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104-634: The Symphony was established in 1963, drawing mainly from the amateur musicians in Livermore, California , and surrounding cities. Four main concerts are played each season, which runs from September to May, as well as a fundraising "Pops" concert series each fall. The four main concerts are held in the Bankhead Theater of the Livermore Valley Performing Arts Center. The repertoire is classical music ranging from baroque to modern. For

208-549: A Boot Hill called the Oak Knoll Cemetery, Livermore's first public cemetery, but it was formally abandoned after becoming less popular and being devastated by natural disasters in the 1900s, and is now used for athletics at Granada High School . During the late 19th century and early 20th century, the Livermore Valley attracted the creation of sanitariums due to the warm climate and clean air. From 1894 to 1960,

312-422: A stem cell transplant , alkylating agents , or corticosteroid therapy , regardless of immunization status; travel to areas where measles commonly occurs or contact with travelers from such an area; and the loss of passive, inherited antibodies before the age of routine immunization. Once the measles virus gets onto the mucosa , it infects the epithelial cells in the trachea or bronchi. Measles virus uses

416-412: A Mediterranean climate, gravelly soil, warm days and cool nights, it was a good location to grow wine grapes. By 1880 the wheat and barley fields were being replaced by vineyards. As well as the main products of the town, extensive chromite deposits were found nearby and exploited for a time. Magnesite deposits were exploited on Red Mountain , near the end of Mines Road. The Remillard Brick Company

520-516: A United States classical music orchestra is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Livermore, California Livermore is a city in Alameda County, California . With a 2020 population of 87,955, Livermore is the most populous city in the Tri-Valley , giving its name to the Livermore Valley . It is located on the eastern edge of California's San Francisco Bay Area , making it

624-571: A billion people. Vaccination rates have been high enough to make measles relatively uncommon. Adverse reactions to vaccination are rare, with fever and pain at the injection site being the most common. Life-threatening adverse reactions occur in less than one per million vaccinations (<0.0001%). In developing countries where measles is common , the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends two doses of vaccine be given, at six and nine months of age. The vaccine should be given whether

728-587: A capital budget of $ 3,870,971. LARPD serves an area that encompasses about 115,000 people. The extensive gravel deposits around Livermore have led to extensive gravel extraction that is still ongoing. Shadow Cliffs Park along Stanley Boulevard west of Livermore is a popular 266-acre (108 ha) park that includes an 80-acre (32 ha) lake in an old Kaiser Industries gravel pit and is used extensively today for swimming, boating, and fishing. Measles Measles (probably from Middle Dutch or Middle High German masel(e) ("blemish, blood blister "))

832-470: A community of young families and commuters from the greater Bay Area. The North Livermore district is north of the Union Pacific Railroad that cuts through downtown. The South Livermore district, including areas of unincorporated land, has over 40 wineries. Livermore has a seasonal local farmers market on Thursdays. The first Camp Wonder , a summer camp for children with special medical needs,

936-453: A correlation between children who take aspirin and the development of Reye syndrome . The use of vitamin A during treatment is recommended to decrease the risk of blindness; however, it does not prevent or cure the disease. A systematic review of trials into its use found no reduction in overall mortality, but two doses (200,000 IU ) of vitamin A was shown to reduce mortality for measles in children younger than two years of age. It

1040-441: A decrease in immunization. Symptoms typically begin 10–14 days after exposure. The classic symptoms include a four-day fever (the four Ds) and the three Cs— cough , coryza (head cold, fever, sneezing), and conjunctivitis (red eyes)—along with a maculopapular rash . Fever is common and typically lasts for about one week; the fever seen with measles is often as high as 40 °C (104 °F). Koplik's spots seen inside

1144-754: A form of modified measles. Modified measles is characterized by a prolonged incubation period , milder, and less characteristic symptoms (sparse and discrete rash of short duration). Complications of measles are relatively common, ranging from mild ones such as diarrhea to serious ones such as pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia ), laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) (either direct viral laryngotracheobronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis), otitis media , acute brain inflammation , corneal ulceration (leading to corneal scarring ), and in about 1 in 600 unvaccinated infants under 15 months while more rarely in older children and adults, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis , which

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1248-687: A front mosaic by Maria Alquilar . The official city flower is the Livermore tarplant , an endangered plant that only grows near Livermore. The city is noted for one world record. A 120+ year old 4-watt light bulb, called the Centennial Light, housed in the Livermore-Pleasanton Fire Department Firehouse Six, is still burning. Originally installed by Augustus Donner Wilson, the bulb has been maintained through successive generations until his great-great-granddaughter Alissa Wilson. It glows dimly, but still functions as

1352-478: A light bulb. The Guinness Book of World Records , Ripley's Believe It or Not! , and General Electric have concluded that the bulb has been burning continuously since 1901 with the exception of power failures and the three times it was disconnected for moves to new stations. The light bulb was manufactured by the Shelby Electric Company and was hand blown with a carbon filament. Radio station KKIQ

