55-598: Lost Maples State Natural Area is a 2,906-acre (1,176 ha) area of hills and canyons on the upper Sabinal River in the Edwards Plateau Region of Texas . It is designated a Natural Area , rather than a State Park , which means the primary focus is the maintenance and protection of the property's natural state. Accordingly, access and recreational activities may be restricted if the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department (TPWD) deems such action necessary to protect
110-528: A 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce) reference serving, raw leaves provide 170 kilojoules (41 kilocalories) of food energy , 17% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin C , and 24% DV for magnesium , with no other micronutrients in significant content. The fruit of prickly pears, commonly called cactus fruit, cactus fig, Indian fig (meaning " Native American ", not "of India "), nopales or tuna in Spanish,
165-546: A noxious weed in some places. Opuntia species are primarily pollinated by bees , including some bee genera ( Diadasia and Lithurgus ) that contain specialist pollinators ( oligoleges ) that exclusively visit Opuntia . Only a few Opuntia species, such as O. cochenillifera and O. stenopetala , are pollinated by hummingbirds . Animals that eat Opuntia include the prickly pear island snail and Cyclura rock iguanas. The fruit are relished by many arid-land animals, chiefly birds, which thus help distribute
220-466: A coagulant for open wounds, using the pulp of the stem either by splitting the stem or scraping out the pulp. In one recent study, it was found that Opuntia aided in the prevention or slow down of diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. The results of the group that was taking Opuntia showed a reduction in BMI, body composition, and waist circumference when compared to
275-429: A food source and a natural fence that keeps in livestock and marks the boundaries of family lands. They are resilient and often grow back following removal. The 1975–1988 version of the emblem of Malta also featured a prickly pear, along with a traditional dgħajsa , a shovel and pitchfork, and the rising sun. The prickly pear is the official plant of Texas by legislation from 1995. The cactus lends its name to
330-593: A high clay content in most cases, poorly drained soils are too inextensive to be mapped. As in much of the Hill Country, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are by far the most common large mammal on the property. Additionally, wild turkeys, armadillos , skunks, raccoons, opossums , rabbits, and fox squirrels are present. Feral pigs, exotic axis deer , porcupines, rock squirrels , and ringtails may occasionally be encountered. Bobcats , coyotes, both red and grey foxes, and rarely, mountain lions , also inhabit
385-554: A last resort, biological control was attempted. In 1925, the Cactoblastis cactorum moth was introduced from South America , and its larvae rapidly began to control the infestation. Alan Dodd , the son of the noted entomologist Frederick Parkhurst Dodd , was a leading official in combating the prickly pear menace. A memorial hall in Boonarga, Queensland , commemorates the efforts of the moth. The release of cochineal insects, which eat
440-403: A number of different species, but is now only divided into varieties and subvarieties. Most of these are confined to one or a few islands, so they have been described as "an excellent example of adaptive radiation ". On the whole, islands with tall, trunked varieties are also the home of giant tortoises, whereas islands lacking tortoises have low or prostrate forms of Opuntia . Prickly pears are
495-607: A prime source of food for the common giant tortoises in the Galápagos Islands, so they are important in the food web. Charles Darwin was the first to note that the cacti have thigmotactic anthers . When the anthers are touched, they curl over, depositing their pollen on the pollinator . That movement can be seen by gently poking the anthers of an open Opuntia flower . The same trait has evolved convergently in other genera (e.g. Lophophora ). Prickly pears (mostly O. stricta ) were originally imported into Europe during
550-549: A prolonged dry spell followed by hot summers with occasional rain and relatively low humidity. A mean annual rainfall of 350–500 mm (14– 19 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) provides good growth rates. O. ficus-indica proliferates in various soils ranging from sub acid to sub alkaline , with clay content not exceeding 15–20% and the soil well-drained. The shallow root system enables the plant to grow in shallow, loose soils, such as on mountain slopes. Opuntia spreads into large clonal colonies, which contribute to its being considered
605-469: A song by British jazz/classical group Portico Quartet . The song "My Rival", on the album Gaucho by the American jazz-pop group Steely Dan begins with the words, "The wind was driving in my face/The smell of prickly pear." In the fall of 1961, Cuba had its troops plant a 13-kilometre (8 mi) barrier of Opuntia cactus along the northeastern section of the 28-kilometre (17 mi) fence surrounding
