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85-577: The city lies on Lake Lugano , at its largest width, and, together with the adjacent town of Paradiso , occupies the entire bay of Lugano. The territory of the municipality encompasses a much larger region on both sides of the lake, with numerous isolated villages. The region of Lugano is surrounded by the Lugano Prealps , the latter extending on most of the Sottoceneri region, the southernmost part of Ticino and Switzerland. Both western and eastern parts of

170-424: A seigneur or "lord", 12th century), which gives rise to the expression "seigneurial system" to describe feudalism. Originally, vassalage did not imply the giving or receiving of landholdings (which were granted only as a reward for loyalty), but by the 8th century the giving of a landholding was becoming standard. The granting of a landholding to a vassal did not relinquish the lord's property rights, but only

255-610: A Seigneur or Dame that owns the fief. The Guernsey fiefs and seigneurs existed long before baronies, and are historically part of Normandy . While nobility has been outlawed in France and Germany, noble fiefs still exist by law in Guernsey. The owners of the fiefs actually convene each year at the Court of Chief Pleas under the supervision of His Majesty's Government. There are approximately 24 private fiefs in Guernsey that are registered directly with

340-544: A crescent around the bay between the Brè (925 m [3,035 ft]) and the San Salvatore (912 m [2,992 ft]) mountains. Because of the historical development of the city, incorporating some relatively distant suburbs but leaving other, nearer, suburbs as independent municipalities, the borders of the city are disparate. A large and sparsely populated section of the city is on the east bank of Lake Lugano and separated from

425-534: A doubling of the population to 52,059 in 2006, of which over a third were foreigners. In 2013 the municipalities of Bogno , Cadro , Carona , Certara , Cimadera , Sonvico and Val Colla were incorporated into the municipality. Following the Second World War , and particularly during the 1960s and 70s, thanks to an abundant flow of capital from nearby Italy, Lugano experienced a period of exponential growth in banking activities which led to it placing itself as

510-485: A land grant in exchange for service continued to be called a beneficium (Latin). Later, the term feudum , or feodum , began to replace beneficium in the documents. The first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive forms were seen up to one hundred years earlier. The origin of the feudum and why it replaced beneficium has not been well established, but there are multiple theories, described below. The most widely held theory

595-548: A maximum width of about 3 km (1.9 mi) at the bay of Lugano. A maximum depth of 288 m (945 ft) is found in the northern basin. The culminating point of the lake's drainage basin is the Pizzo di Gino summit in the Lugano Prealps (2,245 m; 7,365 ft). Bathing in the lake is allowed at any of the 50 or so bathing establishments located along the Swiss shores. The Italian exclave of Campione d'Italia and parts of

680-514: A political body governing the shores of the lake is from 818. Occupying an area of strategic importance, the lake was then part of the feudal dominion of the County of Sperio. Circa 1000, it came under the control of the Bishop of Como . The region was the site of the war between Como and Milan over control of Alpine traffic from 1218 to 1227. As the lake and its shores became progressively incorporated into

765-567: A single snowfall doesn't leave more than 50cm on the ground. Heavier snowfalls or blizzards are possibile but not very common. The highest temperature recorded in Lugano is 38.0 °C (100.4 °F), recorded in July 1945, with the lowest temperature recorded being −20.4 °C (−4.7 °F), recorded in February 1929. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, a cross throughout argent, between

850-540: A standard feudal system, nor did there exist only one type of fief. Over the ages, depending on the region, there was a broad variety of customs using the same basic legal principles in many variations. In ancient Rome, a " benefice " (from the Latin noun beneficium , meaning "benefit") was a gift of land ( precaria ) for life as a reward for services rendered, originally, to the state. In medieval Latin European documents,

935-448: Is 6,459 people or 11.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 4,947 people or 9.0% are between 70 and 79, and there are 3,481 people or 6.3% who are over 80. Lake Lugano Lake Lugano ( Italian : Lago di Lugano or Ceresio , from Latin : Ceresius lacus ; Lombard : Lagh de Lugan ) is a glacial lake which is situated on the border between southern Switzerland and northern Italy . The lake, named after

