129-669: The riverside village of Logstown (1726?, 1727–1758) also known as Logg's Town , French: Chiningue (transliterated to Shenango ) near modern-day Baden, Pennsylvania , was a significant Native American settlement in Western Pennsylvania and the site of the 1752 signing of the Treaty of Logstown between the Ohio Company , the Colony of Virginia , and the Six Nations , which occupied
258-551: A métis of Shawnee and French-Canadian parentage, opposed the sale of alcohol in Native American communities and threatened to destroy any shipments of rum that he found, defying Pennsylvania governor Governor Patrick Gordon . Chartier persuaded about 400 Pekowi Shawnee to leave Pennsylvania with him and migrate south, taking refuge in Lower Shawneetown. In May, an anonymous French trader visiting Lower Shawneetown brought
387-512: A "stone fort, strongly built and in good condition for their defense." As Joncaire's delegation approached the town by canoe, warriors manning the stockade fired three shots at them, all of which struck the French flag they were carrying. Joncaire boldly continued, and when the delegation landed, the Shawnees conducted them to the council house in the center of the town. There, as Joncaire was explaining
516-612: A French fort nearby. In his letter of 16 November to Governor Hamilton, Croghan then adds: "We have seen but very few of the Chiefs of the Indians they being all out a hunting, but those we have seen are of opinion that their Brothers the English ought to have a Fort on this River to secure the Trade." Governor Hamilton was evidently anxious to pursue this opportunity, and wanted Croghan to obtain approval from
645-510: A Seneca village and spoke the language fluently) to advise the chiefs that the French were aware of their plans. Céloron writes that the warriors did not attack, but "filed before my camp and made the accustomed salute." Chiefs from the village visited the French camp the next day with pipes of peace , and Céloron reprimanded them for contemplating violence, adding: "I know how to make war, and those who have made war with us ought to know it, too." The following day, 10 August 1749, Céloron delivered
774-564: A Shawnee village, the population included contingents of Seneca and Lenape . After his visit to Lower Shawneetown in 1749, Céloron de Blainville wrote: this village [is] composed for the most part of Chavenois ( Shawnee ) and Iroquois of the Five Nations...men from the Sault St. Louis ( Kahnawake ), there are also some from the Lake of Two Mountains ( Mohawks of Kanesatake ), some Loups from
903-487: A center for commerce and diplomacy, "a sort of republic" populated mainly by Shawnee, Iroquois , and Delawares . By 1755, its population exceeded 1,200, making it one of the largest Native American communities in the Ohio Country , second only to Pickawillany . The size and diversity of the town's population attracted both French and British traders, leading to political competition between France and Britain to influence
1032-399: A clear picture of the town's appearance and activities, particularly the nature of trade, social organization, agriculture, and relationships with other Native American communities. Well-known British traders William Trent and George Croghan maintained trading posts in the town with large warehouses to store furs, skins, and other goods. Between about 1734 and 1758 Lower Shawneetown became
1161-539: A corruption of Scioto), "Sinhioto," "Sononito," "Sonnioto," "Scioto," "Sonyoto," and "Cenioteaux." Lower Shawneetown was downstream from the much smaller Upper Shawneetown, established about 1751 at the confluence of the Ohio River and the Kanawha River , near present-day Point Pleasant, West Virginia and known to the Shawnees as Chinoudaista or Chinodahichetha . Pressure from the growing European populations on
1290-470: A detailed description of a wedding festival Gist witnessed during his 12-day stay in Lower Shawneetown. Indian trader William Trent established a storehouse in Lower Shawneetown in the mid-1730s, and the Shawnees kept it secure in order to encourage further trade with the British. Between 1748 and 1751 the British traders Andrew Montour and George Croghan visited the town three times. In 1749 Croghan built
1419-438: A few days after Céloron's departure, and reported that the Indians had told Céloron "that the land was their own, and while there were any Indians in those parts they would continue to trade with the English," adding that “to separate them from their brothers, the English, would be like cutting a man in two halves and then expecting him to live.” In September, 1750 the Ohio Company ordered Christopher Gist to survey lands along
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#17328442256281548-558: A force of eight officers, six cadets, an armorer, 20 soldiers, 180 Canadians, 30 Iroquois and 25 Abenakis , Céloron moved down the river on a flotilla of 23 large boats and birch-bark canoes, on his "lead plate expedition," burying lead plates at six locations where major tributaries entered the Ohio and nailing copper plates bearing royal arms to trees to claim the territory for New France . Céloron arrived at Logstown on August 8, 1749. The Shawnee chief Kakowatcheky , fearing an assault, rallied
1677-551: A forty-foot river bank lined with sycamores and willows. In the town center on the Ohio side there was a 90 feet (27 m) long council house and a large open area or plaza for public events. Houses were clustered together according to kinship, interspersed with gardens, trash heaps and family burial plots. The remains of 23 individuals have been recovered from 16 graves at the Bentley site , among which there were 19 children and adolescents and four adults. Including its 300 warriors,
1806-502: A general council he announced that King George's War had ended and that England and France signed a peace treaty. As a result, the English had no more war supplies for them and he distributed gifts instead. The chiefs complied with his request for a count of their warriors in the Ohio Valley region: Weiser was accompanied by "English traders, of whom there were above twenty," intending to formally establish trade with tribes represented at
1935-403: A great imprudence to go to their village. He instead invited them to visit his encampment to hear an announcement. The next day, a canoe bearing a white flag approached Céloron's camp, and Shawnee and Iroquois leaders from Lower Shawneetown met with Céloron. They apologized for their "great mistake" [referring to the shots fired at the French delegation]. Céloron negotiated with the leaders of
2064-522: A journal of his trip which Lewis Evans used in making his 1749 map. William's journey subsequently inspired his father's keen interest in the frontier. In 1749, the Comte de La Galissonière wanted to strengthen French control over the Ohio Country , and in August he ordered the military commander at Detroit, Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville to travel down the Ohio River to demonstrate French dominance. Leading
