99-488: The Lower Prospect Canal Reserve is a heritage-listed former farm and public water supply canal and now bushy corridor and nature reserve stretching 7.7 kilometres (4.8 mi) through the heart of suburban Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . The lineal corridor stretches from Prospect Reservoir to Sydney Water Pipehead at Albert Street, Guildford with the majority of the reserve located in Greystanes , which
198-460: A central bypass which were used to trap sediment from the water before it entered the Pipehead pumphouse. On the south side of the canal, adjacent to Percival Road, there are two in-ground tanks, the first built in 1895, that were used to supply Smithfield with water. Today, these tanks have been unheeded and are hard to situate due to overgrowth. The upper 150 millimetres (5.9 in) of canal wall
297-466: A children's playground , BBQ area and picnic shelters . The canal was an open gravity flow with a gradient of approximately 10 centimetres (3.9 in) per km over its length. The upper width varied between 5.8 and 7.25 metres (19.0 and 23.8 ft) and its depth between 2.4 and 3m. About one kilometre (zero point six two miles) east of the start of the canal, at Prospect Reservoir, the Lower Canal
396-520: A high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The Lower Canal has state significance for its technical values. It has the capacity to demonstrate techniques of canal building (often at extremely small grades); engineering practices (especially in the period 1888–1912) and land surveying, all largely within an era of horse and manpower. It is an excellent example of the techniques of 19th century hydraulic engineering, particularly
495-696: A historic house requires consulting the urban planning administration bureau, and the real estate administration bureau. As of 31 June 2011, there are 287 declared historic houses in Hangzhou, proclaimed as 5 batches. In the near future, it is going to issue the sixth batch which includes 51 historic houses. [REDACTED] Colombia : National monuments of Colombia ; (in Spanish) Monumentos Nacionales de Colombia [REDACTED] Comoros : National Committee of Intangible Cultural Heritage (Comoros) [REDACTED] Republic of
594-521: A key element of the Upper Nepean Scheme for over 100 years. Apart from extensive upgrades in its first decades, Lower Canal changed little in its basic principles during this period. The Lower Canal is state significant for its reuse, through reversible infilling along its entire length, that has retained the legibility in the landscape of its original water supply function which is capable of further enhancement through interpretation. Large sections of
693-443: A large area of Sydney with water. The Lower Canal has research potential for its detailed and varied evidence of engineering construction techniques, both the original masonry and the later reinforced concrete upgrade works. The Lower Canal is state significant for its reuse which involves reversible infilling along its entire length; has retained its capacity to demonstrate its original water supply function, and assists in demonstrating
792-418: A major arterial bike lane to provide green waves for rush hour cycle-traffic. However, this would still not resolve the problem of red-waves for slow (old and young) and fast (above average fitness) cyclists. Cycling-specific measures that can be applied at traffic signals include the use of advanced stop lines and/or bypasses. In some cases cyclists might be given a free-turn or a signal bypass if turning into
891-522: A painted marking are quite common in many cities. Cycle tracks demarcated by barriers, bollards or boulevards are quite common in some European countries such as the Netherlands , Denmark and Germany . They are also increasingly common in major cities elsewhere, such as New York , Melbourne , Ottawa , Vancouver and San Francisco . Montreal and Davis, California , which have had segregated cycling facilities with barriers for several decades, are among
990-463: A product of traffic management that focuses on trying to keep motorized vehicles moving regardless of the social and other impacts, such as by some cycling campaigners, or seen as a useful tool for traffic calming, and for eliminating rat runs , in the view of UK traffic planners. One-way streets can disadvantage cyclists by increasing trip-length, delays and hazards associated with weaving maneuvers at junctions. In northern European countries such as
1089-429: A reduction in the total number of collisions. In Belgium , all one-way streets in 50 km/h zones are by default two-way for cyclists. A Danish road directorate states that in town centers it is important to be able to cycle in both directions in all streets, and that in certain circumstances, two-way cycle traffic can be accommodated in an otherwise one-way street. One-way street systems can be viewed as either
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#17328516807341188-653: A road on the nearside. In many places worldwide special signposts for bicycles are used to indicate directions and distances to destinations for cyclists. Apart from signposting in and between urban areas, mountain pass cycling milestones have become an important service for bicycle tourists. They provide cyclists with information about their current position with regard to the summit of the mountain pass . Numbered-node cycle networks are increasingly used in Europe to give flexible, low-cost signage. One method for reducing potential friction between cyclists and motorized vehicles
1287-484: A section of the historic canal has been destroyed and a bridge originally promised to traverse the new highway and transitway will now not be built. A previous heritage listed feature of the old Widemere Quarry railway line had been preserved by building the main access road around the old bridge supports. The community is now waging a battle with the NSW State Government to have this decision reversed. The reserve