1456-678: A measles outbreak in the German capital of Berlin resulted in at least 782 cases. In 2017, numbers continued to increase in Europe to 21,315 cases, with 35 deaths. In preliminary figures for 2018, reported cases in the region increased 3-fold to 82,596 in 47 countries, with 72 deaths; Ukraine had the most cases (53,218), with the highest incidence rates being in Ukraine (1209 cases per million), Serbia (579), Georgia (564) and Albania (500). The previous year (2017) saw an estimated measles vaccine coverage of 95% for

1560-412: A newly made virus. Within days, the measles virus spreads through local tissue and is picked up by dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages , and carried from that local tissue in the lungs to the local lymph nodes. From there it continues to spread, eventually getting into the blood and spreading to more lung tissue, as well as other organs like the intestines and the brain. Functional impairment of

1664-414: A protein on its surface called hemagglutinin (H protein), to bind to a target receptor on the host cell, which could be CD46 , which is expressed on all nucleated human cells, CD150 , aka signaling lymphocyte activation molecule or SLAM, which is found on immune cells like B or T cells, and antigen-presenting cells, or nectin-4 , a cellular adhesion molecule. Once bound, the fusion, or F protein helps

1768-470: A second dose of the MMR vaccine is given, it will provide immunity in 99% of children. There is no evidence that the measles vaccine virus can be transmitted to other persons. There is no specific antiviral treatment if measles develops. Instead the medications are generally aimed at treating superinfections, maintaining good hydration with adequate fluids, and pain relief. Some groups, like young children and

1872-410: A year, primarily in the developing areas of Africa and Asia. It is one of the leading vaccine-preventable disease causes of death. In 1980, 2.6 million people died from measles, and in 1990, 545,000 died due to the disease; by 2014, global vaccination programs had reduced the number of deaths from measles to 73,000. Despite these trends, rates of disease and deaths increased from 2017 to 2019 due to

1976-586: Is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus . Other names include morbilli , rubeola , red measles , and English measles . Both rubella , also known as German measles , and roseola are different diseases caused by unrelated viruses. Symptoms usually develop 10–12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7–10 days. Initial symptoms typically include fever , often greater than 40 °C (104 °F), cough, runny nose , and inflamed eyes . Small white spots known as Koplik's spots may form inside

2080-615: Is also recommended for children. Among cases reported in the U.S. between 1985 and 1992, death occurred in only 0.2% of cases, but may be up to 10% in people with malnutrition . Most of those who die from the infection are less than five-years old. The measles vaccine is effective at preventing the disease, is exceptionally safe, and is often delivered in combination with other vaccines. Vaccination resulted in an 80% decrease in deaths from measles between 2000 and 2017, with about 85% of children worldwide having received their first dose as of 2017. Measles affects about 20 million people

2184-602: Is also the California site of Sandia National Laboratories , the second largest employer in Livermore (employing about 3%). It also describes itself as being focused on "national security". It is managed and operated by a subsidiary of Honeywell International . In 2010, the two National Laboratories, along with other stakeholders, including the University of California, Berkeley , UC Davis , and regional cities, partnered to create

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2288-433: Is caused by the measles virus , a single-stranded, negative-sense , enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae . The virus is highly contagious and is spread by coughing and sneezing via close personal contact or direct contact with secretions. Measles is the most contagious virus known. It remains infective for up to two hours in that airspace or nearby surfaces. Measles

2392-602: Is classically described as a generalized red maculopapular rash that begins several days after the fever starts. It starts on the back of the ears and, after a few hours, spreads to the head and neck before spreading to cover most of the body. The measles rash appears two to four days after the initial symptoms and lasts for up to eight days. The rash is said to "stain", changing color from red to dark brown, before disappearing. Overall, measles usually resolves after about three weeks. People who have been vaccinated against measles but have incomplete protective immunity may experience

2496-462: Is close to a semi-arid climate because of its relatively low annual precipitation, due to being in the rain shadow of the western portions of the Diablo Range . Livermore features hot, dry summers and cool winters with occasional rainfall. The valley's passes direct the normal west to east flow of air through the valley. Usually there is a strong evening wind in the summer that brings cool air off

2600-435: Is extremely infectious and its continued circulation in a community depends on the generation of susceptible hosts by birth of children. In communities that generate insufficient new hosts the disease will die out. This concept was first recognized in measles by Bartlett in 1957, who referred to the minimum number supporting measles as the critical community size (CCS). Analysis of outbreaks in island communities suggested that