2193-446: A key, nails, chisels, hooks, a buckle, a Jew's harp , and pieces of a pair of iron scissors. On 29 June 1752, William Trent had just left Logstown when he learned of the Raid on Pickawillany , a large Native American village that was attacked by French and Ottawa forces and destroyed. Trent's storehouse there had been plundered. He traveled to Lower Shawneetown, where he met on 3 July in
2322-559: A letter from the French government in Quebec, and a French flag, and watched as Chartier attempted unsuccessfully to persuade the leaders of Lower Shawneetown to form an alliance with the French: They held a council to...hear the reading of Longueuil 's letter. After this [Chartier] took the [French] flag and planted it in front of one of the big chiefs of the village, saying to them: "This is what [your French ally] sends you, to continue to [do]
2451-596: A low voice to those next to him, Why don't you shoot this French Fellow - Shoot him - shoot him. Afterwards, Céloron called the English traders who were living in Logstown to meet with him, "to whom I addressed a summons to retire into their own territory with all their servants...They answered...that they would do so, that they knew well they had no right to trade on the Beautiful River." Bonnecamps wrote in his own diary: The English there were 10 in number, and one among them
2580-540: A member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Council , that one of his men, who had just come "down from ye Woods," had informed him that "the Indians at this side of the Lake Erie are making war very briskly against the French, but is very impatient to hear from their brothers, ye English, expecting a present of powder and lead; which, if they don't get, I am of opinion, by the best accounts, that they will turn to
2709-514: A part of the men of the villages I had passed, who had come to seek refuge there, and to render them stronger...Besides these three nations there are in this village Iroquois from the Sault St. Louis ( Kahnawake ), from the Lake of Two Mountains ( Mohawks of Kanesatake ), and Indians from the Nepisiniques and the Abenakis , with Ontarios and other nations. This gathering forms a bad village, which
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#17328442256282838-463: A population of 200 to 250 total, while in late 1758 George Croghan noted forty houses for about one hundred and twenty warriors, suggesting a total population of 350 to 500. In late April 1745, the Pekowi Shawnee leader Peter Chartier and about 400 Shawnees, including Meshemethequater and Neucheconeh , stopped at Logstown to visit Kakowatcheky and to try to persuade him to join them. Chartier
2967-510: A prepared message from the Marquis de La Galissonière , the Governor of New France , which described how the English were deceiving the Ohio tribes and planning their "total ruin," adding: "I know the English only inspire you with evil sentiments, and, besides, intend, through their establishments on the Beautiful River, which belongs to me, to take it from me." The aged chief Kakowatcheky , listening in
3096-423: A right to look upon them as intruders and mere vagrants , their traffic being contrary to the preliminaries of the peace ( Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) ), signed more than fifteen months ago. I hope, Sir, you will condescend to forbid this trade for the future, which is contrary to the treaties; and that you will warn your traders not to return into these territories; for, if so, they can only impute to themselves
3225-502: A speech in which he informed the chiefs that "the French offered a large sum of Money to any person who would bring them the said Croghan and Andrew Montour the Interpreter alive, or if dead their scalps." This was apparently a further attempt by the French to drive out the English traders, and Croghan evidently felt safe enough in the community to reveal that there was a bounty on his head. He then promised "a large Present of Goods...which
3354-601: A sub-community on the north bank of the Ohio, along the east and west banks of the Scioto. The Ohio community on the east side of the Scioto, where the village council-house was located, soon became significantly larger than the Kentucky community. Historian Richard White characterizes Lower Shawneetown and other growing Native American settlements in the region, including Logstown , Pickawillany , Kuskusky , and Kittanning as "Indian republics," multiethnic and autonomous, made up of
3483-582: A trading post in Lower Shawneetown (probably outside the town near the main overland trail or the Ohio River bank where traders could beach their canoes), operating in conjunction with his trading posts already established at Pine Creek , Oswegle Bottom, Muskingum , and Pickawillany, dominating the Ohio Valley deerskin trade . He may have spent the winter of 1752–1753 in Lower Shawneetown. Lower Shawneetown's size and connections to neighboring communities allowed traders to establish storehouses for incoming and outgoing goods, managed by European men who lived in
3612-480: A variety of smaller disparate social groups: village fragments, extended families, or individuals, often survivors of epidemics and refugees from conflicts with other Native Americans or with Europeans. According to historian Richard Warren, "It was a sprawling series of wickiups and longhouses ... French and British-allied traders regarded Lower Shawneetown as one of two capitals of the Shawnee tribe." Although mainly
3741-506: Is a borough in southeastern Beaver County, Pennsylvania , along the Ohio River . The population was 3,904 at the 2020 census . It is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area . Baden is the former site of Logstown , a significant Native American settlement. The site of Baden was the location of Logstown , a Native American village. The Treaty of Logstown was signed by representatives of
3870-629: Is also served by the Baden Academy private charter school . Lower Shawneetown Lower Shawneetown , also known as Shannoah or Sonnontio , was an 18th-century Shawnee village located within the Lower Shawneetown Archeological District, near South Portsmouth in Greenup County, Kentucky and Lewis County, Kentucky . The population eventually occupied areas on both sides of the Ohio River, and along both sides of
3999-545: Is approximately 20 miles northwest of Pittsburgh . According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough has a total area of 2.5 square miles (6.5 km ), of which 2.3 square miles (6.0 km ) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.5 km ) (8.03%) is water. Baden borders two municipalities, with Economy to the north and east, and Harmony Township to the south. Across the Ohio River , Baden runs adjacent with Aliquippa and Hopewell Township . As of
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4128-463: Is one of us alive. You are always threatening our Brothers what you will do to them, and in particular, to that man (pointing to George Croghan); now, if you have anything to say to our Brothers, tell it to him if you be a man, as you Frenchmen always say you are, and the Head of all Nations. Our Brothers are the people we will trade with, and not you. He then returned the belt of wampum, symbolically rejecting
