 , popularly called the Victoria Falls road, connecting Umguza District from Bulawayo Province side to Hwange District and Victoria Falls , a gateway to the neighbouring country Zambia . Other roads are yet to be tarred an indication of underdevelopment of the district. Tsholotsho District is connected by the road passing through Sipepa and Nkayi District on
3078-465: The vicinity of the town along the A8 , the Victoria Falls road. Fatima High School has been in a long time offering Advanced Level, the government in recent times established Advanced Level in Secondary schools to improve tertiary education enrolment within the region and beyond. The notable Secondary schools to benefit were Mabhikwa, Sibambene, Amandlethu and Zwangendaba High Schools. Some schools within
3135-436: The vicinity regions have also utilised the establishment of Advanced Level facilities that may be seen as a benefit to improved enrolment at Lupane State University. Regina Mundi Mission Secondary School located at Gwayi Siding train station has been rated one of the best schools in producing Ordinary Level graduates. There are 29 Secondary Schools in Lupane offering ZIMSEC Ordinary Level School leaving certificates. The pass rate
3192-502: The western side from Nyamandlovu to Dete. There are three big rivers passing through Lupane district, Gwayi river is on the western side and Shangani river is on the eastern side, both flow northwards and merge at Gwai Shangani Dam northwards towards Zambezi river. The third river passing through Lupane Town, Bubi river a feeder river to Lupane Dam situated next to Lupane State University. Lupane community practice subsistence farming and rely on seasonal rainfall for watering crops. Irrigation
3249-561: Was fined for "discharging polluting water containing high levels of salt into Bohena Creek" in the Pilliga Scrub. There were "16 spills or leaks of contaminated water" including "serious spills of saline water into woodland and a creek." In 2012, a NSW Legislative Council inquiry criticised the use of open holding ponds, recommending that "the NSW Government ban the open storage of produced water." Not all coalbed methane produced water
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