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1020-567: Is May during which Lugano receives an average of 196 mm (7.7 in) of rain, while the driest month of the year is February with an average of 52 mm (2.0 in) of precipitation over 4.6 days. Located on a plain in southern Switzerland and protected by the Alps and lakes , the climate is one of the mildest in the country, typical of the Italian Lakes in the Insubrian region. In addition,

1105-437: Is first attested around 1250–1300 (Middle English); the word "fief" from around 1605–1615. In French, the term fief is found from the middle of the 13th century (Old French), derived from the 11th-century terms feu , fie . The odd appearance of the second f in the form fief may be due to influence from the verb fiever 'to grant in fee'. In French, one also finds seigneurie (land and rights possessed by

1190-403: Is forested. Of the rest of the land, 4.48 km (1.73 sq mi) or 14.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.04 km (9.9 acres) or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.12 km (30 acres) or 0.4% is unproductive land. Of the built-up area, housing and buildings made up 9.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.0%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.2%. Out of

1275-609: Is full of fish. Apart from a few protected areas, such as the mouth of the River Cuccio in Porlezza , fishing is allowed anywhere, although according to various regulations. Protected species are the bleak and the white clawed crayfish ( Austropotamobius pallipes ). The bleak is almost extinct here, unlike in Lago Maggiore, and planning is under way for the controlled repopulation of the lake, particularly around Ponte Tresa . In 1895

1360-549: Is put forth by Marc Bloch that it is related to the Frankish term *fehu-ôd , in which *fehu means "cattle" and -ôd means "goods", implying "a moveable object of value". When land replaced currency as the primary store of value , the Germanic word *fehu-ôd replaced the Latin word beneficium . This Germanic origin theory was also shared by William Stubbs in the 19th century. A theory put forward by Archibald R. Lewis

1445-508: Is that the origin of 'fief' is not feudum (or feodum ), but rather foderum , the earliest attested use being in Astronomus 's Vita Hludovici (840). In that text is a passage about Louis the Pious which says "annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant" , which can be translated as "(Louis forbade that) military provender which they popularly call 'fodder' (be furnished)." In

1530-504: Is the largest city outside Italy with Italian as official language. Between 1997 and 2007, the population changed at a rate of 6.9%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks Italian (80.3%), with German being second most common (7.1%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (2.7%). Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000), 20,998 people speak Italian, 1,855 speak German, 597 people speak French , and 39 people speak Romansh . The remainder (3,071 people) speak another language. As of 2008,

1615-569: The Duchy of Milan they became the subject of political and territorial contention during the 15th century, and Lugano became the lake's main town. The lake definitively ceased to belong to a single sovereign political entity following the establishment of the transalpine bailiwicks of the Swiss cantons at the beginning of the 16th century. The Italian-Swiss border was fixed in 1752 by the Treaty of Varese, and has since remained virtually unchanged. In 1848,

1700-676: The Melide causeway was built on a moraine between Melide and Bissone , in order to carry a road across the lake and provide a direct connection between Lugano and Chiasso . Today the causeway also carries the Gotthard railway and the A2 motorway . The lake is 48.7 km (18.8 sq mi) in size, 63% of which is in Switzerland and 37% in Italy. It has an average width of roughly 1 km (0.62 mi) and

1785-831: The Stone Age . Within the modern city limits (Breganzona, Castagnola , Davesco and Gandria) several ground stones or quern-stones have been found. In the area surrounding Lugano, items from the Copper Age and the Iron Age have been found. There are Etruscan monuments at Davesco-Soragno (5th to 2nd century BC), Pregassona (3rd to 2nd century BC), and Viganello (3rd to 2nd century BC). Graves with jewellery and household items have been found in Aldesago, Davesco, Pazzallo and Pregassona along with Celtic money in Viganello. The region around Lake Lugano