4257-505: Is quite new; it is hardly more than five or six years since it was established. The savages who live there are almost all Iroquois; they count about sixty warriors." Céloron reported that he was informed that warriors in Logstown had planned to attack his camp during the first night, but that his well-armed force, sentinels, and carefully planned encampment discouraged them from doing so. Later that evening "the Chiefs, accompanied by thirty or forty braves, came to salute me." They apologized for
4386-548: Is seduced by the allurements of cheap merchandise furnished by the English, which keeps them in very bad disposition towards us. Céloron discovered some British traders living in Logstown. Incensed, he warned them to leave this territory which belonged to France. and wrote a scolding note to the governor of Pennsylvania, which stated in part: I have been very much surprised to find some merchants of your government in this country, to which England has never had any pretensions. I have treated them with all possible mildness, though I had
4515-501: Is today part of Raven Rock State Nature Preserve. The earliest eyewitness account is a report by Charles III Le Moyne , Baron de Longueuil from July, 1739. A French military expedition made up of 123 French soldiers and 319 Native American warriors from Quebec , under the command of Longueuil, was on its way to help defend New Orleans from the Chickasaw , who were attacking the city on behalf of England . While on their journey down
4644-482: The 2010 census , there were 4,135 people, 1,897 households, and 1,081 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1,913.8 inhabitants per square mile (738.9/km ). There were 1,995 housing units at an average density of 868.4 per square mile (335.3/km ). The racial makeup of the borough was 96.9% White, 1.5% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of
4773-641: The Iroquois Confederation , Lenape and Shawnee leaders there; George Washington visited the area to speak with the Natives himself under Queen Alliquippa . The oldest recorded house in Baden was built in the early 1800s, and it became a stopping place for farmers on their way to Pittsburgh to sell their livestock. Baden was founded as a village in 1838 and was named after the German resort town of Baden-Baden at
4902-511: The Kanawhan Region and the Ohio Valley tributaries in 1750–1751 and 1753, following the trail of Céloron through the Ohio country, visiting the same Indian towns the French expedition had visited and meeting with chiefs. In 1751 Gist, Indian trader George Croghan and Andrew Montour (interpreter), accompanied by Robert Callender , visited Lower Shawneetown. Gist's journal entry from January, 1751, states: Tuesday [January] 29 - Set out...to
5031-427: The Marquis de la Jonquière , decided to send Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire back to Logstown to establish a permanent French base there. In early July 1750, Joncaire set out from Montreal with a staff of eight cadets and four soldiers, in addition to two Cayuga guides. They traveled with two canoes loaded with goods, including powder and shot, intended as gifts for the Indians and for trade. They proceeded down
5160-449: The Miami ( Munsee ), and nearly all the nations from the territory of Enhault ( Pays d'en Haut , the territory of New France to the west of Montreal )." In 1749, Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps estimated that the entire town had about 60 cabins, but by 1751, the town consisted of 40 houses on the Kentucky side located along bluffs above the floodplain, and 100 houses on the Ohio side atop
5289-458: The Ohio River towards the Mississippi River , they met with local chiefs in a village on the banks of the Scioto, which was probably Lower Shawneetown, "where the Shawnees gave them a friendly reception and furnished reinforcements." Among Longueuil's officers was the young Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville , who returned to Lower Shawneetown in 1749. In April, 1745, Peter Chartier ,
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5418-634: The Allegheny to Logstown, where Joncaire had orders to establish a trading-house, two stories high, its walls fitted with crénelés, ( loopholes ) for defense. Joncaire was directed to explore the region, to learn all he could about the Monongahela River , to find a new route from southern Ohio to Lake Erie, to visit Lower Shawneetown and establish relations with the chiefs there, and finally, to report back to Céloron in Detroit. Throughout September and October
5547-424: The British traders and Céloron's condescending attitude irritated the Shawnees, some of whom returned to their home villages, "tearing down and trampling underfoot with contempt" the French copper plates as they went." Governor James Hamilton sent George Croghan to Logstown as soon as they learned of Céloron's visit, to find out how the Indians had reacted to the French expedition. Croghan arrived in late August, only
5676-427: The British. In the summer of 1749 Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville , leading a force of eight officers, six cadets, an armorer, 20 soldiers, 180 Canadians, 30 Iroquois and 25 Abenakis , moved down the Ohio River on a flotilla of 23 large boats and birch-bark canoes, on his "lead plate expedition," burying lead plates at six locations where major tributaries entered the Ohio. The plates were inscribed to claim
5805-481: The Chaouanons is quite pleasant, at least, it is not masked by the mountains, like the other villages through which we had passed. The Sinhioto River, which bounds it on the west, has given it its name. It is composed of about sixty cabins. The Englishmen there numbered five. On that morning, several of Céloron's Native American guides warned him that the town's inhabitants might be preparing to ambush Céloron's force, in
5934-559: The Delawares and Scarouady supervised the Shawnees. The provincial government of Pennsylvania was anxious to keep Native Americans in the Ohio Valley from being influenced by the French. As early as 1731, agents from Montreal had visited communities along the Ohio River, distributing goods and urging the tribes to send emissaries to Quebec to establish alliances. On September 18, 1747, George Croghan wrote to Thomas Lawrence in Philadelphia,
6063-482: The English flag, saying that it had been put on display by some young men "for show...and without perceiving the consequences," adding that "our heart is entirely French." In contrast, William Trent recorded that as the warriors arrived, "every man discharged his gun loaded with ball & large shot into the ground between the Frenchmen's legs which almost blinded them & covered them with dirt. The Indians then came to
6192-447: The English should make no treaty in the country of the Ohio, I have directed the traders of your government to withdraw. You cannot be ignorant, sir, that all the lands of this region have always belonged to the King of France, and that the English have no right to come there to trade. My superior has commanded me to apprise you of what I have done, in order that you might not affect ignorance of