1386-442: A set of valves housed within the valve house adjacent to the receiving basin. Inlet pipes in the base of the receiving basin allowed water to pass from the reservoir into the canal to start its journey to Pipehead. The inlet pipe flow was controlled by a set of valves housed within the valve house adjacent to the receiving basin. At the farthest point of the canal, prior to it entering Pipehead, there are two sedimentation chambers and
1485-475: A sharrow is a street marking that indicates the preferred lateral position for cyclists (to avoid the door zone and other obstacles) where dedicated bike lanes are not available. A 2-1 road is a roadway striping configuration which provides for two-way motor vehicle and bicycle traffic using a central vehicular travel lane and "advisory" bike lanes on either side. The center lane is dedicated to, and shared by, motorists traveling in both directions. The center lane
1584-507: A significant increase in cycle use within the affected area. Speed reduction has traditionally been attempted by statutory speed limits and enforcing the assured clear distance ahead rule . Recent implementations of shared space schemes have delivered significant traffic speed reductions. The reductions are sustainable, without the need for speed limits or speed limit enforcement . In Norrköping , Sweden, mean traffic speeds in 2006 dropped from 21 to 16 km/h (13 to 10 mph) since
1683-440: A single phase. Proponents point out that cycling infrastructure including dedicated bike lanes has been implemented in many cities; when well-designed and well-implemented they are popular and safe, and they are effective at relieving both congestion and air pollution. Jurisdictions have guidelines around the selection of the right bikeway treatments in order make routes more comfortable and safer for cycling. A study reviewing
1782-645: A specific cycling route over another. Measures to encourage cycling include traffic calming; traffic reduction; junction treatment; traffic control systems to recognize cyclists and give them priority; exempt cyclists from banned turns and access restrictions; implement contra-flow cycle lanes on one-way streets; implement on-street parking restrictions; provide advanced stop lines /bypasses for cyclists at traffic signals; marking wide curb/kerb lanes; and marking shared bus/cycle lanes. Colombian city, Bogota converted some car lanes into bidirectional bike lanes during coronavirus pandemic, adding 84 km of new bike lanes ;
1881-550: A width of at least 2 meters, or 2.5 metres if used by more than 150 bicycles per hour. A minimum width of 2 meters is specified by the cities of Utrecht and 's-Hertogenbosch for new cycle lanes. The Netherlands also has protected intersections to cyclists crossing roads. Some bikeways are separated from motor traffic by physical constraints (e.g. barriers, parking or bollards)— bicycle trail , cycle track —but others are partially separated only by painted markings— bike lane , buffered bike lane, and contraflow bike lane. Some share
1980-578: Is a suburb within the Cumberland Council area. The Canal Reserve is one of the last remaining remnants of natural Cumberland Plain Woodland in the Sydney basin and contains a number of rare and endangered plant specimens. The land corridor occupied by the canal is recognised by the local government and documented for conservation and protection measures. Formerly a public water supply for western Sydney ,
2079-429: Is a system that has lent itself to progressive development to meet Sydney's increasing water supply needs. It continues to function for the purpose for which it was designed and constructed. The Lower Canal functioned as a key element of the Upper Nepean Scheme for over 100 years. Apart from extensive upgrades in its first decades, the Lower Canal changed little in its basic principles during this period. The Lower Canal
SECTION 20
#17328516807342178-586: Is an excellent example of the techniques of 19th century hydraulic engineering, particularly the use of gravity directed water flow to supply a large area of Sydney with water. The Lower Canal has research potential for its detailed and varied evidence of engineering construction techniques, both the original masonry and the later reinforced concrete upgrade works. The Lower Canal is state significant for its reuse which involves reversible infilling along its entire length; has retained its capacity to demonstrate its original water supply function, and assists in demonstrating
2277-658: Is narrower than two vehicular travel lanes and has no centerline; some are narrower than the width of a car. Cyclists are given preference in the bike lanes but motorists can encroach into the bike lanes to pass other motor vehicles after yielding to cyclists. Advisory bike lanes are normally installed on low volume streets. Advisory bike lanes have a number of names. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration calls them "Advisory Shoulders". In New Zealand, they are called 2-minus-1 roads. They are called Schutzstreifen (Germany), Suggestiestrook (Netherlands), and Suggestion Lanes (a literal English translation of Suggestiestrook). Denmark and
2376-459: Is not considered to be of state significance under this criterion. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The Lower Canal has research potential at state level for the detailed and varied evidence of its various engineering construction techniques. These include its original masonry construction retained beneath its concrete lining upgrade; some of
2475-461: Is noted that further research is recommended to confirm findings. Bikeways can fall into these main categories: separated in-roadway bikeways such as bike lanes and buffered bike lanes; physically separated in-roadway bikeways such as cycle tracks; right-of-way paths such as bike paths and shared use paths; and shared in-roadway bikeways such as bike boulevards, shared lane markings, and advisory bike lanes. The exact categorization changes depending on