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1870-702: The UDC (13.2%, -0.2), and the Green Party (11.1%, +7.0). In the federal election a total of 15,639 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.6%. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the PLR which received 26.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Lega (19%), the PPD (18.71%) and the PS (17.46%). In the federal election, a total of 11,980 votes were cast, and

1955-494: The autonomy of Lugano was very limited, the republic having been founded by Napoleon in order further to centralise power in Switzerland. The canton was led by a Directory of five members, who appointed a "national préfet ". The canton was deeply divided between "patriots" supporting the Cisalpine Republic , and traditionalist " aristocrats ". By 1799 riots broke out in Lugano, and the second préfet, Francesco Capra, fled

2040-399: The brook trout was introduced from Lake Zug , while between 1894 and 1897 the common whitefish was introduced. Since 1950 attempts have been made to introduce the whitefish Coregonus macrophthalmus from Lake Neuchâtel , but it has not established itself effectively. The Common Roach is present in large numbers and took around ten years to colonise the entire lake, thereby replacing

2125-414: The voter turnout was 42.8%. Since its union with some surrounding municipalities in 2004 (Breganzona, Cureggia , Davesco-Soragno , Gandria, Pambio-Noranco , Pazzallo , Pregassona and Viganello ), 2008 (Barbengo, Carabbia and Villa Luganese ) and 2013 ( Bogno , Cadro, Carona , Certara , Cimadera , Sonvico and Val Colla ), Lugano has a population (as of December 2020) of 62,315 and is, therefore,

2210-405: The 10th and 11th centuries the Latin terms for 'fee' could be used either to describe dependent tenure held by a man from his lord, as the term is used now by historians, or it could mean simply "property" (the manor was, in effect, a small fief). It lacked a precise meaning until the middle of the 12th century, when it received formal definition from land lawyers. In English usage, the word "fee"

2295-496: The Church of Saint Carpophorus in Como in 724. Other documents, dating from 804 and 844 refer to Lake Lugano as Laco Luanasco, and an act of 984 indicates Lugano as a market town. During the fighting between Guelphs and Ghibellines and the new disputes between Como and Milan , during the 14th and 15th centuries, Lugano was the scene of clashes between opposing forces. After a long rule by

2380-514: The Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti , conquered the region of Lugano and the Rusca valley and made it a fief . A year later, Lugano's freedoms were first documented in a series of statutes modelled on those of Como. The town was able to secure complete independence. Between 1433 and 1438 the Duke of Milan sat as a feudal lord over Lugano. He compensated the Rusca family with the ownership of Locarno. Under

2465-455: The Rusca family, Lugano was freed from the domination of Como, which had been taken over in 1335 from the Visconti . At the same time, the link between the town and the valley strengthened. By 1405–06 documents attest to a vallis comunitas Lugani et , a governing body that was independent of Como. The new community included the parishes of Lugano, Agno , Riva San Vitale and Capriasca . In 1416

2550-457: The active working population); in the same year tax revenues reached CHF 104 million, of which CHF 59 million were attributable to the banking sector. The town is Switzerland's third largest banking centre after Zürich and Geneva . With regards to intercommunal financial equalisation, thanks to its financial strength Lugano contributes significantly to the equalisation fund. The population is Italian-speaking and mainly Catholic by faith. Lugano

2635-469: The bleak. Still present are the European chub , tench , carp and a few examples of European perch , largemouth bass , zander and burbot . Recently the wels catfish and pigo have been spotted. The whole area behind the southern shores of Lake Lugano is rich in fossils. The focal point of these fossil deposits is Monte San Giorgio , where since the 19th century many fossils have been found dating from

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2720-442: The canton of Ticino, and 15.6% (10,458) from other cantons in Switzerland. The city's economy provides an estimated 38,000 jobs, over a third of which are occupied by cross-border commuters. Business, tourism and finance constitute the backbone of the local economy. In 2000, the tertiary sector offered 90% of all jobs in Lugano, of which 75% were occupied by commuters, many of which commute from neighbouring Italy (approximately 13% of

