39-412: The Asian palm civet ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ), also called common palm civet , toddy cat and musang , is a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia . Since 2008, it is IUCN Red Listed as Least Concern as it accommodates to a broad range of habitats . It is widely distributed with large populations that in 2008 were thought unlikely to be declining. It is threatened by poaching for
78-426: A solitary lifestyle, except for brief periods during mating . It is both terrestrial and arboreal, showing a nocturnal activity pattern with peaks between late evening until after midnight. It is usually active between dawn and 4:00 in the morning, but less active during nights when the moon is brightest. Scent marking behaviour and olfactory response to various excretions such as urine, feces, and secretion of
117-493: A Red Data Book was suggested by Peter Scott in 1963. Initially the Red Data Lists were designed for specialists and were issued in a loose-leaf format that could be easily changed. The first two volumes of Red Lists were published in 1966 by conservationist Noel Simon, one for mammals and one for birds. The third volume that appeared covered reptiles and amphibians. It was created by René E. Honegger in 1968. In 1970,
156-522: A different family, the Mustelidae . Viverrids have four or five toes on each foot and half-retractile claws . They have six incisors in each jaw and molars with two tubercular grinders behind in the upper jaw, and one in the lower jaw. The tongue is rough with sharp prickles. A pouch or gland occurs beneath the anus, but there is no cecum . Viverrids are the most primitive of all the families of feliform Carnivora and clearly less specialized than
195-426: A penis bone (a baculum ). In 1821, Gray defined this family as consisting of the genera Viverra , Genetta , Herpestes , and Suricata . Reginald Innes Pocock later redefined the family as containing a great number of highly diversified genera, and being susceptible of division into several subfamilies , based mainly on the structure of the feet and of some highly specialized scent glands , derived from
234-500: A pet in Indonesia in recent years, causing a rise in the numbers found in markets in Java and Bali. The majority of the animals sold as pets originate from the wild. The high numbers of animals seen, lack of adherence to the quota and lack of enforcement of the laws are causes for conservation concern. Viverra hermaphrodita was the scientific name proposed by Peter Simon Pallas in 1777. It
273-726: A species, group of species or specific geographic area, or in the case of BirdLife International, an entire class ( Aves ). The red list unit works with staff from the IUCN Global Species Programme as well as current program partners to recommend new partners or networks to join as new Red List Authorities. The number of species which have been assessed for the Red List has been increasing over time. As of 2023, of 150,388 species surveyed, 42,108 are considered at risk of extinction because of human activity, in particular overfishing , hunting , and land development . The idea for
312-681: Is a member of the Eupleridae . The African palm civet ( Nandinia binotata ) resembles the civets of the Viverridae, but is genetically distinct and belongs in its own monotypic family, the Nandiniidae . There is little dispute that the Poiana species are viverrids. DNA analysis based on 29 carnivoran species, comprising 13 Viverrinae species and three species representing Paradoxurus , Paguma and Hemigalinae , confirmed Pocock's assumption that
351-421: Is an omnivore feeding foremost on fruits such as berries and pulpy fruits. It thus helps to maintain tropical forest ecosystems via seed dispersal. It eats chiku , mango and rambutan , but also small mammals and insects. It plays an important role in the natural regeneration of Pinanga kuhlii and P. zavana palms at Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park . Due to its solitary and nocturnal habits, little
390-444: Is known about its reproductive processes and behaviour. In March 2010, a pair of palm civets was observed when attempting to mate. The pair copulated on the tree branch for about five minutes. During that period, the male mounted the female 4–5 times. After each mounting, the pair separated for a few moments and repeated the same procedure. After completion of mating, the pair frolicked around for some time, moving from branch to branch on
429-546: Is possible that people later introduced Asian palm civet into other Philippines islands. In Philippine mythology , the Bagobo people believe a being named Lakivot was said to be a huge and powerful palm civet who can talk. Lakivot defeated various monsters, including the one-eyed monster Ogassi and the busaw beings who guarded the Tree of Gold, which had the Flower of Gold that he sought. He
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#1732845299137468-616: Is the nominate subspecies and ranges in Sri Lanka and southern India as far north as the Narbada River. Several zoological specimens were described between 1820 and 1992: The taxonomic status of these subspecies has not yet been evaluated. Palawan and Borneo specimens are genetically close, so the Asian palm civet on Palawan island might have dispersed from Borneo during the Pleistocene . It
507-661: Is used by Birdlife International , the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List. BirdLife International has recommended PE become an official tag for Critically Endangered species, and this has now been adopted, along with a "Possibly Extinct in the Wild" tag for species with populations surviving in captivity but likely to be extinct in the wild. There have been a number of versions, dating from 1991, including: All new IUCN assessments since 2001 have used version 3.1 of
546-512: The Felidae . In external characteristics, they are distinguished from the Felidae by the longer muzzle and tuft of facial vibrissae between the lower jaw bones, and by the shorter limbs and the five-toed hind foot with the first digit present. The skull differs by the position of the postpalatine foramina on the maxilla , almost always well in advance of the maxillopalatine suture , and usually about