6321-414: The English traders [living in the town] and asked them if they should kill them, the English took pity on them, seeing Monsieur Céloron & his people much dejected & trembling with fear as they were sure of certain death should the traders advise them to it." Céloron described Logstown and its inhabitants briefly: This village consists of fifty cabins, composed of Iroquois, Channanous , Loups and
6450-539: The English. In his letter to Governor Hamilton, Croghan noted, "To enforce that speech he gave them a very large belt of wampum ," a symbol of the importance of his message. Keeshequeatama, Speaker for the Six Nations, replied: You desire we may turn our Brothers, the English, away, and not suffer them to come and trade with us again. I now tell you from our hearts, we will not; for we ourselves brought them here to trade with us and they shall live amongst us as long as there
6579-539: The French Foreign minister , described the town as: ...Established at Sonontio, where it forms a sort of republic with a fairly large number of bad characters of various nations who have retired thither...In fact, there is reason to fear that the bad example of the savages...will lead them to do something evil. He urged the Marquis de la Jonquière , the Governor-General of New France , to send envoys to persuade
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#17328442256286708-546: The French challenge to end trade with the English. On 25 May Croghan met with Joncaire, who apologized for urging the leaders of Logstown to end trade with the English, saying that he was following orders from the Governor of Canada, but added that "he was sure the French could not accomplish their designs with the Six Nations, without it could be done by force; which, he said, he believed they [the French] would find to be as difficult as
6837-625: The French." In November 1747 Scarouady and other Iroquois leaders visited Philadelphia to sign the "Treaty Between the President and Council of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Ohio Indians," promising a military alliance against the French in exchange for supplies and trade goods. The Council obtained £200 worth of goods and sent Croghan to Logstown in April, 1748 to cement the terms of the treaty and secure
6966-526: The Indians from the King, by Order of the President of Virginia," which "obtained me Quiet and Respect among them." Gist spent one night in the town and left the next day, observing the river downstream from the town: "The Bottoms upon the River below the Logg's Town very rich but narrow, the high Land pretty good but not very rich." After Céloron returned and reported his experiences, the new Governor-General of New France,
7095-406: The Indians, the attempt would have failed and put the French to shame. I have therefore withdrawn. In his description of the meeting between Céloron and the English traders, Bonnecamps says, "The Englishmen...were ordered to withdraw, and promised to do so," although he adds elsewhere, "firmly resolved, doubtless, to do nothing of the kind, as soon as our backs were turned." Céloron's expedition
7224-493: The Logstown sachems for the construction of an English fort, but told Croghan that no official request to build a fort should be made. Instead, Croghan was instructed to find out how the Indians felt about having an English stronghold on the Ohio. On 29 May 1751, at a council meeting at Logstown between George Croghan, Andrew Montour and representatives of the Six Nations, Croghan reported the following statement from Iroquois speaker Toanahiso: Baden, Pennsylvania Baden
7353-677: The Mouth of Sciodoe Creek opposite to the Shannoah Town, here we fired our Guns to alarm the Traders, who soon answered, and came and ferryed Us over to the Town — The Land about the Mouth of Sciodoe Creek is rich but broken fine Bottoms upon the River & Creek. The Shannoah Town is situate upon both Sides the River Ohio, just below the Mouth of Sciodoe Creek, and contains about 300 Men, there are about 40 Houses on
7482-872: The Navy (which included the Bureau of the Colonies), wrote that ...it is reported that since the War , [the Shawnees] have been joined by a considerable number of savages of all nations, forming a sort of republic [at Lower Shawnee Town], dominated by some Iroquois of the Five Nations who form part of it; and that, as the English almost entirely supply their needs, it is to be feared that they may succeed in seducing them...I am writing to Monsieur de Vaudreuil regarding that union, so that he may strive to break it. In May, 1749, Antoine Louis Rouillé ,
7611-681: The Ohio River Valley seeking to escape a smallpox epidemic in 1733 and a drought in 1741, creating a multi-ethnic community. In August 1744 the town's population increased significantly when Kakowatcheky arrived with his band of Shawnee warriors and their families from Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania . Kakowatcheky is sometimes credited with founding Logstown. Another early resident was Opessa Straight Tail , who moved to Logstown some time before 1750. The town's population varied from approximately 200 to 500 people. In 1749 Céloron de Blainville observed fifty cabins housing about sixty warriors, suggesting
7740-684: The Ohio to find an area of 200,000 acres that the Company could take possession of, according to a 1749 grant from King George II of England . Gist was instructed to Search out and discover the Lands upon the River Ohio, & other adjoining Branches of the Mississippi down as low as the great Falls thereof: You are particularly to observe the Ways & Passes thro all the Mountains you cross, & take an exact Account of
7869-557: The Ohio tribes, the Pennsylvania government purchased gifts and sent Croghan and Montour back to Logstown. They arrived on 18 May 1751, and were welcomed warmly. Two days after they arrived, "Mr. loncoeur and one Frenchman more" arrived, accompanied by forty Iroquois warriors. On 21 May Joncaire called a council with the leaders of Logstown, and Croghan was also there. Joncaire requested that the leaders respond to Céloron's speech of August, 1749, challenging them to end all trade relations with
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#17328442256287998-479: The Pennsylvania government received reports that a Frenchman named "Jean Coeur," or "John Ceur" was traveling up and down the Ohio River, distributing gifts and gaining influence with the Indians. Croghan returned to Logstown again in November, 1750, to tend to his trading post there. He wrote to Governor James Hamilton on 16 November: "Yesterday, Andrew Montour and I got to this Town, where we found thirty warriors of
8127-437: The Pennsylvania provincial government as early as 1734 to restrict the sale of alcohol in Native American communities because of the social and economic problems it caused. Croghan eventually decided to break open the kegs and spill the rum, in accordance with a newly-enacted Pennsylvania statute issued by Lieutenant-Governor George Thomas . After the gifts had been distributed, the chiefs told Weiser and Croghan, "Our brethren