2704-648: Is headquartered in Albuquerque, New Mexico . Its south side is home to local vineyards , and its downtown district is being redeveloped as of 2024 . The United States Census Bureau defines an urban area of Tri-Valley-area cities, with Livermore as the principal city: the Livermore– Pleasanton – Dublin , CA urban area had a 2020 population of 240,381, making it the 167th largest in the United States . The valley and upland areas, where contemporary Livermore

2808-494: Is important for public health efforts. Measles is not known to occur in other animals. Once a person has become infected, no specific treatment is available, although supportive care may improve outcomes. Such care may include oral rehydration solution (slightly sweet and salty fluids), healthy food, and medications to control the fever. Antibiotics should be prescribed if secondary bacterial infections such as ear infections or pneumonia occur. Vitamin A supplementation

2912-502: Is licensed in Livermore and broadcasts in the Tri-Valley area. The Independent is a local newspaper founded in September 1963. It is located in the Bank of Italy Building. The Livermore Area Recreation and Park District (LARPD) is a special independent park district that was created by the vote of the public in 1947 and runs the parks and other facilities in the city of Livermore and most of

3016-646: Is located, was home to Chochenyo speaking peoples. As a group, these people are considered Ohlone Costonoan with distinct cultural affiliation in contrast to and closely bordering the Bay Miwok to the north and the Valley Yokuts to the east. Four tribelets , the Yulien, Ssaoam, Ssouyn, and the Pelnen occupied the valley floor with territory extending into the hills. Semi-permanent villages were located near water drainages at

3120-451: Is not ideal, as saliva contains many other fluids and proteins which may make it difficult to collect samples and detect measles antibodies. Saliva also contains 800 times fewer antibodies than blood samples do, which makes salivary testing additionally difficult. Positive contact with other people known to have measles adds evidence to the diagnosis. Mothers who are immune to measles pass antibodies to their children while they are still in

3224-796: Is progressive and eventually lethal. In addition, measles can suppress the immune system for weeks to months, and this can contribute to bacterial superinfections such as otitis media and bacterial pneumonia. Two months after recovery there is a 11–73% decrease in the number of antibodies against other bacteria and viruses. The death rate in the 1920s was around 30% for measles pneumonia. People who are at high risk for complications are infants and children aged less than 5 years; adults aged over 20 years; pregnant women; people with compromised immune systems, such as from leukemia , HIV infection or innate immunodeficiency; and those who are malnourished or have vitamin A deficiency . Complications are usually more severe in adults. Between 1987 and 2000,

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3328-462: Is recommended that children be immunized against measles at 12 months, generally as part of a three-part MMR vaccine (measles, mumps , and rubella ). The vaccine is generally not given before this age because such infants respond inadequately to the vaccine due to an immature immune system. A second dose of the vaccine is usually given to children between the ages of four and five, to increase rates of immunity. Measles vaccines have been given to over

3432-479: Is so contagious that if one person has it, 90% of non-immune people who have close contact with them (e.g., household members) will also become infected. Humans are the only natural hosts of the virus, and no other animal reservoirs are known to exist, although mountain gorillas are believed to be susceptible to the disease. Risk factors for measles virus infection include immunodeficiency caused by HIV/AIDS , immunosuppression following receipt of an organ or

3536-446: Is the most common fatal complication of measles infection and accounts for 56–86% of measles-related deaths. Possible consequences of measles virus infection include laryngotracheobronchitis , sensorineural hearing loss , and—in about 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 300,000 cases — panencephalitis , which is usually fatal. Acute measles encephalitis is another serious risk of measles virus infection. It typically occurs two days to one week after

3640-442: Is unclear if zinc supplementation in children with measles affects outcomes as it has not been sufficiently studied. There are no adequate studies on whether Chinese medicinal herbs are effective. Most people survive measles, though in some cases, complications may occur. About 1 in 4 individuals will be hospitalized and 1–2 in 1,000 will die. Complications are more likely in children under age 5 and adults over age 20. Pneumonia

3744-928: The American Red Cross , the United States CDC , the United Nations Foundation , UNICEF and the WHO. Globally, measles fell 60% from an estimated 873,000 deaths in 1999 to 345,000 in 2005. Estimates for 2008 indicate deaths fell further to 164,000 globally, with 77% of the remaining measles deaths in 2008 occurring within the Southeast Asian region. There were 142,300 measles related deaths globally in 2018, of which most cases were reported from African and eastern Mediterranean regions. These estimates were slightly higher than that of 2017, when 124,000 deaths were reported due to measles infection globally. In 2000,

3848-533: The League of American Orchestras . Education and outreach have long been concerns of the Symphony, and a committee was appointed in 1965 to establish an award for a musician graduating from a local high school. This tradition has continued with a few memorial awards added. The Symphony Association has sponsored a yearly competition for young musicians which has discovered some talented young people. . This article about