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#1732852145364660-450: A species, and use of DNA sequencing to define and isolate various species. Opuntia hybridizes readily between species. This can make classification difficult, yielding a reticulate phylogeny where different species come together in hybridization. Opuntia also has a tendency for polyploidy . The ancestral diploid state was 2n=22, but many species are hexaploid (6n = 66) or octaploid (8n = 88). Chollas, now recognized to belong to
715-570: Is an underappreciated crop in these countries and has undergone recent expansion in cultivated area. In some particularly promising areas of India and Pakistan it has given a 30% increase in milk yield / hectare (/ acre ). In Mexican folk medicine , its pulp and juice are considered treatments for wounds and inflammation of the digestive and urinary tracts , although there is no high-quality evidence for any clinical benefit of using opuntia for these purposes. Prior to modern medicine, Native Americans and Mexicans primarily used Opuntia as
770-526: Is considered an invasive species in Australia , Ethiopia , South Africa , and Hawaii , among other locations. The first introduction of prickly pears into Australia is ascribed to the founding governor of the New South Wales colony, Arthur Phillip , and the earliest European colonists, in 1788. Brought from Brazil to Sydney , they were most likely O. monacantha . That variety did not spread beyond
825-430: Is droughty, or has cold nights, but are more muted in a mild, damp autumn. Texas red oak gives a fine crimson display almost every year and may retain its leaves well into winter. The Natural Area is most crowded when the fall colors peak in late October-early November. Evidence suggests that the maple trees that give the preserve its name are relics : remnants of a larger, more widespread population that flourished during
880-456: Is edible, although it must be peeled carefully to remove the small spines on the outer skin before consumption. If the outer layer is not properly removed, glochids can be ingested, causing discomfort of the throat, lips, and tongue, as the small spines are easily lodged in the skin. Native Americans like the Tequesta would roll the fruit around in a suitable medium (e.g. grit ) to " sand " off
935-423: Is sold in summer by street vendors, and is considered a refreshing fruit for that season. In Libya, it is a popular summer fruit and called by the locals hindi , which literally means "Indian". Tungi is the local St. Helenian name for cactus pears. The plants ( Indian fig opuntia ) were originally brought to the island by the colonial ivory traders from East Africa in the 1850s. Tungi cactus now grows wild in
990-599: Is the "Barbary fig" ( Opuntia ficus-indica ). O. ficus-indica is a large, trunk-forming, segmented cactus that may grow to 5–7 metres (16–23 feet) with a crown of over 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and a trunk diameter of 1 m (1 yard). Cladodes (large pads) are green to blue-green, bearing few spines up to 2.5 centimetres (1 inch) or may be spineless. Prickly pears typically grow with flat, rounded cladodes (also called platyclades) containing large, smooth, fixed spines and small, hairlike prickles called glochids that readily adhere to skin or hair, then detach from
1045-452: Is used as a fodder crop for animals in arid and dryland regions. Some farmers prepare it with a fermentation produce, to remove the spines, and increase the digestibility. The thick skin of nopal cactus can be harvested as an environmentally-friendly leather replacement. Bioethanol can be produced from some Opuntia species. Nopal juice can be used to produce bioplastic . The prickly pear cactus has been used for centuries both as
1100-624: The Texas Hill Country . Much of the area's limestone bedrock is exposed on elevated terrain, which has a shallow, discontinuous cover of dark gray stony clay (Eckrant series). Most valley bottoms have deep, dark brown silty clay (Krum series) or clay loam (Pratley series). Deposits of gravel, sand, and loam (Orif-Boerne association) lie within a few hundred feet of the Sabinal River. All of these soils have free calcium carbonate throughout their profiles and are moderately alkaline. Despite
1155-402: The prickly pear cactus , is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae, many known for their flavorful fruit and showy flowers. Cacti are well-adapted to aridity; however, they are still vulnerable to alterations in precipitation and temperature driven by climate change. Prickly pear alone is more commonly used to refer exclusively to the fruit, but may also be used for
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#17328521453641210-525: The "green hell", and their abandoned homes were crushed under the cactus growth, which advanced at a rate of 400,000 hectares (1,000,000 acres) per year. In 1919, the Australian federal government established the Commonwealth Prickly Pear Board to coordinate efforts with state governments to eradicate the weed. Early attempts, comprising mechanical removal and poisonous chemicals failed. As