2574-526: Is to provide "wide kerb", or "nearside", lanes (UK terminology) or " wide outside through lane " (U.S. terminology). These extra-wide lanes increase the probability that motorists pass cyclists at a safe distance without having to change lanes. This is held to be particularly important on routes with a high proportion of wide vehicles such as buses or heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). They also provide more room for cyclists to filter past queues of cars in congested conditions and to safely overtake each other. Due to
2673-553: Is to reduce the capacity to park cars. Starting in the 1970s, the city of Copenhagen , where now 36% of the trips are done by bicycle, adopted a policy of reducing available car parking capacity by several per cents per year. The city of Amsterdam , where around 40% of all trips are by bicycle, adopted similar parking reduction policies in the 80s and 90s. Direct traffic reduction methods can involve straightforward bans or more subtle methods like road pricing schemes or road diets . The London congestion charge reportedly resulted in
2772-1131: The Bundesdenkmalamt [REDACTED] Azerbaijan : State Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage Samples of Azerbaijan [REDACTED] Bahamas : Bahamas National Trust [REDACTED] Bahrain : Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities [REDACTED] Bangladesh : Cultural Heritage of Bangladesh and National Heritage Foundation of Bangladesh [REDACTED] Barbados : Barbados National Trust [REDACTED] Belarus : Cultural Properties of Belarus [REDACTED] Belgium : National Heritage Site (Belgium) ; (in Dutch) Lijsten van cultureel erfgoed [REDACTED] Benin : (in French) Liste du patrimoine mondial au Bénin [REDACTED] Bolivia : Bolivian cultural heritage [REDACTED] Bosnia : List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina , as maintained by
2871-629: The European Commission policy document on cycle promotion. Shared space schemes extend this principle further by removing the reliance on lane markings altogether, and also removing road signs and signals, allowing all road users to use any part of the road, and giving all road users equal priority and equal responsibility for each other's safety. Experiences where these schemes are in use show that road users, particularly motorists, undirected by signs, kerbs, or road markings, reduce their speed and establish eye contact with other users. Results from
2970-609: The Government of New South Wales . It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 30 June 2015. In the 1860s following droughts and population expansion, the need for a larger and more reliable water source was required for Sydney. A Special Commission, in 1869, recommended the construction of the Upper Nepean Scheme . The proposal was approved in 1877 and work commenced in 1880. The canal
3069-751: The KONS of Bosnia and Herzegovina; State level Local level (entities, district Brčko, cantonal, and regional) [REDACTED] Botswana : Sites and monuments in Botswana [REDACTED] Brazil : List of National Historic Heritage of Brazil , as maintained by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage ; (in Portuguese) Listas de patrimônio do Brasil [REDACTED] Bulgaria : National Institute of Immovable Cultural Heritage [REDACTED] Cambodia : Law on
Lower Prospect Canal Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue
3168-507: The NSW Board of Water Supply and Sewerage ; Kinchela and Metcalfe. It is also known as Lower Canal , Boothtown Aqueduct , Inverted Syphon , Aqueduct Valve House No 1 & 2 and Culvert , Covered Way , Smithfield Tanks and Sedimentation Channel . The property is Crown land and is administered by the Department of Industry, Skills and Regional Infrastructure Development , a department of
3267-512: The Netherlands have pioneered the concept of "bicycle superhighways". The first Dutch route opened in 2004 between Breda and Etten-Leur; many others have been added since then. In 2017 several bicycle superhighways were opened in the Arnhem-Nijmegen region, with the RijnWaalpad as the best example of this new type of cycling infrastructure. The first Danish route, C99, opened in 2012 between
3366-503: The Netherlands innovated is called in North America a protected intersection that reconfigures intersections to reduce risk to cyclists as they cross or turn. Some American cities are starting to pilot protected intersections. A bike box or an advanced stop line is a designated area at the head of a traffic lane at a signalized intersection that provides bicyclists with a safer and more visible way to get ahead of queuing traffic during
3465-518: The Vesterbro rail station in Copenhagen and Albertslund , a western suburb. The route cost 13.4 million Danish kroner and is 17.5 km long, built with few stops and new paths away from traffic. "Service stations" with air pumps are located at regular intervals, and where the route must cross streets, handholds and running boards are provided so cyclists can wait without having to put their feet on
3564-460: The water supply from contamination that may have entered the canal due to the steepness and proximity of Prospect Hill. By the late 1980s, the Lower Canal was incapable of keeping up with the growing need for water from Sydney's large population. At its peak capacity, following alterations, it could still carry only 100 million gallons per day. In addition to that, increasing standards of water quality and security of supply were rising up against
3663-1015: The Congo : National Inventory of the Cultural Heritage of the Democratic Republic of the Congo [REDACTED] Denmark : National Register of Sites and Monuments, as maintained by the Danish Agency for Culture [REDACTED] Djibouti : List of monuments of Djibouti Cycleway Cycling infrastructure is all infrastructure cyclists are allowed to use. Bikeways include bike paths , bike lanes , cycle tracks , rail trails and, where permitted, sidewalks . Roads used by motorists are also cycling infrastructure, except where cyclists are barred such as many freeways/motorways . It includes amenities such as bike racks for parking, shelters, service centers and specialized traffic signs and signals. The more cycling infrastructure,