3952-722: The Livermore Naval Air Station . The primary mission of the base was to train Navy pilots for World War II . This facility operated until it was decommissioned in 1946 after the end of the war. On January 5, 1951, the Bureau of Yards and Docks, U.S. Navy , formally transferred the former NAS Livermore in its entirety to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) for use by the University of California's Radiation Laboratory. In 1952,

4056-655: The Livermore Sanitarium was in operation for the treatment of alcoholism and mental disorders; and from 1918 to around 1960, the Arroyo del Valle Sanitarium was in operation in the town for the treatment of tuberculosis . The city once had a slogan "Live Longer with Livermore". In 1909, the Livermore Carnegie Library and Park opened, taking advantage of a Carnegie library grant. As the city grew and larger libraries were needed, other libraries were built, and

4160-497: The Mother Lode gold country. Most horse traffic went by way of Altamont Pass just east of Livermore. Because Livermore would offer food and shelter to those passing by, the valley eventually became known as "Livermore's Valley", and is still known as the Livermore Valley today. Robert Livermore died in 1858. The first significant settlement in the valley was Laddsville , a small settlement of about 75 which had grown up around

4264-548: The Rancho Valle de San José . In 1869, he set aside 100 acres (40 ha) of his land for a townsite , creating a new town which he named Livermore, after his friend Robert Livermore. Livermore was platted and registered on November 4, 1869, as a railroad town . By that time, the valley had already become known as Livermore's Valley. He had first met Livermore while marching through the valley with John C. Fremont 's California Battalion in 1846 as they were recruited to occupy

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4368-486: The hackerspace Robot Garden, which provides public access on weekends. One of California's oldest wine regions, the Livermore Valley American Viticultural Area (AVA) played a pivotal role in shaping California's wine industry. In the 1840s, California pioneers looking for outstanding vineyard sites began planting grapes in the region. Robert Livermore planted the first commercial vines in

4472-469: The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. This method is particularly useful to confirm cases when the IgM antibodies results are inconclusive. For people unable to have their blood drawn , saliva can be collected for salivary measles-specific IgA testing. Salivary tests used to diagnose measles involve collecting a saliva sample and testing for the presence of measles antibodies. This method

4576-469: The 1840s. After California joined the union as the 31st state in 1850, pioneer winemakers C. H. Wente, a first-generation immigrant from Germany (founder of Wente Vineyards ), James Concannon, a first generation Irishman (founder of Concannon Vineyard ), and Charles Wetmore, a Portland, Maine-born pioneer of California (founder of Cresta Blanca Winery ), recognized the area's winegrowing potential and bought land, planted grapes and founded their wineries in

4680-645: The 1880s. Charles Wetmore went to France in 1878 when he was appointed a delegate for the California Viticultural Association to the Paris Exposition. Wetmore was able in 1882 to obtain Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc, and Muscat de Bordelais cuttings from one of the most prestigious vineyards in France, Chateau Yquem. These superior clones helped revitalize the California wine industry. In 1889 Wetmore won

4784-727: The 1990s when many people in Bay Area moved farther away from the urban core. The Livermore Valley is located within the Diablo Range , one of several parts of the California Coast Ranges that surround the San Francisco Bay Area . The Livermore Valley has an east–west orientation with mountain passes on the west and east connecting the Bay Area and the Central Valley . The passes are used by railroads and highways to connect

4888-484: The 2010–2011 season, the conductor is Dr. Arthur P. Barnes , a professor emeritus at Stanford University who has conducted the orchestra since 1964 when he was a doctoral student at Stanford. The concertmaster is Kristina Anderson. Dr. Barnes, Ms. Anderson, and the principal cello are the only paid regular players; the rest are volunteers. The Symphony is a member of the Association of California Symphony Orchestras and

4992-567: The 48,000-acre (19,000 ha) Rancho Las Positas grant, which includes most of Livermore, was made to ranchers Robert Livermore and Jose Noriega . In the early 1840s Livermore moved his family from the Sunol Valley to the Rancho Las Positas grant, as the second non-native family to settle in the Livermore valley area. In 1847, after the Americans took control of California and gold

5096-466: The CCS for measles is around 250,000. To achieve herd immunity , more than 95% of the community must be vaccinated due to the ease with which measles is transmitted from person to person. In 2011, the WHO estimated that 158,000 deaths were caused by measles. This is down from 630,000 deaths in 1990. As of 2018, measles remains a leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths in the world. In developed countries

5200-500: The California campus of Sandia National Laboratories opened across East Avenue from LLNL. Both LLNL and Sandia are technically on U.S. government property just outside the city's jurisdiction limits, but with employment at LLNL at about 6,800 and Sandia/California at about 1,150 they are Livermore's largest employers. A number of historic buildings from the 1800s were razed in the 1960s to build fast food and other modern structures in their place. The town grew rapidly in population in