585-457: The IUCN Red List or Red Data Book , founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological species . A series of Regional Red Lists , which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit, are also produced by countries and organizations. The goals of the Red List are to provide scientifically based information on
624-633: The Philippines and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra , Java , Kalimantan , Bawean and Siberut . It usually inhabits primary forests , but also occurs at lower densities in secondary and selectively logged forest. It was introduced to Irian Jaya , the Lesser Sunda Islands , Maluku , and Sulawesi . Its presence in Papua New Guinea is uncertain. The Asian palm civet is thought to lead
663-675: The World Conservation Monitoring Centre , and many Specialist Groups within the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List. The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated at least every ten years, and every five years if possible. This is done in a peer reviewed manner through IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups (SSC), which are Red List Authorities (RLA) responsible for
702-410: The illegal wildlife trade . The Asian palm civet's long, stocky body is covered with coarse, shaggy hair that is usually greyish in colour. It has a white mask across the forehead, a small white patch under each eye, a white spot on each side of the nostrils, and a narrow dark line between the eyes. The muzzle, ears, lower legs, and distal half of the tail are black, with three rows of black markings on
741-442: The perineal gland differs in males and females. Scent marking by dragging the perineal gland and leaving the secretion on the substrate was most commonly observed in animals of both sexes. The duration of the olfactory response varied and depended both on the sex and excretion type. The palm civet can distinguish animal species, sex, familiar and unfamiliar individuals by the odor of the perineal gland secretion. The Asian palm civet
780-518: The western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) and the Cross River gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla diehli ) from endangered to critically endangered , which is the last category before extinct in the wild , due to Ebola virus and poaching , along with other factors. Russ Mittermeier , chief of Swiss -based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on
819-772: The 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as Data Deficient . The Red List of 2012 was released 19 July 2012 at Rio+20 Earth Summit ; nearly 2,000 species were added, with 4 species to the extinct list, 2 to the rediscovered list. The IUCN assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threatened with extinction. 3,947 were described as "critically endangered" and 5,766 as "endangered", while more than 10,000 species are listed as "vulnerable". At threat are 41% of amphibian species, 33% of reef-building corals, 30% of conifers, 25% of mammals, and 13% of birds. The IUCN Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals from India as "Critically Endangered". Species are classified by
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#1732845299137858-1873: The African linsang Poiana represents the sister group of the genus Genetta . The placement of Prionodon as the sister group of the family Felidae is strongly supported, and it was proposed that the Asiatic linsangs be placed in the monogeneric family Prionodontidae . The phylogenetic relationships of Viverridae are shown in the following cladogram: Golden palm civet P. zeylonensis Jerdon's palm civet P. jerdoni Asian palm civet P. hermaphroditus Sulawesi palm civet M. musschenbroekii Masked palm civet P. larvata Binturong A. binturong Small-toothed palm civet A. trivirgata Otter civet C. bennettii Owston's palm civet C. owstoni Hose's palm civet D. hosei Banded palm civet H. derbyanus Malabar large-spotted civet V. civettina Large-spotted civet V. megaspila Large Indian civet V. zibetha Malayan civet V. tangalunga [REDACTED] African civet C. civetta [REDACTED] Small Indian civet V. indica West African oyan P. leightoni Central African oyan P. richardsonii Abyssinian genet G. abyssinica Haussa genet G. thierryi Giant forest genet G. victoriae Johnston's genet G. johnstoni Aquatic genet G. piscivora Servaline genet G. servalina Crested servaline genet G. cristata South African small-spotted genet G. felina Common genet G. genetta Cape genet G. tigrina Letaba genet G. letabae Schouteden's genet G. schoutedeni Rusty-spotted genet G. maculata Angolan genet G. angolensis Pardine genet G. pardina Bourlon's genet G. bourloni King genet G. poensis IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species , also known as
897-404: The IUCN Red List into nine groups, specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. There is an emphasis on the acceptability of applying any criteria in the absence of high quality data including suspicion and potential future threats, "so long as these can reasonably be supported". In
936-431: The IUCN Red List, " threatened " embraces the categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable. The older 1994 list has only a single "Lower Risk" category which contained three subcategories: In the 2001 framework, Near Threatened and Least Concern became their own categories, while Conservation Dependent was removed and its contents merged into Near Threatened . The tag of "possibly extinct" (PE)
975-585: The IUCN published its fifth volume in this series. This was the first Red Data List which focused on plants ( angiosperms only), compiled by Ronald Melville . The final volume of Red Data List created in the older, loose leaf style was volume 4 on freshwater fishes. This was published in 1979 by Robert Rush Miller . The first attempt to create a Red Data Book for a nonspecialist public came in 1969 with The Red Book: Wildlife in Danger . This book covered varies groups but