2805-406: The canton's largest city. The expansion in 2004 was the second major expansion after the union in 1972 with the municipalities of Brè-Aldesago and Castagnola . As of 2015, 38.1% of the population do not hold Swiss citizenship and 14,778 or 23.2% of the population was born in Italy. In 2013, among the Swiss population (61.6%, 41,392), 24.3% (16,349) are Luganesi, 21.7% (14,585) from anywhere else in

2890-530: The capital in a six-year rotation. Lugano was the capital in 1827–33, 1845–51 and 1863–69. In the 19th century, the city government was dominated by the Liberal Party . In 1900, slightly more than half of the seats on the city council (at the time 50 total members, but 60 members since 2004) were held by Liberals. Most of the rest of the seats were held by either Conservatives or Socialists. The city government initially had eleven members, but in 1908 their number

2975-679: The cause of the later Jansenists against the Jesuits and therefore was banned in 1768 in the territory of the Papal States . It was open to the themes of enlightened reform and the American Revolutionary War. It was the first newspaper in the Italian language to publish an excerpt from the Declaration of Independence of 1776. After the death of Abbot Gian Battista Agnelli in 1788, who had been

3060-521: The causeway permits water flow and navigation. The lake retention time is an average of 8.2 years; that of the northern basin (11.9 years) is considerably higher than the southern one (2.3 years). Places on the lake in Switzerland (CH) and in Italy (I) include (from Lugano, clockwise): The lake is navigable, and used by a considerable number of private vessels. Passenger boats of the Società Navigazione del Lago di Lugano (SNL) provide services on

3145-457: The city by that lake. Similarly, the inner-urban but independent municipality of Paradiso is a near- enclave , totally surrounded as it is by the municipality and Lake Lugano. Based on the 1997 land survey, as of 2013 the municipality Lugano has a total area of 32.09 square kilometres (12.39 square miles). Of this area, 3.25 km (1.25 sq mi) or 10.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.73 km (2.60 sq mi) or 21.0%

3230-519: The city of Lugano , is situated between Lake Como and Lago Maggiore . It was cited for the first time by Gregory of Tours in 590 with the name Ceresio , a name which is said to have derived from the Latin word cerasus , meaning cherry , and refers to the abundance of cherry trees which at one time adorned the shores of the lake. The lake appears in documents in 804 under the name Laco Luanasco . There are various mountains and tourist destinations on

3315-557: The construction of Palazzo Beroldingen, on the site of the current Parco Ciani  [ it ] , and Villa Favorita  [ it ] , in Castagnola . In 1746, the Agnelli brothers opened the first printing press and bookshop in Lugano. They began publishing the newspaper Nuove di diverse corti e paesi in 1748 and changed its name to Gazzetta di Lugano in 1797. The newspaper was widely read in north and central Italy. It supported

3400-417: The documents) for the life of the vassal, or, sometimes extending to the second or third generation. By the middle of the 10th century, fee had largely become hereditary. The eldest son of a deceased vassal would inherit, but first he had to do homage and fealty to the lord and pay a " relief " for the land (a monetary recognition of the lord's continuing proprietary rights over the property). Historically,

3485-487: The edge of Lake Lugano ( Italian : Lago di Lugano or Ceresio ), which is situated between the lakes Lago Maggiore and Lago di Como , south of the Alps . It lies at the heart of the Sottoceneri , that part of the canton of Ticino that lies south of the Monte Ceneri Pass . The city centre is located on the lake shore just to the west of where the river Cassarate enters the lake. The city's waterfront forms

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3570-501: The editor for more than 40 years, Abbot Giuseppe Lodovico Maria Vanelli took over the paper. Under Abbot Vanelli, it supported the revolutionary ideas from France, which drew protests from the Austrian government in Lombardy . The publication of the magazine ceased abruptly after edition number 17 of 29 April 1799, following the anti-French riots in Lugano during which the Agnelli printing house