5304-525: The Livermore Coal Company was formed. Extensive deposits of coal were also mined in the nearby Corral Hollow, which was briefly the largest coal producer in California between 1895 and 1905. The ghost towns of Tesla and Carnegie were satellite towns of Livermore at the time. Livermore's wine industry grew after the 1880s, and it became notable for wineries like Wente Vineyards , Concannon Vineyards , and Cresta Blanca Winery . Since it has

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5408-520: The Livermore Valley in the late summer. This can bring high humidity, monsoon clouds, and, much less commonly, thunderstorms. Snow is very rare, but light dustings do occur on the surrounding hills and occasionally in the valley, such as in 2023, 2021, and 2009. The 2010 United States Census reported that Livermore had a population of 80,968. The population density was 3,216.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,241.7/km ). The homeowner vacancy rate

5512-675: The Livermore Valley. In this time, Spanish military conducted raids throughout the East Bay using the valley as a natural corridor for movement. Deaths from measles outbreaks were recorded in Mission San Jose in 1806 which forced recruiting beyond the Livermore Valley and into the Altamont range. The Livermore-Amador Valley from 1800 to about 1837 was primarily used as grazing land for the Mission San Jose's growing herds of cattle, sheep and horses. The valley helped San Jose Mission emerge as one of

5616-593: The Pacific Ocean into the Livermore valley as it heads towards the much hotter Central Valley . This wind is strong enough with an average summer wind speed of about 9 miles per hour (14 km/h) and predictable enough to encourage the use of the wind turbines in the Altamont Pass between the cities of Livermore and Tracy. The period from June to September is extremely dry and is characterized by clear skies. On rare occasion, subtropical moisture occasionally surges into

5720-400: The United States nuclear arsenal. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is the largest employer in Livermore, as of 2022, employing about 15% of the population. LLNL's defining responsibility is to "ensure the safety, security and reliability of the nation’s nuclear deterrent," but it also does a wide variety of other research, including co-discovering livermorium . Livermore

5824-460: The WHO established the Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) to provide laboratory surveillance for measles, rubella , and congenital rubella syndrome . Data from 2016 to 2018 show that the most frequently detected measles virus genotypes are decreasing, suggesting that increasing global population immunity has decreased the number of chains of transmission. Cases reported in

5928-469: The WHO. In November 2024, the WHO and CDC reported that that measles cases increased by 20% last year, primarily due to insufficient vaccine coverage in the world’s poorest and conflict-affected regions. Nearly half of the major outbreaks occurred in Africa, where deaths rose by 37%, the agencies noted. In 2023, approximately 10.3 million cases of the highly contagious disease were reported, up from 8.65 million

6032-615: The age of 5 years. In February 2024, the World Health Organization said more than half of the world was at risk of a measles outbreak due to Covid-19 pandemic-related disruptions in that month. All the world regions have reported such outbreaks with the exception of the Americas , though these could still be expected to become hotspots in the future. Death rates during the outbreaks tend to be higher among poorer countries but middle income nations are also heavily impacted, according to

6136-448: The brain may occur. Measles is an airborne disease which spreads easily from one person to the next through the coughs and sneezes of infected people. It may also be spread through direct contact with mouth or nasal secretions . It is extremely contagious: nine out of ten people who are not immune and share living space with an infected person will be infected. Furthermore, measles's reproductive number estimates vary beyond

6240-702: The case fatality rate across the United States was three deaths per 1,000 cases attributable to measles, or 0.3%. In underdeveloped nations with high rates of malnutrition and poor healthcare , fatality rates have been as high as 28%. In immunocompromised persons (e.g., people with AIDS ) the fatality rate is approximately 30%. Even in previously healthy children, measles can cause serious illness requiring hospitalization. One out of every 1,000 measles cases progresses to acute encephalitis , which often results in permanent brain damage. One to three out of every 1,000 children who become infected with measles will die from respiratory and neurological complications. Measles

6344-468: The child is HIV-infected or not. The vaccine is less effective in HIV-infected infants than in the general population, but early treatment with antiretroviral drugs can increase its effectiveness. Measles vaccination programs are often used to deliver other child health interventions as well, such as bed nets to protect against malaria , antiparasite medicine and vitamin A supplements, and so contribute to

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6448-515: The city, including the Greenville Fault , Tesla Fault and the Livermore Fault. The soil is primarily gravel with excellent drainage. The gravel is used in several gravel extraction sites outside the city. The gravelly soil and Mediterranean climate increases the flavor concentration in the grapes planted in the soil. Livermore has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ), although it

6552-469: The early days, the income of the town of Livermore mainly came from wheat. The city also developed as a place for the shipping and processing of products of the valley, including cattle, roses, and white wines, the last especially prominent after the 1880s. Some other contributors to the town's prosperity were coal and oil deposits in the surrounding hills. Coal was first found in Harrisville, and in 1875