3762-881: The Congo : Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Republic of the Congo [REDACTED] Costa Rica (in Spanish) Monumento Nacional de Costa Rica [REDACTED] Croatia : Register of Protected Natural Values of the Republic of Croatia [REDACTED] Cuba : Consejo Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural [REDACTED] Cyprus : Heritage Gazetteer of Cyprus [REDACTED] Czech : (in Czech) Seznam národních kulturních památek České republiky , (in German) Liste der Nationalen Kulturdenkmale Tschechiens , as featuring on MonumNet [REDACTED] Democratic Republic of
3861-797: The Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales [REDACTED] China : Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level (全国重点文物保护单位), designated by State Administration of Cultural Heritage Sites Protected at the City Level of Hangzhou are districts, artifacts or buildings legally declared to be "protected". According to the "Regularations of historic districts and historic buildings in Hangzhou" effectivated from 1 January 2005, historic buildings are those artifacts or districts that have lasted more than 50 years, and of significant values for history, science, and art study. In Hangzhou, declaring
3960-597: The Cumberland Plain. Holroyd LEP 2013, along with the EPBC Act 1999 and TSC Act 1995 are all applicable to the conservation of the remnant vegetation of the Lower Prospect Canal Reserve. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. The Lower Canal is of state significance for its association with
4059-769: The Dutch CROW , the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide to Bikeway Facilities , the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), and the US National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) Urban Bikeway Design Guide . In the Netherlands, the Tekenen voor de fiets design manual recommends
Lower Prospect Canal Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue
4158-437: The Lower Canal has a rare interpretative capacity for its role as an element in the overall Upper Nepean Scheme. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The Lower Canal has state significance for its representative values of the principal characteristics of an extensive, engineered and enduring urban water supply system with
4257-408: The Lower Canal was drained and replaced by an underground pipeline from Prospect Reservoir to Pipehead, thus leaving the community with the chance to gain a spectacular parcel of land for recreational purposes. The pipeline increased the dependability, water quality and amount of water flow from Prospect to Pipehead. The Lower Canal was made into a public reserve in 1998 which follows the course of
4356-546: The Lower Canal's concrete edges along its entire length, together with large sections of only partially filled canal and the associated canal infrastructure, has enabled retention of the Lower Canal's capacity to demonstrate its original water supply function, and its part in the Upper Nepean System as an entity. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The item
4455-522: The Lower Canal: Gipps Road, Cumberland Highway and Sherwood Road. Medium-density housing borders the reserve to the north and south with light industry located to the south near Smithfield. The canal is now surrounded on both sides by managed nature reserves . Canal Road Park , located on the western outskirts of Greystanes, near Merrylands West , is on an elevated ridge, which provides panoramic views of southwestern Sydney. It also features
4554-538: The Lower Prospect Canal Reserve are identified within the biodiversity map of Holroyd Local Environmental Plan (LEP) 2013 as containing "Remnant Native Vegetation". The biodiversity map was created using data from the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service mapping of "Vegetation of the Cumberland Plain ". This map identifies Cumberland Plain Woodland, particularly shale plains woodland, as being located within
4653-553: The Lower Prospect Canal Reserve. Cumberland Plain Woodland is identified as a critically endangered species under both the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. The species was extensive across the Cumberland Plain ( Western Sydney ), however only a small percentage of the original extent remains intact and remnants are spread across
4752-554: The Lower Prospect Canal was eventually unneeded in May 1995 when Sydney Water authorized an underground pipeline for $ 54m. The whole scheme relied on gravity and therefore demanded unerring accuracy during construction. The Lower Prospect Canal falls approximately 77 centimetres (30 in) over its 7.7 kilometre length. The scheme, including the Lower Prospect Canal, was designed by Edward Orpen Moriarty and built from 1880 to 1888 by
4851-552: The NSW Public Works Department and Sydney Water and its antecedents. The NSW Board of Water Supply and Sewerage was constituted to be the managing authority of the Upper Nepean Scheme and was responsible for the design and construction of the Lower Canal. The Lower Canal is of state significance for its association with Edward Orpen Moriarty, Engineer in Chief for Harbours and River Navigation, NSW Department of Public Works as
4950-570: The Netherlands, however, cyclists are frequently granted exemptions from one-way street restrictions, which improves cycling traffic flow while restricting motorized vehicles. German research indicates that making one-way streets two-way for cyclists results in a reduction in the total number of collisions. There are often restrictions to what one-way streets are good candidates for allowing two-way cycling traffic. In Belgium road authorities in principle allow any one-way street in 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph) zones to be two-way for cyclists if