3655-419: The expense of the north–south route along Lake Maggiore . This tendency for development was strengthened further in 1882 with the completion of the Gotthard railway line . The railway station was built in 1874–77 in Lugano, and transformed it into one of the main links between northern Italy and central and northern Europe, which led to the development of tourism and in general, helped the services sector. From

3740-591: The fees of the 11th and the 12th century derived from two separate sources. The first was land carved out of the estates of the upper nobility. The second source was allodial land transformed into dependent tenures. During the 10th century in northern France and the 11th century in France south of the Loire , local magnates either recruited or forced the owners of allodial holdings into dependent relationships and they were turned into fiefs. The process occurred later in Germany, and

3825-490: The first decades of the 19th century, the roads that connect Lugano with Bellinzona (1808–12), Ponte Tresa (1808–20) and Chiasso (1810–16) were built. In 1848 the first steamboat on Lake Lugano began to operate, with regular, scheduled service since 1856. The construction of the Melide causeway between Melide and Bissone in 1844–47 favoured the development of the Chiasso-Bellinzona-Lugano-Gotthard line at

3910-524: The first-ever edition of the contest. In 1975, the Congress Center was built followed in 1978 by the new City Hospital. In 1963 the city acquired the land for the airfield Lugano-Agno, and the first scheduled flights was in 1980. At the beginning of the 21st century they began the Grande Lugano projects, including: the car tunnel Vedeggio-Cassarate, which started in 2005 and connects the A2 motorway with

3995-408: The forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 0.5% is used for growing crops and 9.4% is used for alpine pastures. Almost all the water in the municipality is in lakes. Lugano is amongst the warmest places in Switzerland , along with Locarno and Grono . Lugano has a rare temperate version of a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa) for

4080-482: The gender distribution of the population was 47.1% male and 52.9% female. The population was made up of 15,457 Swiss men (28.1% of the population), and 10,461 (19.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 19,417 Swiss women (35.3%), and 9,725 (17.7%) non-Swiss women. In 2008 there were 318 live births to Swiss citizens and 190 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in the same period there were 351 deaths of Swiss citizens and 92 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration,

4165-432: The international Gotthard Railway . The rail brought a decisive contribution to the development of tourism and more generally of the tertiary sector which are, to this day, predominant in the economy of the city. In 1956, Lugano hosted the first-ever Eurovision Song Contest. The toponym is first recorded in 804 AD, in the form Luanasco , in 874 as Luano , and from 1189 as Lugano . Traditional German-language variants of

4250-472: The lake, principally for tourist purposes, but also connecting Lugano with other lakeside communities, some of which have no road access. Fishery in the lake (and Lake Maggiore) is regulated by a 1986 agreement between Switzerland and Italy. The current agreement on navigation dates from 1992. Pollution has long been a problem in Lake Lugano. In the 1960s and 1970s it was officially forbidden to bathe in

4335-571: The lake. Despite the continued introduction of sewage treatment plants , such as in Gandria , factors, such as lake retention time and lack of oxygen and increasing phosphorus concentrations, means it is unclear if the lake will recover. The Federal Office for the Environment 's last published report on Lake Lugano dates from 1995. To summarise that report: The Swiss-Italian organisation CIPAIS in its most recent published report says: Considering

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4420-563: The latitude, closely bordering on a temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb) due to the warmer average being 22 °C (71.6 °F). Although the US National Academy of Sciences considers a sea-like climate, the vegetation is from the subtropics with deciduous forest . It is characterized by relatively mild winters and warm humid summers. It has an average of 98.1 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1,559 mm (61.4 in) of precipitation . The wettest month

4505-420: The mid- Triassic (around 220 million years ago). The deposits on Monte San Giorgio stretch towards the west into Italian territory and the deposits of Besano . Fossils dating from the early Jurassic (around 180 million years ago) have also been found along the southern shores but more towards the east and Osteno . Fief List of forms of government A fief ( / f iː f / ; Latin : feudum )