6656-483: The easternmost city in the area. Livermore was a railroad town named for Robert Livermore , a local rancher who settled in the area in the 1840s. It is the home of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , for which the chemical element livermorium is named (and thus, placing the city's name in the periodic table ). It is also the California site of Sandia National Laboratories , which

6760-507: The farming, winegrowing and ranching traditions that have existed in the valley since the time of Robert Livermore, but now largely reflects a suburban population. Since 1918, Livermore has each June hosted the Livermore Rodeo , called the "World's Fastest Rodeo", that claims it has more riders per hour than any other event of its type. There are several wine-tasting tours of the many Livermore area wineries that occur periodically throughout

6864-525: The first dose and 90% for the second dose in the region, the latter figure being the highest-ever estimated second-dose coverage. In 2019, the United Kingdom, Albania, the Czech Republic, and Greece lost their measles-free status due to ongoing and prolonged spread of the disease in these countries. In the first 6 months of 2019, 90,000 cases occurred in Europe. As a result of widespread vaccination,

6968-463: The first three months of 2019, were 300% higher than in the first three months of 2018, with outbreaks in every region of the world, even in countries with high overall vaccination coverage where it spread among clusters of unvaccinated people. The numbers of reported cases as of mid-November is over 413,000 globally, with an additional 250,000 cases in DRC (as reported through their national system), similar to

7072-433: The frequently cited range of 12 to 18. The NIH quote this 2017 paper saying: "[a] review in 2017 identified feasible measles R 0 values of 3.7–203.3". People are infectious to others from four days before to four days after the start of the rash. While often regarded as a childhood illness, it can affect people of any age. Most people do not get the disease more than once. Testing for the measles virus in suspected cases

7176-505: The government established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), named after physicist Ernest O. Lawrence , as the site of a second laboratory for the study of nuclear energy like the research being done at the Los Alamos National Laboratory . The laboratory was run by the University of California . Edward Teller was a co-founder of LLNL and was both its director and associate director for many years. In 1956,

7280-554: The grand prize for his first pressing (1884) in the 1889 Paris Exposition. Wetmore shared these cuttings with other growers, including C. H. Wente, who used the Chateau Yquem grape cuttings to eventually produce their Chateau Wente wine. According to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in Livermore are: Gillig Corporation , a large manufacturer of buses, moved its factory to Livermore in May 2017 and, at

7384-478: The hotel established by Alponso Ladd around 1864 on 160 acres of land he bought. After the hotel and a house were initially built, another home, a blacksmith , a saloon , and a general store followed in the same year. The first schoolhouse was built in 1866. Livermore's founder, William Mendenhall , was another landowner in the Livermore Valley, having bought 650 acres of the Santa Rita grant and 608 acres of

7488-512: The i-GATE (Innovation for Green Advanced Transportation Excellence) National Energy Systems Technology (NEST) Incubator, part of the Central Valley. The 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m ) i-GATE NEST campus was created to stimulate large-scale, high-tech business development drawn by the two labs. Initial focus of the campus was solar energy, fuel cells , biofuels , LED lighting, and other related technologies. i-GATE shares its facilities with

7592-517: The immune system, which can cause deaths from other diseases. Suppression of the immune system by measles lasts about two years and has been epidemiologically implicated in up to 90% of childhood deaths in third world countries, and historically may have caused rather more deaths in the United States, the UK and Denmark than were directly caused by measles. Although the measles vaccine contains an attenuated strain, it does not deplete immune memory. Measles

7696-615: The increasing trends of infection reported in the earlier months of 2019, compared to 2018. In 2019, the total number of cases worldwide climbed to 869,770. The number of cases reported for 2020 is lower compare to 2019. According to the WHO, the COVID-19 pandemic hindered vaccination campaigns in at least 68 countries, including in countries that were experiencing outbreaks, which caused increased risk of additional cases. In 2022, there were an estimated 136,000 measles deaths globally, mostly among unvaccinated or under vaccinated children under

7800-796: The infected dendritic cells by the measles virus is thought to contribute to measles-induced immunosuppression. Typically, clinical diagnosis begins with the onset of fever and malaise about 10 days after exposure to the measles virus, followed by the emergence of cough , coryza , and conjunctivitis that worsen in severity over 4 days of appearing. Observation of Koplik's spots is also diagnostic. Other possible condition that can result in these symptoms include parvovirus , dengue fever , Kawasaki disease , and scarlet fever . Laboratory confirmation is, however, strongly recommended. Laboratory diagnosis of measles can be done with confirmation of positive measles IgM antibodies or detection of measles virus RNA from throat, nasal or urine specimen by using

7904-421: The measles rash breaks out and begins with very high fever, severe headache, convulsions and altered mentation. A person with measles encephalitis may become comatose , and death or brain injury may occur. For people having had measles, it is rare to ever have a symptomatic reinfection. The measles virus can deplete previously acquired immune memory by killing cells that make antibodies, and thus weakens