1265-759: The 16th century. They are now found in the Mediterranean region of Northern Africa , especially in Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia , where they grow all over the countryside, and in parts of Southern Europe , especially Spain , where they can be found in the east, south-east, and south of the country, and also in Malta , where they grow all over the islands, and in southern Italy , especially in Sicily and Sardinia. They can be found in enormous numbers in parts of South Africa , where they were introduced from South America. The prickly pear
1320-505: The Galápagos, are trees. Opuntia contains a range of phytochemicals in variable quantities, such as polyphenols , dietary minerals and betalains . Identified compounds under basic research include gallic acid , vanillic acid and catechins , as examples. The Sicilian prickly pear contains betalain, betanin , and indicaxanthin , with highest levels in their fruits. When Carl Linnaeus published Species Plantarum in 1753 –
1375-581: The Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service made the Natural Area a National Natural Landmark . Humans have inhabited this area since prehistoric times. The recorded history of the area, beginning with Spanish explorations in the 17th century, identifies a number of Indian groups, including the Apache , Lipan Apache and Comanche , as having foraged, hunted, and occasionally lived in this part of
1430-670: The Kleskun Hills Natural Area of north-west Alberta at 55° 15’ 30’’ N latitude and 118° 30’ 36’’ W longitude. Prickly pears produce a fruit known as tuna , commonly eaten in Mexico and in the Mediterranean region , which is also used to make aguas frescas . The fruit can be red, wine-red, green, or yellow-orange. In the Galápagos Islands , the Galápagos prickly pear, O. galapageia , has previously been treated as
1485-623: The Mississippi, Illinois, and Ohio rivers. The plant also occurs naturally in hilly areas of southern Illinois , and sandy or rocky areas of northern Illinois. Opuntia species are the most cold-tolerant of the lowland cacti, extending into western and southern Canada . One subspecies , O. fragilis var. fragilis , has been found growing along the Beatton River in north-eastern British Columbia , southwest of Cecil Lake at 56° 17’ N latitude and 120° 39’ W longitude. Others are seen in
1540-471: The cactus and simultaneously kill the plant, has also proven an effective measure for combating its spread. Natural distribution of the plant occurs via consumption and associated seed dispersal by many animals, including antelopes , nonhuman primates , elephants , birds, and humans. When ingested by elephants, the sharp components of the plant cause harm to the mouth, stomach, and intestines. O. ficus-indica thrives in regions with mild winters having
1595-522: The center of the park are two small lakes along Can Creek. The Texas Parks & Wildlife Department urges all visitors to respect the Leave No Trace set of wilderness ethics... 1) Plan Ahead and Prepare, 2) Travel on Marked Trails Only, 3) Always Dispose of Waste Properly, 4) Leave Behind What You Find, 5) Never Build An Open Fire, 6) Respect All Wildlife, and 7) Be Considerate of Other Visitors. Please do your part by following this code, and protecting
1650-643: The cooler and wetter climate of the last glacial period . Today, their distribution is limited by the relative rarity of the soils and microclimates they require to thrive. A more extensive list of the preserve's fauna and flora can be found at the LMSNA Ranger Station. Lost Maples is a State Natural Area and therefore has been developed only enough to provide access to visitors, while still protecting its natural character. The 2,906-acre (1,176 ha) reserve contains 11 miles (18 km) of hiking trails, 30 campsites, and eight primitive camping areas. In
1705-666: The desert Southwest, where several types are endemic. Prickly pear cactus is also native to sandy coastal beach scrub environments of the East Coast from Florida to southern Connecticut , where O. humifusa , O. stricta , and O. pusilla , are found from the East Coast south into the Caribbean and the Bahamas . Additionally, the eastern prickly pear is native to the midwestern "sand prairies" near major river systems, such as
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1760-413: The distinct genus Cylindropuntia , are distinguished by having cylindrical, rather than flattened, stem segments with large barbed spines. The stem joints of several species, notably the jumping cholla ( C. fulgida ), are very brittle on young stems, readily breaking off when the barbed spines stick to clothing or animal fur as a method of vegetative reproduction . The barbed spines can remain embedded in
1815-489: The dry coastal regions of the island. Three principal cultivars of tungi grow on the island: the "English" with yellow fruit; the "Madeira" with large red fruit; and the small, firm "spiny red". Tungi also gives its name to a local Spirit distilled at The St Helena distillery at Alarm Forest, the most remote distillery in the world, made entirely from the opuntia cactus. Cactus pear is being promoted and researched by ICARDA for India , Jordan , and Pakistan especially. It