4590-405: The mid-19th century to 1970 the city recorded consistent population growth, especially between 1880 and 1910, when the population more than doubled. This increase was partly due to foreign nationals settling in Lugano (in 1870 18.7% of the population, 1910 43.6%) and people from other language areas of Switzerland (1870 1.4% of the population, 1910 6.9%). In the last three decades of the 20th century,

4675-403: The municipality in 2004, 2008 and 2013; these enlargements involved previously independent municipalities becoming parts of the municipality. In the 2007 Grand Council of Ticino election, there were a total of 27,557 registered voters in Lugano, of which 15,214 or 55.2% voted. 237 blank ballots and 38 null ballots were cast, leaving 14,939 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party

4760-469: The municipality share an international border with Italy. Described as a market town since 984, Lugano was the object of continuous disputes between the sovereigns of Como and Milan until it became part of the Old Swiss Confederation in 1513. In 1803, the political municipality of Lugano was created, following the establishment of the canton. Since 1882, Lugano has been an important stop on

4845-471: The name (now virtually unused) are Lowens , Lauis , Lauwis , Louwerz . The local Lombard form of the name is rendered Lugan . The etymology of the name is uncertain, suggestions include derivation from Latin lucus ("grove"), from a Vulgar Latin *lakvannus ("lake-dweller") and from the god Lugus . In Romansch , especially in traditional Sursilvan dialect, the city is known as Ligiaun . The shores of Lake Lugano have been inhabited since

4930-549: The neighbourhood of Cornaredo, the creation of a new Kulturpol on the site of the former Grand Hôtel Palace and a convention and exhibition centre in the area of Campo Marzio. In June 2011, officials of the Israeli town of Yehud announced they would undertake a massive construction project to replicate Lugano's old square in the centre of their town, to reinvigorate commerce and tourism. The replica will be replete with neoclassical columns and colonnades. The municipality Lugano lies at

5015-558: The non-Swiss population change was an increase of 706 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.7%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Lugano is; 4,666 children or 8.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 5,013 teenagers or 9.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 6,270 people or 11.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 8,267 people or 15.0% are between 30 and 39, 9,113 people or 16.6% are between 40 and 49, and 6,844 people or 12.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution

5100-496: The population fell slightly, despite the merger in 1972, of the municipalities of Castagnola and Brè-Aldesago. This reflected a trend to move away from the centre to the suburban communities. However, in 2004 the municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia , Davesco-Soragno , Gandria , Pambio-Noranco , Pazzallo , Pregassona and Viganello were incorporated into the municipality and followed by Barbengo , Carabbia and Villa Luganese in 2008. This, among other factors, resulted in

5185-420: The population of Swiss citizens decreased by 33 while the foreign population increased by 98. There were 7 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 672 non-Swiss men and 556 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 197 and

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5270-525: The precipitation is ample while the deviations of temperature are moderate. Lugano is also one of the sunniest Swiss cities . The greatest precipitates anticipate and succeed much of the summer. Winter freezing temperatures are more common on the night of January (between 27 and 28 days), but the low temperatures remains are rare and do not occur every year. Much of the summer is pleasant, but warm days above 30 °C (86 °F) are not uncommon (average of about 8 days). It usually snows every winter, but often

5355-450: The reign of his heirs in the following decades rebellions and riots broke out, which lasted until the French invasion of 1499. Lugano was the object of continuous disputes between the sovereigns of Como and Milan, in particular by the powerful dynasties of the Visconti (rulers of Milan) and the Rusca (rulers of Como), until it became a Swiss dominion in 1513. An important name in this period

5440-471: The results obtained in 2009 it can be affirmed that, notwithstanding the observed improvement, Lake Lugano is still in a state of high eutrophication , the highest among Swiss lakes. The Italian environmental group Legambiente, in its 2007 study of all northern Italian lakes, found Lake Lugano to be the most polluted of all. All water samples were well beyond the legal limits. The polluted sites should not be bathed in for health reasons. Bacteria can cause in