8008-606: The measles vaccine and autism ; this incorrect concern has reduced the rate of vaccination and increased the number of cases of measles where immunization rates became too low to maintain herd immunity . Additionally, there have been false claims that measles infection protects against cancer. Administration of the MMR vaccine may prevent measles after exposure to the virus (post-exposure prophylaxis). Post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines are specific to jurisdiction and population. Passive immunization against measles by an intramuscular injection of antibodies could be effective up to

8112-563: The more wealthy Spanish enclaves. As a result of the secularization of the mission system, in 1839, two large ranchos were created that encompassed the Livermore Valley; Rancho Las Positas and Rancho Valle de San Jose . Many Native groups left the San Jose Mission during this period and reestablished themselves in communities in the East Bay, including the Livermore Valley . Because indigenous food resources there were depleted, they tried to support themselves by working as laborers. But as

8216-462: The mortality rate is lower, for example in England and Wales from 2007 to 2017 death occurred between two and three cases out of 10,000. In children one to three cases out of every 1,000 die in the United States (0.1–0.2%). In populations with high levels of malnutrition and a lack of adequate healthcare, mortality can be as high as 10%. In cases with complications, the rate may rise to 20–30%. In 2012,

8320-405: The mouth are diagnostic for measles, but are temporary and therefore rarely seen. Koplik spots are small white spots that are commonly seen on the inside of the cheeks opposite the molars. They appear as "grains of salt on a reddish background." Recognizing these spots before a person reaches their maximum infectiousness can help reduce the spread of the disease. The characteristic measles rash

8424-448: The mouth two or three days after the start of symptoms. A red, flat rash which usually starts on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body typically begins three to five days after the start of symptoms. Common complications include diarrhea (in 8% of cases), middle ear infection (7%), and pneumonia (6%). These occur in part due to measles-induced immunosuppression . Less commonly seizures , blindness , or inflammation of

8528-460: The nearby Altamont Pass in the east and Niles Canyon on the west. After it was destroyed by a fire in 1871, Laddsville gradually merged into Livermore. The railroad significantly accelerated Livermore's growth, and the incorporation of Laddsville into the city added impetus; the city was officially incorporated by the state on April 1, 1876. At the time the town had a population of about 830 people in 234 buildings. It had 13 saloons. In

8632-472: The number of deaths due to measles was 78% lower than in 2000 due to increased rates of immunization among UN member states . Even in countries where vaccination has been introduced, rates may remain high. Measles is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable childhood mortality. Worldwide, the fatality rate has been significantly reduced by a vaccination campaign led by partners in the Measles Initiative :

8736-495: The original site was converted into a historic center and park. The community was primarily agricultural until 1945, and transitioned to a suburb as a result of construction of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1952 and the Sandia National Laboratories in 1956, and population overflow from the rest of the bay area. In 1942, the U.S. government bought 692 acres (280 ha) of ranch land, and built

8840-532: The population grew thanks to the Gold Rush which started in 1848 and the workers on the railroad, it became more and more difficult to find work; by 1906, there were only 28 individuals left, and by 1914 most of the remaining population was gone. Robert Livermore (1799–1858), the namesake of the town, was a British citizen who had jumped from a British merchant sailing ship stopping in Monterey, California . In 1839,

8944-699: The previous year. In England and Wales, though deaths from measles were uncommon, they averaged about 500 per year in the 1940s. Deaths diminished with the improvement of medical care in the 1950s but the incidence of the disease did not retreat until vaccination was introduced in the late 1960s. Wider coverage was achieved in the 1980s with the measles, mumps and rubella , MMR vaccine . In 2013–14, there were almost 10,000 cases in 30 European countries. Most cases occurred in unvaccinated individuals and over 90% of cases occurred in Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, and United Kingdom. Between October 2014 and March 2015,

9048-553: The reduction of child deaths from other causes. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that all adult international travelers who do not have positive evidence of previous measles immunity receive two doses of MMR vaccine before traveling, although birth before 1957 is presumptive evidence of immunity. Those born in the United States before 1957 are likely to have been naturally infected with measles virus and generally need not be considered susceptible. There have been false claims of an association between

9152-404: The seventh day after exposure. Compared to no treatment, the risk of measles infection is reduced by 83%, and the risk of death by measles is reduced by 76%. However, the effectiveness of passive immunization in comparison to active measles vaccine is not clear. The MMR vaccine is 95% effective for preventing measles after one dose if the vaccine is given to a child who is 12 months or older; if

9256-416: The severely malnourished, are also given vitamin A , which acts as an immunomodulator that boosts the antibody responses to measles and decreases the risk of serious complications. Treatment is supportive , with ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) to reduce fever and pain and, if required, a fast-acting medication to dilate the airways for cough. As for aspirin , some research has suggested