1014-525: The November 2002 issue of Trends in Ecology & Evolution , an article suggested that the IUCN Red List and similar works are prone to misuse by governments and other groups that draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to affect exploitation of natural resources . In the November 2016 issue of Science Advances , a research article claims there are serious inconsistencies in
1053-830: The Red List). The Red List includes the Sumatran orangutan ( Pongo abelii ) in the Critically Endangered category and the Bornean orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus ) in the Endangered category. The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October 2008 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona and "confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four [mammals] at risk of disappearing forever". The study shows at least 1,141 of
1092-601: The body. Its head-to-body length is about 53 cm (21 in) with a 48 cm (19 in) long unringed tail. It weighs 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11.0 lb). Its anal scent glands emit a nauseating secretion as a chemical defense when threatened or upset. The Asian palm civet is widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia, ranging from India , Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Myanmar , Sri Lanka to Thailand , Singapore , Peninsular Malaysia , Sabah , Sarawak , Brunei Darussalam , Laos , Cambodia , Vietnam , China ,
1131-437: The categories and criteria. In 1997, the IUCN Red List received criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data. These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List. The list is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria. In
1170-549: The level of the second premolar ; and by the distinct external division of the auditory bulla into its two elements either by a definite groove or, when rarely this is obliterated, by the depression of the tympanic bone in front of the swollen entotympanic. The typical dental formula is: 3.1.4.2 3.1.4.2 , but the number may be reduced, although never to the same extent as in the Felidae. Their flesh-shearing carnassial teeth are relatively undeveloped compared to those of other feliform carnivorans. Most viverrid species have
1209-497: The meat, kept in linseed oil in a closed earthen pot and regularly sunned, is used indigenously as a cure for scabies . In Indonesia, it is threatened by poaching and the illegal wildlife trade ; buyers use it for the production of kopi luwak made from coffee beans digested and excreted by Asian palm civets. They are housed in battery cage systems, which have been criticised on animal welfare grounds. In some parts of its range, Asian palm civets are hunted for bushmeat and
Asian palm civet - Misplaced Pages Continue
1248-422: The pet trade. The Asian palm civet is listed on CITES Appendix III . There is a quota in place in Indonesia, precluding trade from certain areas, setting a cap on the number of civets that can be taken from the wild, and allowing only 10% of those removed from the wild to be sold domestically. This quota is largely ignored by hunters and traders and is not enforced by authorities. This species has become popular as
1287-641: The skin, which are present in most of the species and are situated in the region of the external generative organs. He subordinated the subfamilies Hemigalinae , Paradoxurinae , Prionodontinae , and Viverrinae to the Viverridae. In 1833, Edward Turner Bennett described the Malagasy fossa ( Cryptoprocta ferox ) and subordinated the Cryptoprocta to the Viverridae. A molecular and morphological analysis based on DNA /DNA hybridization experiments suggests that Cryptoprocta does not belong within Viverridae, but
1326-541: The status of species and subspecies at a global level, to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and to provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity. Major species assessors include BirdLife International , the Institute of Zoology (the research division of the Zoological Society of London ),
1365-457: The tree. The animals separated after about six minutes and moved off to different branches and rested there. Since 2008, the Asian palm civet is IUCN Red Listed as Least Concern . The global population was thought to be large and unlikely to be declining as of 2008. It is threatened by hunting and trapping, in particular in southern China; in some parts of India, some ethnic tribes kill and consume its meat. The oil extracted from small pieces of
1404-401: The way species are classified by the IUCN. The researchers contend that the IUCN's process of categorization is "out-dated, and leaves room for improvement", and further emphasize the importance of readily available and easy-to-include geospatial data, such as satellite and aerial imaging. Their conclusion questioned not only the IUCN's method but also the validity of where certain species fall on
1443-417: Was eventually transformed into a handsome young man, and married the person to whom he gave the Flower of Gold. The Philippine twenty-peso note currently features the Asian palm civet on the reverse side. Viverridae Viverridae is a family of small to medium-sized, feliform mammals . The viverrids ( / v aɪ ˈ v ɛ r ɪ d z / ) comprise 33 species placed in 14 genera . This family
1482-525: Was named and first described by John Edward Gray in 1821. Viverrids occur all over Africa , southern Europe , and South and Southeast Asia , across the Wallace Line . Almost all viverrids outside the subfamily Genettinae are commonly called civets. The species of the subfamily Genettinae are known as genets and oyans . The word viverridae comes from the Latin viverra ' ferret ', but ferrets are in
1521-531: Was predominantly about mammals and birds, with smaller sections on reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and plants. The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160 subspecies , varieties , aquatic stocks , and subpopulations . On 12 September 2007, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) released the 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . In this release, they have raised their classification of both
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