5049-1061: The Preservation of Afghan Cultural Heritage [REDACTED] Albania : List of Religious Cultural Monuments of Albania [REDACTED] Algeria : List of cultural assets of Algeria [REDACTED] Andorra : Bé d'interès cultural , as maintained by Patrimoni Cultural = Cultural Heritage of Andorra ; (in Catalan) Llista de monuments d'Andorra [REDACTED] Angola : Património Histórico-Cultural Nacional [REDACTED] Argentina : National Historic Monuments of Argentina ; (in French) Monument historique national (Argentine) [REDACTED] Armenia : State Heritage of National Register (Armenia) [REDACTED] Australia : Heritage registers in Australia [REDACTED] Austria : Denkmalgeschütztes Objekt , as maintained by
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#17328516807345148-520: The Protection of Cultural Heritage [REDACTED] Cameroon (in French) : Liste de monuments du Cameroun [REDACTED] Canada : The Canadian Register of Historic Places , while it confers no historic designation or protection itself, endeavours to list all federal, provincial, territorial and local sites. [REDACTED] Chile : National Monuments of Chile , as maintained by
5247-416: The Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (NSW). Lower Prospect Canal Reserve was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 30 June 2015 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The Lower Canal is state significant as a key component of the Upper Nepean Scheme. This scheme
5346-438: The Upper Nepean Scheme would be Melbourne 's Yan Yean Water Supply Scheme which is fundamentally similar in concept and operation, but predates the Upper Nepean Scheme and is not as ambitious in scale. The scheme is a system that has lent itself to progressive development to meet Sydney's increasing water supply needs. It continues to function for the purpose for which it was designed and constructed. The Lower Canal functioned as
5445-528: The Upper Nepean Scheme. This scheme was the outcome of the first major engineering investigation in NSW into the provision of an adequate and reliable water supply to meet the needs of a rapidly growing Sydney. The Upper Nepean Scheme was Sydney's fourth water supply, and its first reliable, and most enduring, engineered water supply. It marked a major engineering advance from locally sourced to remotely harvested water, obtained from rivers in upland catchment areas, that
5544-430: The Upper Nepean System as an entity. As at 18 November 2014, the Lower Prospect Canal Reserve is of state significance for the former Lower Canal contained within the reserve and the natural heritage values of the reserve. The Lower Canal, and its associated infrastructure, is state significant as a key component of the Upper Nepean Scheme. This scheme was the outcome of the first major engineering investigation in NSW into
5643-419: The Upper Nepean System as an entity. Large sections of the Lower Prospect Canal Reserve are identified within the biodiversity map of Holroyd Local Environmental Plan 2013 as containing "Remnant Native Vegetation", particularly shale plains woodland. Cumberland Plain Woodland is identified as a critically endangered species under both the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) and
5742-1095: The available lane is at least 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide (area free from parking) and no specific local circumstances prevent it. Denmark , a country with high cycling levels, does not use one-way systems to improve traffic flow. Some commentators argue that the initial goal should be to dismantle large one-way street systems as a traffic calming/traffic reduction measure, followed by the provision of two-way cyclist access on any one-way streets that remain. In general, junction designs that favor higher-speed turning, weaving and merging movements by motorists tend to be hostile for cyclists. Free-flowing arrangements can be hazardous for cyclists and should be avoided. Features such as large entry curvature, slip-roads and high flow roundabouts are associated with increased risk of car–cyclist collisions. Cycling advocates argue for modifications and alternative junction types that resolve these issues such as reducing kerb radii on street corners, eliminating slip roads and replacing large roundabouts with signalized intersections. Another approach which
5841-442: The bike boom of the 1880s when the first short stretches of dedicated bicycle infrastructure were built, through to the rise of the automobile from the mid-20th century onwards and the concomitant decline of cycling as a means of transport, to cycling's comeback from the 1970s onwards. A bikeway is a lane, route, way or path which in some manner is specifically designed and /or designated for bicycle travel. Bike lanes demarcated by
5940-689: The capacity for modification over time. [REDACTED] This Misplaced Pages article contains material from Lower Prospect Canal Reserve , entry number 01945 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence , accessed on 2 June 2018. Heritage register This list is of heritage registers , inventories of cultural properties , natural and human-made, tangible and intangible , movable and immovable, that are deemed to be of sufficient heritage value to be separately identified and recorded. In many instances
6039-422: The case of exclusive bike paths. There is no single usage of segregation ; in some cases it can mean the exclusion of motor vehicles and in other cases the exclusion of pedestrians as well. Thus, it includes bike lanes with solid painted lines but not lanes with dotted lines and advisory bike lanes where motor vehicles are allowed to encroach on the lane. It includes cycle tracks as physically distinct from
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#17328516807346138-496: The city center. Similarly, Groningen is divided into four zones that cannot be crossed by private motor-traffic, (private cars must use the ring road instead). Cyclists and other traffic can pass between the zones and cycling accounts for 50%+ of trips in Groningen (which reputedly has the third-highest proportion of cycle traffic of any city). The Swedish city of Gothenburg uses a similar system of traffic cells. Another approach