8256-402: The S Side of the River and about 100 on the N Side, with a Kind of State-House of about 90 Feet long, with a light Cover of Bark in which they hold their Councils. The day after they arrived, Gist, Croghan, Callender and Montour met in the council house with the town's elders and a chief whom Gist identifies as Big Hannaona (probably Big Hominy , also known as Meshemethequater ). Croghan made
8385-612: The Scioto River in what is now Scioto County, Ohio . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 28 April 1983. It is near the Bentley site , a Madisonville Horizon settlement inhabited between 1400 CE and 1625 CE. Nearby, to the east, there are also four groups of Hopewell tradition mounds, built between 100 BCE and 500 CE, known as the Portsmouth Earthworks . Extensive archaeological work has provided
8514-474: The Shawnee population of the town to relocate "either to Canada or Louisiana " for fear the British would recruit Shawnee warriors "to stir up the nations and cause them to undertake expeditions against the French." He added: "If you succeed in inducing the [Shawnees] to leave, it [Lower Shawneetown] will be weakened to such an extent that it need no longer be feared." He also suggested that British traders be expelled from Shawnee communities to discourage trade with
8643-399: The Shawnees on the Ohio River." Historian Charles A. Hanna proposes that the town was established by Shaweygila Shawnees who had been forced out of their home on the Monongahela River by the Six Nations chiefs. The first reference to the Lower Shawneetown by that name was in a letter by William Trent on 20 October 1748, reporting a murder at Kuskusky , when a Virginia trader there
8772-548: The Six Nations, Delawares, Shawnees, Nanticokes , and Twightwees met at the courthouse in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and signed a peace treaty with the Pennsylvania Provincial Council . This treaty guaranteed commercial access to tribes across the Ohio Valley as far west as the Wabash River, an unprecedented diplomatic achievement for the English. In 1748, the colony of Pennsylvania sent Conrad Weiser , Pennsylvania's ambassador to
8901-519: The Six Nations, to Logstown. Arriving on August 27, he set up his headquarters in Croghan's trading post and visited the surrounding villages. Soon a large number of Delaware, Shawnee, Iroquois and Wyandot Indians gathered at Logstown, including the Wyandot chief Orontony and five other leaders from Kuskusky , who "behav’d like People of good Sense & Sincerity." Weiser met each tribe separately and then in
9030-422: The Six Nations...They told us that they saw John Coeur [Joncaire] about one hundred and fifty miles up this River at an Indian Town, where he intends to build a Fort if he can get liberty from the Ohio Indians. He has five canoes loaded with goods, and is very generous in making presents to all the chiefs of the Indians that he meets with." Alarmed by these continued attempts of the French to maintain influence over
9159-441: The Soil, Quality, & Product of the Land, and the Wideness and Deepness of the Rivers, & the several Falls belonging to them, together with the Courses & Bearings of the Rivers & Mountains as near as you conveniently can: You are, also to observe what Nations of Indians inhabit there, their Strength & Numbers, who they trade with, & in what Comodities they deal. Gist arrived in Logstown on 25 November, describing
9288-538: The Way from the Shannoah Town...is fine, rich, level, Land, well timbered with large Walnut, Ash, Sugar Trees, Cherry Trees, &c; it is well watered with a great Number of little Streams or Rivulets, and full of beautiful natural Meadows, covered with wild Rye , blue Grass , and Clover, and abounds with Turkeys, Deer, Elks, and most Sorts of Game, particularly Buffaloes, thirty or forty of which are frequently seen feeding in one Meadow...a most delightful Country. The Ohio and all
9417-653: The West Side of the Ohio, and tended Corn on the East Side of the River." On the east bank of the river, a few homes were built on a grassy terrace above the floodplain, the so-called "upper town." In 1747, the Six Nations Confederacy Haudenosaunee sent two headmen as emissaries to live in Logstown and supervise the Iroquois allies: Tanacharison , a Seneca , and Scarouady , an Oneida . Tanacharison oversaw
9546-515: The White Men have indeed tied our hearts to theirs. We at present can but return thanks with an empty hand till another opportunity serves to do it sufficiently...In the meantime, look upon us as your true brothers." Among those accompanying Weiser was Benjamin Franklin 's illegitimate son, William Franklin , only nineteen at the time, probably sent by his father as a part of his education. Franklin kept
9675-401: The area for France. Céloron also sought out British traders and warned them to leave this territory which belonged to France. Céloron approached the town of "St. Yotoc" on 21 August, where a Lenape Indian they met informed them that the town consisted of "about 80 cabins there, and perhaps 100." Father Bonnecamps, the geographer of Céloron's expedition, wrote: The situation of the village of
9804-520: The audience, was apparently outraged. George Croghan , who arrived in Logstown a few days after Céloron had left, told Richard Peters that Old Cackewatcheka was so exasperated at the Pride & Insolence of the French pretending to say that the Indian's land belonged to them that while he [Céloron] was in the midst of his Speech, the old King being blind and unable to stand without somebody to support him said in
9933-407: The average family size was 2.72. In the borough the population was spread out, with 17.2% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 24.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.9 males. In 2000, the median income for a household in
10062-410: The bidding of the general." They all took up arms, saying...they would have nothing to do with it...[that] it was only to make slaves of them...but [Chartier] told them that he would not listen to them. The same French trader witnessed Chartier's Shawnees performing a two-day "Death Feast," a ceremony conducted before abandoning a village. After staying in Lower Shawneetown for a few weeks, they left
10191-579: The border of the Black Forest . Early on, Baden was home to boat building yards, quarries, a lath mill and a gristmill . After Baden was established as a borough in 1858, it grew with the appearance of steel mills and oil wells in the area as well as the growth of the railroads, including the nearby Conway Yard , now operated by Norfolk Southern . Baden is located at 40°38′23″N 80°13′36″W / 40.63972°N 80.22667°W / 40.63972; -80.22667 (40.639847, −80.226727). It
10320-540: The borough was $ 32,924, and the median income for a family was $ 40,924. Males had a median income of $ 31,025 versus $ 23,813 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $ 17,112. About 5.1% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over. Children in Baden are served by the Ambridge Area School District . The current schools serving Baden are: The community
10449-474: The community in the years preceding the French and Indian War . The town remained politically neutral in spite of frequent visits by French, British and Native American leaders. Several English captives, including Mary Draper Ingles and Samuel Stalnaker , were held captive in Lower Shawneetown in the 1750s. Lower Shawneetown was abandoned in 1758 to avoid colonial American raids during the French and Indian War, and