1870-749: The east coast. However, a number of other types of prickly pear were introduced to Australian gardens in the mid-19th century. The cactus was also used as agricultural fencing and a feedstock for animals in times of drought, as well as in an attempt to establish a cochineal dye industry. The cactus quickly became a widespread invasive weed in the dry interior climate west of the Great Dividing Range , in New South Wales and Queensland , eventually converting 260,000 km (101,000 sq mi) of farming land into an impenetrable green jungle of prickly pear, in places 6 m (20 ft) high. Scores of farmers were driven off their land by what they called
1925-422: The environment. The Lost Maples State Natural Area is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of Vanderpool, Texas , and 71 miles (114 km) northwest of San Antonio . The preserve sits along the Sabinal River in western Bandera County and far eastern Real County . The land for Lost Maples State Natural Area was acquired by the state of Texas in 1973 and 1974, and was opened to the public in 1979. In 1980,
1980-455: The general area, but are seldom seen by visitors. Bird life, including several different raptors, is particularly abundant and diverse throughout the year. The endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler and Black-capped Vireo are both found within the park. Venomous snakes including the broad-banded copperhead , coral snake , and western diamond-backed rattlesnake have also been documented nearby. The Texas Alligator Lizard has been documented in
2035-809: The glochids. Alternatively, rotating the fruit in the flame of a campfire or torch has been used to remove the glochids. Today, parthenocarpic (seedless) cultivars are also available. The seeds can be used for flour. In Mexico, prickly pears are often used to make appetizers, soups, salads, entrees, vegetable dishes, breads, desserts, beverages, candy , jelly , and drinks. The young stem segments, usually called pads or nopales , are also edible in most species of Opuntia . They are commonly used in Mexican cuisine in dishes such as huevos con nopales ( eggs with nopal), or tacos de nopales . Nopales are also an important ingredient in New Mexican cuisine . In 2009 it
2090-605: The insect's body and eggs to make the red dye. Cochineal is used primarily as a red food colouring and for cosmetics . The cochineal dye was used by the Aztec and Maya peoples of Central and North America, and by the Inca in South America. Produced almost exclusively in Oaxaca , Mexico, by indigenous producers, cochineal became Mexico's second-most valued export after silver. The dyestuff
2145-480: The late summer and early autumn (late July through September). The beles from the holy monastery of Debre Bizen is said to be particularly sweet and juicy. In Morocco , Tunisia , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Jordan , and other parts of North Africa and the Middle East , prickly pears of the yellow and orange varieties are grown by the side of farms, beside railway tracks and other otherwise non cultivable land. It
2200-570: The lower region, where it runs underground in some places. The Sabinal exits into the Frio River about 16 miles south of the city of Sabinal . 29°06′13″N 99°26′35″W / 29.10361°N 99.44306°W / 29.10361; -99.44306 This article related to a river in Texas is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Opuntia Many, see List of Opuntia species . and see text Opuntia , commonly called
2255-404: The numerous natural enemies of the scale insect. Apart from cochineal, the red dye betanin can be extracted from some Opuntia plants themselves. The Navajo have traditionally produced a reddish dye from the fruit of the prickly pear cactus, used in dyeing woolen yarns, and where, after pulverizing the fruit, they are placed in a bath solution of cold water for two or three weeks. Cactus
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2310-526: The park's sensitive natural and cultural resources. Sabinal River The Sabinal River , formerly Arroyo de la Soledad , is a stream in Uvalde and Bandera counties of the U.S. state of Texas . The upper part of the river runs through the Lost Maples State Natural Area , being fed by Hale, Hollow, and Can Creeks. The Mill, Little, Onion, Rancheros, Nolton, and East Elm Creeks feed in
2365-693: The park. The Texas brown tarantula is often spotted. The Sabinal River maintains surface water even during exceptional drought (as in 2011 ), so fish and other aquatic animals are always present. Primary vegetation includes the Ashe juniper (often called mountain cedar ), several different species of oak, bigtooth maple , American sycamore , escarpment black cherry , Texas ash , yellow-flowered red buckeye , mesquite , Texas persimmon , Texas mountain-laurel , Texas madrone , redbud, wild grape, prickly pear , Virginia creeper and various types of brush, grasses, and ferns. Bigtooth maple colors are brilliant if autumn
2420-452: The placebo group. Dactylopius coccus is a scale insect from which cochineal dye is derived. D. coccus itself is native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico . This insect, a primarily sessile parasite , lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia , feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cactus sap. The insect produces carminic acid , which deters predation by other insects. The carminic acid can be extracted from