5525-478: The right of high justice, etc.) in their lands, and some passed these rights to their own vassals. The privilege of minting official coins developed into the concept of seigniorage . In 13th-century Germany, Italy, England, France, and Spain the term "feodum" was used to describe a dependent tenure held from a lord by a vassal in return for a specified amount of knight service and occasional financial payments ( feudal incidents ). However, knight service in war

5610-547: The service of mercenaries . A list of several hundred such fees held in chief between 1198 and 1292, along with their holders' names and form of tenure, was published in three volumes between 1920 and 1931 and is known as The Book of Fees ; it was developed from the 1302 Testa de Nevill . The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a group of several of the Channel Islands that is a Crown Dependency . Guernsey still has feudal law and legal fiefs in existence today. Each fief has

5695-635: The shores of the lake including Monte Brè to the east, Monte San Salvatore west of Lugano, and Monte Generoso on the south-eastern shore. The World Heritage Site Monte San Giorgio is situated south of the lake. Also located to the south is the Cinque Vette Park . The lake is drained by the Tresa , which empties into Lake Maggiore , the latter being drained by the Ticino and the Po . The first certain testimony of

5780-417: The struggles between unionists and federalists. The canton of Lugano merged with Bellinzona creating the canton of Ticino , which endures to the present day. After 1803, the political municipality of Lugano was created. One of the primary tasks of the new city government was to determine the division of property and authority between the patriziato and the new political municipality. Two agreements between

5865-518: The surrounding hills, along the Cassarate, and toward Molino Nuovo, Paradiso and Castagnola. In 1843–44 the city hall was built on the site of the Bishop's Palace (built in 1346). It housed the cantonal government in 1845–51 and again in 1863–69. Since 1890, it has housed the city government. The promenade was built in stages: the first part was in the 1870s, the second in the first decade of the 20th century. In

5950-416: The third financial centre of Switzerland, with over 100 banking institutions present in the city. Trade, tourism and finance are the mainstays of the local economy. In 2000, nine-tenths of the workers were employed in the services sector, of which three-quarters were commuters, including many cross-border commuters (13% of the working population). Lugano was the host city of the 1956 Eurovision Song Contest ,

6035-624: The town. Power passed to a provisional government sympathetic to the Habsburgs . However, French occupation was restored in 1800. Discontent continued and in early 1802 a revolt in Capriasca led to the autumn pronunciamento of Pian Povrò, which declared the independence of Lugano from the Helvetic client republic . With the Act of Mediation , the following year, political agitation was finally quelled, as were

6120-528: The two organizations, in 1804 and 1810, began this process. In the second half of the 19th century, the political municipality received various properties and rights from the patriziato. Francesco Capra, the préfet during the Helvetic Republic, became the first mayor of Lugano from 1803 until 1813. The cantonal constitution of 1814, set Lugano, Bellinzona and Locarno as capitals of the Canton. They each served as

6205-434: The upper case serif letters L, V, G and A (respectively in the I, II, III and IV quarters). The coat of arms dates from around 1200. The four letters on the coat of arms are an abbreviation of the name Lugano. The municipality is subdivided into 25 quartieri (neighborhoods) which are grouped into three (cantonal) circles. Quarters 1–9 are the older quarters of the city, which have been added to by successive enlargements of

6290-413: The use of the lands and their income; the granting lord retained ultimate ownership of the fee and could, technically, recover the lands in case of disloyalty or death. In Francia , Charles Martel was the first to make large-scale and systematic use (the practice had remained sporadic until then) of the remuneration of vassals by the concession of the usufruct of lands (a beneficatium or " benefice " in

6375-600: The vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLR (with 3,596 or 24.0%), the PS (with 2,496 or 16.7%) and the SSI (with 2,169 or 14.5%). In the 2019 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the Lega which received 20.6% (-5.8) of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the PLR (20.3%, -2), the PPD (14.0%, -1.1), PS (13.9%, -1.3),