10578-426: The council, to create a stronger relationship that would further exclude the French from operating in the region. During the council, a trader from Maryland named Nolan arrived with 30 gallons of rum and began to sell it to the Indians, much to the dismay of Weiser and Croghan, who were afraid that violence would erupt if the Indians drank too much. Several of the Logstown leaders were also unhappy, as they had petitioned
10707-480: The council-house with Thomas Burney and Andrew McBryer, two English traders who had escaped during the fighting, who gave Trent a full account of the raid. On 4 August 1752, Trent met with a group of survivors from Pickawillany, including the wife and son of Memeskia , the Piankeshaw chief who had been killed in the raid, and presented them with gifts. He engaged in talks with village elders in an attempt to strengthen
10836-532: The east coast of North America and in southern Canada had caused Native American populations to concentrate in the Ohio River Valley , and Lower Shawneetown was situated at a convenient point, accessible to many communities living on tributaries of the Ohio River. The area had Iroquois , Delaware , Wyandot , and Miami communities within a few days' journey. The town also lay near the Seneca Trail , which
10965-456: The evils which might befall them. I know that our Governor-General would be very sorry to have to resort to violent measures, but he has received positive orders not to allow foreign merchants or traders in his government. During the night, Céloron was warned by Chabert de Joncaire that preparations were again being made in Logstown to attack the French camp, and he gave orders to his men to prepare for battle. He then sent Joncaire (who had lived in
11094-507: The furs and skins of deer, elk, bison, bear, beaver, raccoon, fox, wildcat , muskrat , mink and fisher . Town residents wore European-style glass beads, silver earrings, armbands, and brooches, rather than traditional Native American beads and pendants made from shell, animal teeth, or animal bone. Cloth matchcoats , wool blankets, linen skirts and shirts and leather shoes supplemented moccasins and garments manufactured from animal skins. Large cast-iron pots began to replace ceramic vessels in
11223-402: The hair retained, for neither martens nor beavers are seen there." Archeological evidence shows that, by the 1750s, trade had transformed the lives of the residents of the town. Traders brought guns, metal tools, knives, saddles, hatchets, glass and ceramic beads, strouds (a kind of coarse blanket), ruffled and plain shirts, coats, clay tobacco pipes, brass and iron pots, and rum to trade for
11352-426: The idea of constructing a blockhouse , and Governor Duquesne began preparations to send French and Canadian troupes de la marine to the south shore of Lake Erie, under the command of Paul Marin de la Malgue , to build a road and construct a series of forts ( Fort Presque Isle , Fort Le Boeuf , Fort Machault ), and later, Fort Duquesne . The Ohio Iroquois had been reluctant to allow the English to build forts in
11481-569: The kindness of your hearts and your sentiments. He even raised a troop of your young men to follow him." The Shawnee leaders refused to acknowledge any French loyalty, however. According to William Trent, Céloron was informed that the French "must not lay on the East of the [Ohio] River because they intended this side for their Brethren, the English, & they must [not] lay on the West side because they kept that country for themselves, but told them they must lay on
11610-433: The large Branches are said to be full of fine Fish of several Kinds, particularly a Sort of Cat Fish of a prodigious Size. Residents of the town used Raven Rock, a 500-foot-high sandstone rock formation on the Ohio side, as a lookout point to observe traffic on the Ohio River. Located about 5.5 miles southwest of the town center, the rock allowed lookouts to survey a 14-mile stretch of the river upstream and downstream. It
11739-505: The main section of the town was built on the broad, flat floodplain along the east bank of the Ohio River, with a few structures located on the west bank. Gardens and cornfields were planted on both sides of the river, on fertile, alluvial flatlands , where the town's residents cultivated maize , beans, squash, gourds, tobacco, and sunflowers. One source states that "in the year 1752...the Shawanese Inhabited Loggs Town, on
11868-499: The men of my detachment brush themselves up as well as possible, so as to give them a better appearance, and I arranged everything...in good order, as I considered this one of the most considerable villages of the Beautiful River (the Ohio River)...When I was in sight of the village I discovered three French and one English flag...I had M. de Joncaire tell them to ...knock down the English [flag], or I would have it taken away myself. This
11997-498: The method they had just tried, and would meet with the like success." At another meeting with the town's leaders on 28 May, the Speaker of the Six Nations addressed Joncaire directly, saying, "Is it not our land (stamping on the ground, and putting his finger to Joncair's nose)? What right has Onontio (the Governor of New France) to our lands? I desire you may go home directly off our lands and tell Onontio to send us word immediately what
12126-431: The mistaken belief that the French were coming to attack the town. Céloron decided to send a delegation ahead, made up of Kahnawake and Abenaki Indians led by Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire (who was raised in a Seneca community), to announce that the French were not intending to attack them. Hearing that a French military force was approaching, the inhabitants had hastily erected a stockade . Joncaire described it as
12255-480: The mountains, transferred into wagons for a fourteen-day journey to Philadelphia and then shipped to London. On 6 August 1749, Céloron de Blainville met six English traders near Kittanning , who had left Lower Shawneetown and were on their way to Philadelphia with "fifty horses and about one hundred and fifty bales of furs." Father Joseph Bonnecamps examined the furs and described them as the skins of "bears, otters, cats, précans [possibly raccoons], and roe-deer, with
12384-650: The path of the Ohio River as it appeared before reaching the town: "Down the River...to Loggs Town, the Lands these last 8 [miles] very rich, the Bottoms above a Mile wide, but on the SE side, scarce a Mile wide, the Hills high and steep. In the Loggs Town, I found scarce any Body but a Parcel of reprobate Indian Traders, the Chiefs of the Indians being out a hunting." In the town he found the people suspicious of his reasons for being there, as it
12513-407: The population. There were 1,897 households, out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 37.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and