6237-485: The construction of arterial bypasses and ring roads around urban centers. Indirect methods involve reducing the infrastructural capacity dedicated to moving motorized vehicles. This can involve reducing the number of road lanes, closing bridges to certain vehicle types and creating vehicle restricted zones or environmental traffic cells. In the 1970s the Dutch city of Delft began restricting private car traffic from crossing
6336-499: The cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The Lower Canal has state significance as a key component of a rare and extensive water supply system in NSW. It was one of only two such open water supply canals in Australia; the other being the Upper Canal within the same Upper Nepean Scheme. As the only component of that scheme that is currently decommissioned in its entirety, coupled with its urban location and public accessibility,
6435-441: The designer and overseer of the Upper Nepean Scheme. Moriarty is a state significant person in the provision of water supply in NSW. He had previously controlled the building of water supply schemes for Bathurst , Wollongong , Albury , Wagga Wagga and Hunter Valley towns and served as a Commissioner on the 1867 Royal Commission into Sydney's water supply. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or
6534-483: The earliest examples in North America. Various guides exist to define the different types of bikeway infrastructure, including UK Department for Transport manual The Geometric Design of Pedestrian, Cycle and Equestrian Routes , Sustrans Design Manual, UK Department of Transport Local Transport Note 2/08: Cycle Infrastructure Design, the Danish Road Authority guide Registration and classification of paths ,
6633-503: The earliest large-scale applications of pre-cast reinforced concrete construction, and late 19th century hydraulic construction techniques typical of state of the art technology of the time. Retention of the associated structures (Sedimentation Chambers, Smithfield Tank, Inverted Syphon and Covered Way) through reversible infilling provides research potential for further investigation of the construction techniques of these structures. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of
6732-564: The final section of the canal leading to the Prospect Reservoir was sectioned off and destroyed as Boral , under direction of the RTA, commenced work on extending Reconciliation Drive from the Prospect industrial zone through to Wetherill Park . Work was scheduled to be completed by mid October 2008 but was still continuing as of early 2013. This work has proved controversial with the community as
6831-480: The former canal. The reserve has survived the intense urban development that surrounds it, due to its use, for over 100 years, as part of the water supply system for Sydney. August 2003 saw the reserve opened to the community with a cycleway –walkway running its full length and connecting with other cycleways that extend across a great part of the Sydney metropolitan area. The reserve is just over 6.6 km long, starting from Reconciliation Road, Pemulwuy , passing through
6930-517: The government is intending to make these new bike lanes permanent. In the US, slow-street movements have been introduced by erecting makeshift barriers to slow traffic and allow bikers and walkers to safely share the road with motorists . Removing traffic can be achieved by straightforward diversion or alternatively reduction. Diversion involves routing through-traffic away from roads used by high numbers of cyclists and pedestrians. Examples of diversion include
7029-732: The ground. Similar projects have since been built in Germany among other countries. The cost of building a bicycle super highway depends on many things, but is usually between €300,000/km (for a wide dedicated cycle track) and €800,000/km (when complex civil engineering structures are needed). There are various measures cities and regions often take on the roadway to make it more cycling friendly and safer. Aspects of infrastructure may be viewed as either cyclist-hostile or as cyclist-friendly . However, scientific research indicates that different groups of cyclists show varying preferences of which aspects of cycling infrastructure are most relevant when choosing
7128-532: The implementation of such a scheme. Even without shared street implementation, creating 30 km/h zones (or 20 mph zone ) has been shown to reduce crash rates and increase numbers of cyclists and pedestrians. Other studies have revealed that lower speeds reduce community severance caused by high speed roads. Research has shown that there is more neighborhood interaction and community cohesion when speeds are reduced to 20 mph. German research indicates that making one-way streets two-way for cyclists results in
7227-548: The jurisdiction and organization, while many just list the types by their commonly used names Cyclists are legally allowed to travel on many roadways in accordance with the rules of the road for drivers of vehicles . A bicycle boulevard or cycle street is a low speed street which has been optimized for bicycle traffic. Bicycle boulevards discourage cut-through motor vehicle traffic but allow local motor vehicle traffic. They are designed to give priority to cyclists as through-going traffic. A shared lane marking , also known as
7326-400: The more people get about by bicycle. Good road design, road maintenance and traffic management can make cycling safer and more useful . Settlements with a dense network of interconnected streets tend to be places for getting around by bike . Their cycling networks can give people direct, fast, easy and convenient routes. The history of cycling infrastructure starts from shortly after
7425-546: The pages linked below have as their primary focus the registered assets rather than the registers themselves. Where a particular article or set of articles on a foreign-language Misplaced Pages provides fuller coverage, a link is provided. [REDACTED] United Nations [REDACTED] Europe [REDACTED] Antarctica [REDACTED] Organization of Turkic States [REDACTED] Arab League [REDACTED] Caribbean Community [REDACTED] Afghanistan : Society for