6460-406: The waters of the lake are considered by European Customs Law as non-territorial for fiscal purposes and as such enjoy a special tax status as a duty-free area, exemption from EU VAT and offer residents other advantageous tax privileges. The Melide causeway separates the northern (27.5 km ; 10.6 sq mi) and southern (21.4 km ; 8.3 sq mi) basins , although a bridge in

6545-632: The worst case, skin infections, diarrhoea and vomiting. According to Legambiente, the only reason swimming was not banned on the Italian Lakes was because the state of Lombardy changed the law. They state that pollution levels in the lakes do not conform to European rulings and the lack of sewage treatment is illegal. Their 2010 measurements found samples taken at Ponte Tresa , Osteno and Porto Ceresio to be "heavily polluted" (more than 1,000 UFC/100 ml intestinal enterococci and/or greater than 2000 UFC/100 ml E. coli ). The lake

6630-681: Was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law. It consisted of a form of property holding or other rights granted by an overlord to a vassal , who held it in fealty or "in fee" in return for a form of feudal allegiance, services or payments. The fees were often lands, land revenue or revenue-producing real property like a watermill , held in feudal land tenure : these are typically known as fiefs or fiefdoms . However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including governmental office, rights of exploitation such as hunting, fishing or felling trees, monopolies in trade, money rents and tax farms . There never existed

6715-400: Was far less common than: A lord in late 12th-century England and France could also claim the right of: In northern France in the 12th and 13th centuries, military service for fiefs was limited for offensive campaigns to 40 days for a knight. By the 12th century, English and French kings and barons began to commute military service for cash payments ( scutages ), with which they could purchase

6800-629: Was reduced to five and in 2004 increased to seven. Throughout most of the 20th century, the Liberals held the absolute majority here as well. The rest of the municipal executive posts were held by the Conservatives, the Socialists (1944–48, 1976–80 and since 2000) and the Ticino League (since 1992). Around 1830 new civic and government buildings began to emerge in Lugano. The town also began to expand into

6885-507: Was sacked and Abbot Vanelli was shot. Swiss control lasted until 1798 when Napoleon conquered the Old Swiss Confederation and created the Helvetic Republic , within which Lugano became the capital of the Canton of Lugano . The canton of Lugano unified the former Landvogteien of Lugano, Mendrisio , Locarno and Valmaggia . However, as with the other cantons of the Helvetic Republic,

6970-616: Was settled by the Romans by the 1st century BC. There was an important Roman town north of Lugano at Bioggio . There are fewer traces of the Romans in Lugano, but several inscriptions, graves and coins indicate that some Romans lived in what would become Lugano. The first written mention of a settlement at Lugano can be found in documents, which are of disputed authenticity, with which the Longobard king Liutprand ceded various assets located in Lugano to

7055-473: Was still going on in the 13th century. In England, Henry II transformed them into important sources of royal income and patronage. The discontent of barons with royal claims to arbitrarily assessed "reliefs" and other feudal payments under Henry's son King John resulted in Magna Carta of 1215. Eventually, great feudal lords sought also to seize governmental and legal authority (the collection of taxes,

7140-446: Was that of the von Beroldingen , a noble family from Uri , whose members between 1576 and 1798 served as chancellors of the Vogt residing in Lugano. A key member of this family was Karl Konrad von Beroldingen  [ it ] (1624-1706), who served as Lugano's chancellor and general captain, serving also Spain, and receiving the title of Baron from Leopold I in 1691. He commissioned

7225-462: Was the PLR which received 3,680 or 24.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the Lega (with 2,854 or 19.1%), the SSI (with 2,532 or 16.9%) and the PS (with 2,170 or 14.5%). In the 2007 Council of State of Ticino election, 158 blank ballots and 79 null ballots were cast, leaving 14,980 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the Lega which received 3,839 or 25.6% of

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