12642-421: The preparation of salt or maple sugar. Strings of glass beads, metal pendants, silver earrings and brooches of European manufacture were buried with the dead. European trade goods found at the site include gun spalls and gunflints , gun parts (sideplate, mainspring , ram pipes , and breech plugs), wire-wound and drawn glass beads , tinkling cones, a button, a brass pendant, an earring, cutlery, kettle ears,
12771-404: The purpose of Céloron's expedition, an Indian interrupted him, "saying that the French deceived them and that they came only to destroy them and their families." A number of warriors then "rushed to arms, saying that these Frenchmen should be killed" and Céloron and the others waiting upriver in the canoes should be ambushed. Fortunately, "an Iroquois chief averted the storm." With his help, Joncaire
12900-412: The reasons of it, and he has given me this order with so much the greater reason because it is now two years since Monsieur Céloron, by order of Monsieur de La Galissoniere, then Commandant General, warned many English who were trading with the Indians along the Ohio, against doing so, and they promised him not to return to trade on the lands, as Monsieur Céloron wrote to you. Joncaire apparently abandoned
13029-418: The region from about 1000-1750 CE): ...Long rectangular buildings with rounded corners constructed of frameworks of wooden posts set singly into the ground and covered with either thatch, bark, mats or skins. Trade blankets or skins provided "doors" at the ends of the houses. Interior partitions broke up the space within each house, and hearths were located in the center of earthen floors. Pits for storage lined
13158-413: The region. Being an unusually large settlement, and because of its strategic location in the Ohio Country , an area contested by France and England, Logstown was an important community for all parties living along the Ohio and tributary rivers. Logstown was a prominent trade and council site for the contending British and French colonial governments, both of which made abortive plans to construct forts near
13287-419: The region. As early as March 23, 1731, Seneca chiefs sent a message to Governor Patrick Gordon : "It is [our] land but your people may trade there but not build Stone or Timber houses, but of Bark." Twenty years later, the English began working to obtain permission to build forts. George Croghan was in Logstown in November, 1750 when the residents mentioned to him that Joncaire was exploring the idea of building
13416-492: The river and came with flags and pipes of peace . They had cut the grass to prepare a meeting place and everyone sat together. The men taken hostage with Joncaire were brought forward and handed over. The Shawnees invited Céloron to enter the town and address them in their council house , but Céloron was wary of being ambushed: I was aware of the weakness of my detachment; two-thirds were recruits who had never made an attack...[The Indians] being much displeased, it would have been
13545-456: The sand where the waters cover when it's high and if they wanted wood, to have...the drift wood...& not cut the smallest stick of green wood, [and] if they did, they would kill them, every one." On 25 August Céloron summoned the five Pennsylvania traders who were then living in the town and ordered them to leave, stating that "they had no right to trade or aught else on the [Ohio] River." Céloron considered confiscating their goods, but as he
13674-599: The site is marked with a stone bearing a brass plaque placed there by the Fort McIntosh chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1932, memorializing the visit of Major George Washington to the town in November, 1753. A few sources claim that in 1747 the French built about 30 log cabins , some with stone chimneys, on a plateau above the original Logstown village, and that these log cabins supposedly gave
13803-402: The town contained abundant resources: hardwood forests , grasslands, canebrakes , nut-bearing trees, freshwater springs and some with brine. Wildlife included bear, deer, elk, and bison . Tools and pottery could be made from chert -bearing bedrock and clay riverbanks. In a journal entry from February, 1751, Christopher Gist describes the Ohio country in the area of Lower Shawneetown: All
13932-516: The town for two days but he was unable to persuade them to abandon their loyalty to the English, as "the cheap merchandise which the English furnished was [a] very seducing motive for them to remain attached to the latter." At one point he referred to the visit he had made to Lower Shawneetown as an officer with the Baron de Longueuil in 1739: "What have you done, Shawnese, with the sense you had ten years ago when M. de Longueuil passed here?...You showed to him
14061-426: The town its name. However, George P. Donehoo says that the name "was probably due to the fact that large numbers of logs were left upon the flat after the floods in the Ohio River." Donehoo and several other sources report that the original Lenape name of the village was Maughwawame, which translates to "extensive flats." The French referred to the town as "Chiningue" which Father Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps notes
14190-507: The town may have had a total population of between 1,200 and 1,500. In 1753, after a flood destroyed part of the town which had been on the Scioto River's west bank, some residents relocated to the east bank, and others moved to the Kentucky side of the Ohio River. According to A. Gwynn Henderson, eighteenth-century homes in this community would have resembled those of the Fort Ancient inhabitants (a Native American culture that occupied
14319-452: The town on 24 June and proceeded down the Ohio River, then in August headed south into Kentucky to found the community of Eskippakithiki . The French had focused much attention on Canada, allowing English traders to establish themselves in the Ohio Valley, but in the late 1740s they took notice of Lower Shawneetown's size and commercial dependence on British trade. In February, 1748, Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux , French Secretary of State of
14448-471: The town year-round and sometimes married Native American women. These trading posts attracted local hunters to bring skins and furs to the town, meaning that a post in Lower Shawneetown could do profitable business with dozens of villages without requiring the traders themselves to travel, as they had done previously. The town's location on the Ohio River allowed traders to send furs and skins by canoe up to Logstown , where they were taken by packhorses over
14577-526: The town's population in its defense. According to William Trent , "the Indians ran to their arms and hoisted the English Colors. Cawcaw-wi-cha-ke, the Shawnese King about 114 years of age, set his back against the flag staff with his gun in his hand and desired the young men to kill them all." Céloron was enraged by the sight of the British flag, but noted the armed warriors, writing in his journal: I made
14706-615: The town. Logstown was burned in 1754 and although it was rebuilt, in the years following the French and Indian War it became poor and was eventually abandoned. Logstown is located in Harmony Township , about 14 miles northwest of the Forks of the Ohio (now in downtown Pittsburgh ) in an area on the east bank of the Ohio River opposite Aliquippa . The site is also due north of the Pittsburgh International Airport . Today