7524-820: The position of having to "run" red lights if no motorized vehicle arrives to trigger a signal change. Some cities use urban adaptive traffic control systems (UTCs), which use linked traffic signals to manage traffic in response to changes in demand. There is an argument that using a UTC system merely to provide for increased capacity for motor traffic will simply drive growth in such traffic. However, there are more direct negative impacts. For instance, where signals are arranged to provide motor traffic with so-called green waves , this can create "red waves" for other road users such as cyclists and public transport services. Traffic managers in Copenhagen have now turned this approach on its head and are linking cyclist-specific traffic signals on
7623-500: The provision of an adequate and reliable water supply to meet the needs of a rapidly growing Sydney. The Upper Nepean Scheme was Sydney's fourth water supply, and its first reliable, and most enduring, engineered water supply. It marked a major engineering advance from locally sourced to remotely harvested water, obtained from rivers in upland catchment areas, that was stored in dams and transported by weirs, open channels, tunnels and pipelines to its final destination. The Upper Nepean Scheme
7722-431: The purpose for which it was designed and constructed. The Lower Canal functioned as a key element of the Upper Nepean Scheme for over 100 years. Apart from extensive upgrades in its first decades, the Lower Canal changed little in its basic principles during this period. The Lower Canal is an excellent example of the techniques of 19th century hydraulic engineering, particularly the use of gravity directed water flow to supply
7821-417: The rainwater is less than the basin's capacity, there will be no discharge, but if the waters exceed they will overflow into Prospect Creek . The water levels in the basin is supervised and modified to guarantee capacity for a 90th percentile 5 day rainfall event. Though the water in the detention basin is generally recycled . The following modifications were made to the structure: At the end of April 2008,
7920-1104: The red signal phase. On large roundabouts of the design typically used in the UK and Ireland, cyclists have an injury accident rate that is 14–16 times that of motorists. Research indicates that excessive sightlines at uncontrolled intersections compound these effects. In the UK, a survey of over 8,000 highly experienced and mainly adult male Cyclists Touring Club members found that 28% avoided roundabouts on their regular journey if at all possible. The Dutch CROW guidelines recommend roundabouts only for intersections with motorized traffic up to 1500 per hour. To accommodate greater volumes of traffic, they recommend traffic light intersections or grade separation for cyclists. Examples of grade separation for cyclists include tunnels, or more spectacularly, raised "floating" roundabouts for cyclists. How traffic signals are designed and implemented directly impacts cyclists. For instance, poorly adjusted vehicle detector systems, used to trigger signal changes, may not correctly detect cyclists. This can leave cyclists in
8019-487: The roadway and sidewalk (e.g. barriers, parking or bollards). And it includes bike paths in their own right of way exclusive to cycling. Paths which are shared with pedestrians and other non-motorized traffic are not considered segregated and are typically called shared use path , multi-use path in North America and shared-use footway in the UK. On major roads, segregated cycle tracks lead to safety improvements compared with cycling in traffic. There are concerns over
8118-607: The roadway with motor vehicles— bicycle boulevard , sharrow , advisory bike lane—or shared with pedestrians— shared use paths and greenways . The term bikeway is largely used in North America to describe all routes that have been designed or updated to encourage more cycling or make cycling safer. In some jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, segregated cycling facility is sometimes preferred to describe cycling infrastructure which has varying degrees of separation from motorized traffic, or which has excluded pedestrian traffic in
8217-462: The safety of " road diets " (motor traffic lane restrictions) for bike lanes found in summary that crash frequencies at road diets in the period after installation were 6% lower, road diets do not affect crash severity, or result in a significant change in crash types. This research was conducted by looking at areas scheduled for conversion before and after the road diet was performed. While also comparing similar areas that had not received any changes. It
8316-534: The safety of cycle tracks and lanes at junctions due to collisions between turning motorists and cyclists, particularly where cycle tracks are two-way. The safety of cycle tracks at junctions can be improved with designs such as cycle path deflection (between 2 m and 5 m) and protected intersections . At multi-lane roundabouts, safety for cyclists is compromised. The installation of separated cycle tracks has been shown to improve safety at roundabouts. A Cochrane review of published evidence found that there
8415-417: The suburbs of Greystanes, Smithfield , Merrylands and Woodpark , to its endpoint at Pipehead, Guildford. The Lower Canal snakes its way on the edge of a natural ridge from the western part slowly falling to an artificial constructed embankment at the eastern end. The elevation of the western end of the canal is approximately 60-70m above sea level, falling to 40m. Three roads with bridges transverse over
8514-647: The technologies and engineering approaches in use in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in NSW. All infrastructure associated with the Lower Canal has been identified and assessed in the Heritage Study of the Upper Canal, Prospect Reservoir & Lower Canal (Upper Nepean Scheme) 1992. This study found a majority of components were of potential state significance. The Lower Canal is state significant for its landmark qualities and reuse (through reversible infilling along its entire length) that retains its capacity to demonstrate its original water supply function. Retention of