2475-623: The plant itself; in addition, other names given to the plant and its specific parts include tuna (fruit), sabra , sabbar , nopal (pads, plural nopales ) from the Nahuatl word nōpalli , nostle (fruit) from the Nahuatl word nōchtli , and paddle cactus. The genus is named for the Ancient Greek city of Opus , where, according to Theophrastus , an edible plant grew and could be propagated by rooting its leaves. The most common culinary species
2530-481: The plant. The flowers are typically large, axillary, solitary, bisexual, and epiperigynous, with a perianth consisting of distinct, spirally arranged tepals and a hypanthium . The stamens are numerous and in spiral or whorled clusters, and the gynoecium has numerous inferior ovaries per carpel. Placentation is parietal, and the fruit is a berry with arillate seeds. Prickly pear species can vary greatly in habit; most are shrubs, but some, such as O. galapageia of
2585-452: The popular liqueur known as bajtra . The prickly pear is so commonly found in the Maltese islands, it is often used as a dividing wall between many of Malta's characteristic terraced fields in place of the usual rubble walls. The prickly pear was introduced to Eritrea during the period of Italian colonisation between 1890 and 1940. It is locally known there as beles and is abundant during
2640-478: The region. In Albania , they are called fiq deti translated as "sea figs", and are present in the south-west shore. The figs are also grown in Cyprus , where they are known as papoutsósyka or babutsa ("shoe figs"). The prickly pear also grows widely on the islands of Malta, where it is enjoyed by the Maltese as a typical summer fruit (known as bajtar tax-xewk , literally "spiny figs"), as well as being used to make
2695-888: The same denomination they receive along the Catalan -speaking regions of the Western Mediterranean, figa de moro . They can be found also in the Struma River in Bulgaria , in southern Portugal and Madeira (where they are called tabaibo , figo tuno , or "Indian figs"), in Andalusia , Spain (where they are known as higos chumbos ). In Greece , it grows in such places as the Peloponnese region, Ionian Islands , or Crete , and its figs are known as frangosyka (Frankish, i.e. Western European, figs) or pavlosyka ("Paul's figs"), depending on
2750-480: The seeds. Opuntia pathogens include the sac fungus Colletotrichum coccodes and Sammons' Opuntia virus . The ant Crematogaster opuntiae and the spider Theridion opuntia are named because of their association with prickly pear cactus. Although the plants are edible, the pointed hairs should not be eaten, and similar species with milky sap are suspect. Raw opuntia leaves are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates , and less than 1% both of protein and fat . In
2805-624: The skin, causing discomfort and sometimes injury. One of the ancient homes of the cactus pear, Mexico, ran a breeding program in the 1960s. This effort at the Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University (Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, UAAAN) produced improvements in some traits including cold-hardiness . Like most true cactus species, prickly pears are native only to the Americas . Through human action, they have since been introduced to many other areas of
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#17328521453642860-539: The starting point for modern botanical nomenclature – he placed all the species of cactus known to him in one genus, Cactus . In 1754, the Scottish botanist Philip Miller divided them into several genera, including Opuntia . He distinguished the genus largely on the form of its flowers and fruits. Considerable variation of taxonomy occurs within Opuntia species, resulting in names being created for variants or subtypes within
2915-614: The world. Prickly pear species are found in abundance in Mexico , especially in the central and western regions, and in the Caribbean islands ( West Indies ). In the United States , prickly pears are native to many areas of the arid, semi-arid, and drought-prone Western and South Central United States, including the lower elevations of the Rocky Mountains and southern Great Plains , where species such as O. phaeacantha and O. polyacantha have become dominant, and to
2970-661: Was consumed throughout Europe, and was so highly valued, its price was regularly quoted on the London and Amsterdam Commodity Exchanges. The biggest producers of cochineal are Peru , the Canary Islands , and Chile . Current health concerns over artificial food additives have renewed the popularity of cochineal dyes, and the increased demand is making cultivation for insect farming an attractive opportunity in other regions, such as in Mexico, where cochineal production had declined again owing to
3025-521: Was introduced as a cheaper alternative to corn for the production of tortillas and other corn products. They can also be pickled. Opuntia ficus-indica has been introduced to Europe, and flourishes in areas with a suitable climate, such as the south of France and southern Italy : In Sicily , they are referred to as fichi d'India (Italian literal translation of Indian fig) or ficurinia ( Sicilian language literal translation of Indian fig). In Sardinia , they are called figumorisca ("Moorish figs"),
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