14835-501: The tribes' loyalty to the British. Conrad Weiser was to follow in August with more gifts. Croghan met in council with 1500 men at Logstown, and finding the Council's gifts insufficient for all of them, he added an additional £224 in powder, lead, knives, flints, brass wire, and tobacco from his own stock. This gesture was influential in maintaining the alliance between the British and the Ohio tribes. In late July, fifty-five representatives of
14964-550: The walls; trash was disposed in outdoor pits or on the ground in heaps behind the house. Bundles of dried food hung from the rafters. However, Europeans described some buildings as huts, cabins or houses--structures with squared logs and covered with bark or clapboard. A few even had chimneys. Lower Shawneetown was surrounded by fertile, alluvial flatlands that were ideal for growing corn, beans, squash, gourds, tobacco, and sunflowers. The remains of charred Northern flint corn have been documented archaeologically. The area around
15093-402: Was already clear to the Natives that the colonial governments were hoping to take possession of the land: "The People in this Town, began to enquire my Business, and because I did not readily inform them, they began to suspect me, and said, I was come to settle the Indian's Lands and they knew I should never go Home again safe." Gist invented a reason for his visit, that "I had a Message to deliver
15222-488: Was angry with the Provincial government of Pennsylvania for their failure to control the sale of alcohol in Shawnee communities, and his plan at that time was to bring as many Shawnees as he could over to French protection. He was on his way to Lower Shawneetown to address the Shawnees living there. Kakowatcheky, however, refused to join him, and Chartier and his people left Logstown after a brief stay. Most sources agree that
15351-457: Was confronted by a large and well-armed Shawnee force, he decided to leave. He wrote in his journal: My instructions enjoin me to summon the English traders in Sinhioto and instruct them to withdraw on pain of what might ensue, and even to pillage the English should their response be antagonistic, but I am not strong enough and as these traders are well-established in a village and well-supported by
15480-493: Was done immediately, a woman cut the pole and the flag has not been seen since...I fixed my camp securely near the village, and made it appear as strong as it was possible for me. I had body guards placed on the right and the left, I ordered sentinels to be placed at a short distance from each other, and bivouacked for the night. The Jesuit priest Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps , who accompanied Céloron, wrote about Logstown, which he called by its French name: "The village of Chiningué
15609-465: Was his reason for using our Brothers so, or what he means by such proceedings, that we may know what to do; for I can assure Onontio that we, the Six Nations, will not take such usage." On 4 June 1751 Joncaire wrote directly to Governor Hamilton from Logstown, in French, with a warning: Monsieur the Marquis de La Jonquiere, Governor of the whole of New France, having honored me with his orders to watch that
15738-523: Was intended to impress the inhabitants of the Ohio River Valley with the capability of the French to maintain control over the region, but it met with defiance and resulted in a weakening of the French position. In 1750, the Ohio Company hired Christopher Gist , a skilled woodsman and surveyor , to explore the Ohio Valley in order to identify lands for potential settlement, and to undo any French influence lingering after Céloron's expedition. He surveyed
15867-802: Was killed following an altercation over some liquor, "which he was tying up, in order to send to the Lower Shawna Town." The Shawnee name of the town is unknown, but evidence suggests that it may have been "Chillicothe," a Shawnee word meaning "principal place" and typically applied to villages of the Chalahgawtha division of the Shawnees, who dominated the town. On English maps the town was labeled "the Lower Shawonese Town," "the lower Shawanees town," "Lower Shanna Town," "the Shannoah town," or "Shawnoah." The French called it "Saint Yotoc" (which may be
15996-402: Was released to return under guard to the canoes waiting upstream with Céloron and the rest of the expedition. The others who had accompanied Joncaire were held hostage by the Shawnees. Céloron selected a guard of fifty reliable soldiers and went to the riverbank opposite the town. As he approached, the Shawnees saluted him by firing their guns into the air. The town's chiefs and elders crossed
16125-480: Was relocated further up the Scioto River to the Pickaway Plains . Established in the mid-1730s at the confluence of the Scioto and Ohio Rivers, Lower Shawneetown was one of the earliest known Shawnee settlements on the Ohio River. The first reference to the town is found in a letter of 27 July 1734, written by François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes , describing an English trader's warehouse in "the home of
16254-444: Was their chief. Monsieur de Céloron had him come, and ordered him, as he had done with the others, to return to his own country. The Englishman, who saw us ready to depart, acquiesced in all that was exacted from him, — firmly resolved, doubtless, to do nothing of the kind, as soon as our backs were turned. Céloron then distributed gifts and departed from Logstown on 12 August, proceeding downriver to Lower Shawneetown . The expulsion of
16383-619: Was their designation and not a Native name: "We called it Chiningue, from its vicinity to a river of that name." Donehoo says that chiningue is a French word for beaver, but also suggests that it may be a corruption of ochenango, a Seneca word meaning "large bull thistles ." The original village was settled by Shawnees , possibly as early as 1725 or 1730 on low-lying land less than a mile north of present-day Ambridge in Beaver County, Pennsylvania . The population grew as groups of Lenape , Cayugas , Senecas , and Shawnees migrated west into
16512-615: Was under the Care of the Governor of Virginia (at that time, Robert Dinwiddie ), who had sent Me out to invite them to come and see Him, & partake of their Father's Present next Summer." Big Hannaona responded with a warm speech which concluded: "We hope that the Friendship now subsisting between us & our Brothers will last as long as the Sun Shines or the Moon gives light." The journal terminates with
16641-512: Was used by Cherokees and Catawbas , and the opportunity to trade for furs and to broker political alliances attracted both British and French traders. Within a few years of its establishment, the town became a key center in dealings between Native American tribes and Europeans. The community was initially built on the south bank of the Ohio River opposite its confluence with the Scioto River , on floodplains and terraces, with later growth of
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