8613-403: The tendency of all vehicle users to stay in the center of their lane, it would be necessary to sub-divide the cycle lane with a broken white line to facilitate safe overtaking. Overtaking is indispensable for cyclists, as speeds are not dependent on the legal speed limit, but on the rider's capability. The use of such lanes is specifically endorsed by Cycling: the way ahead for towns and cities ,
8712-510: The thousands of such implementations worldwide all show casualty reductions and most also show reduced journey times. After the partial conversion of London's Kensington High Street to shared space, accidents decreased by 44% (the London average was 17%). However, in July 2018, the UK 'paused' all further shared space schemes over fears that a scheme dependent on eye-contact between drivers and pedestrians
8811-515: The urban development that was encroaching on the setting of the open water Lower Canal. The Upper Nepean Scheme saw water from the Upper Nepean, Avon, Cordeaux and Cataract Rivers channelled via tunnel, pipes and open canal to Prospect Reservoir. From Prospect Reservoir the water supply moved through an open canal known as the Lower Prospect Canal along the corridor now known as the Lower Prospect Canal Reserve. That use came to an end in May 1995, when
8910-628: The use of gravity directed water flow to supply a large area of Sydney with water. Hydraulic canal building largely ceased world-wide in the 20th century, in favour of pressure pipeline technologies. It is one of the earliest examples in NSW of the large-scale application of precast reinforced concrete construction. The Lower Canal contains a wide range of individual features including an infilled open canal, an aqueduct, an inverted syphon, reservoirs, bridges, sedimentation chambers, pre-cast reinforced concrete panels; culverts, flumes, scour valves and other elements which individually and collectively demonstrate
9009-399: Was diverted underground for 288 metres (945 ft). This was designed so to protect the canal water from contamination by the slope of Prospect Hill through which it was cut. The valve house at the head of the canal at Prospect Reservoir have inlet pipes, which allowed water to pass from the reservoir into the canal to start its journey to Pipehead. The inlet pipe flow was controlled by
9108-460: Was left open so visitors can observe the canal's path and to stipulate a clear view between the bushland and the retained sod that is used between the concrete cycleway and the canal walls. A detention basin (Widemere Detention Basin), which stores stormwater runoffs, exists just north of Wetherill Park on the slopes of Prospect Hill between Prospect Highway and Hyland Road in Greystanes. If
9207-638: Was limited evidence to conclude whether cycling infrastructure improves cyclist safety. Different countries have different ways to legally define and enforce bikeways. Some detractors argue that one must be careful in interpreting the operation of dedicated or segregated bikeways/cycle facilities across different designs and contexts; what works for the Netherlands will not necessarily work elsewhere, or claiming that bikeways increase urban air pollution. Other transportation planners consider an incremental, piecemeal approach to bike infrastructure buildout ineffective and advocate for complete networks to be built in
9306-400: Was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as a site of State significance on 18 November 1999 with the following citation: The Lower Prospect Canal Reserve is of state significance for the former Lower Canal contained within the reserve and the natural heritage values of the reserve. The Lower Canal, and its associated infrastructure, is state significant as a key component of
9405-450: Was one of the largest engineering and public infrastructure works carried out in Australia up to 1888. It was an important determinant of Sydney's growth potential. No other similar water supply canals of the form and scale of those associated with the Upper Nepean Scheme have ever been built in NSW. The scheme is a system that has lent itself to progressive development to meet Sydney's increasing water supply needs. It continues to function for
9504-456: Was originally a dry-stone masonry construction in 1888. From 1902–12 it was largely reconstructed and relined to decrease outflow and increase capacity and stability. A part of the canal known as the Covered Way , located at the base of Prospect Hill near Hyland Road Greystanes, collapsed in 1904 and was reconstructed in 1905. The Covered Way is a basined component of the canal that protected
9603-460: Was stored in dams and transported by weirs, open channels, tunnels and pipelines to its final destination. The Upper Nepean Scheme was one of the largest engineering and public infrastructure works carried out in Australia up to 1888. It was an important determinant of Sydney's growth potential. No other similar water supply canals of the form and scale of those associated with the Upper Nepean Scheme have ever been built in NSW. The closest comparison to
9702-445: Was stored in dams and transported by weirs, open channels, tunnels and pipelines to its final destination. The Upper Nepean Scheme was one of the largest engineering and public infrastructure works carried out in Australia up to 1888. It was an important determinant of Sydney's growth potential. No other similar water supply canals of the form and scale of those associated with the Upper Nepean Scheme have ever been built in NSW. The scheme
9801-441: Was the outcome of the first major engineering investigation in NSW into the provision of an adequate and reliable water supply to meet the needs of a rapidly growing Sydney. The Upper Nepean Scheme was Sydney's fourth water supply, and its first reliable, and most enduring, engineered water supply. It marked a major engineering advance from locally sourced to remotely harvested water, obtained from rivers in upland catchment areas, that
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