9360-439: The summer. Livermore has a strong blue-collar element, as well as many professionals who work at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and other work sites in the high tech industries within the Bay Area. One of the largest districts in Livermore is Springtown, the northeast area of the city north of Interstate 580 . Originally conceived as a retirement community in the early 1960s, Springtown has slowly transformed into

9464-563: The surrendering Californio towns captured by the U.S. Navy 's Pacific Squadron . He also donated 20 acres (8.1 ha) of this land to the Western Pacific Railroad , which in September 1869 placed a station on the land William Mendenhall had donated. The land for the tracks had already been signed over by Robert Livermore from his ranch in 1855, as surveyors had determined it was the best place to build. The original railroad tracks went from Alameda Terminal to Sacramento over

9568-605: The third highest-income midsize city, behind only the California cities of Newport Beach ($ 97,428) and Livermore's western neighbor, Pleasanton ($ 101,022). As of October 2019, there were 53,792 registered voters in Livermore; of these, 21,158 (39.93%) are Democrats , 15,061 (28.00%) are Republicans , and 14,499 (26.95%) are independents/decline to state . The Livermore area is the home of two US Department of Energy National Laboratories . The laboratories are known worldwide, and attract significant attention both for their scientific research and for their major roles in developing

9672-612: The time of the move, the company estimated its employment at the new facility to be 800 initially and 850 after the filling of then-open positions. Livermore's largest employers, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratory are United States Department of Energy National Laboratories , located inside the city limits since 2011, and are included in the above table. Architectural Glass and Aluminum moved its headquarters to Livermore in 2013, with 80 employees. They expanded and changed to 100% employee ownership in 2015. Livermore's culture retains some vestiges of

9776-591: The town had grown and a fire company, churches, a bank, and a library were built. Livermore was officially incorporated by the state as a city in April 1876. During Livermore's early years, before and after it was incorporated, it was well known for large hotels that graced the downtown street corners, before new buildings replaced them. A telephone line connected Livermore to Arroyo Valley by 1886, and electric lights were introduced by 1888. By 1890 Livermore had over 20 miles (32 km) of streets. Livermore originally had

9880-636: The two regions. Livermore Valley is about 15 miles (24 km) long (east to west) and 10 miles (16 km) wide (north to south). Watercourses draining the city of Livermore include Arroyo Mocho , Arroyo Valle , Arroyo Seco and Arroyo Las Positas . The principal aquifer underlying the city is the Mocho Subbasin . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 25.2 square miles (65 km ), over 99% of it land. Several local seismic areas of activity lie near

9984-417: The unincorporated areas of eastern Alameda County. LARPD has its own, five-person board of directors that is elected by the citizens to staggered four-year terms. As of 2013, LARPD operates 42 facilities over 1,842 acres (745 ha), with 1,432 acres (580 ha) open space. It runs an extensive selection of classes on a wide variety of subjects. The 2012-2013 operating budget of LARPD was $ 16,393,564 plus

10088-494: The valley floor within the current urban limits of Livermore with seasonal camps in the surrounding uplands. A Spanish expedition led by Pedro Fages skirted the western edge of Livermore Valley in 1772. Shortly afterwards, the Spanish Mission of San Jose was founded in 1797 on the slopes of what is modern day Fremont. Mission San Jose viewed the people and land stretching to the east as under their control. Livermore Valley

10192-410: The virus fuse with the membrane and ultimately get inside the cell. As the virus is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus , it includes the enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used to transcribe its genome into a positive-sense mRNA strand. After entering a cell, it is ready to be translated into viral proteins, wrapped in the cell's lipid envelope, and sent out of the cell as

10296-442: The womb, especially if the mother acquired immunity through infection rather than vaccination. Such antibodies will usually give newborn infants some immunity against measles, but these antibodies are gradually lost over the course of the first nine months of life. Infants under one year of age whose maternal anti-measles antibodies have disappeared become susceptible to infection with the measles virus. In developed countries, it

10400-399: Was 1.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.8%. 56,967 people (70.4% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 23,491 people (29.0%) lived in rental housing units. According to the 2010 census information, Livermore is the third wealthiest midsize (between 65,000 and 249,999 people) city in the nation. In 2005, the median household income in Livermore was $ 96,632, which ranked it

10504-419: Was also in Livermore in 1885, and was producing an extensive line of bricks and employing over 100 men. Private grade schools were operating in Livermore from the 1860s on. The Livermore Collegiate Institute was founded in 1870, and Union High School (later called Livermore High School ) graduated its first class of students in 1896. There was an old bullfight ring that survived until at least 1870. By 1876

10608-504: Was called the Valley of San Jose by the Friars and actively recruited native peoples of the valley into the mission system. In contrast, the valley was also used as a staging area for raids on Mission San Jose by neighboring tribes in this early period and beyond. During the first seven years of the 1800s, five hundred and two individuals were baptized at Mission San Jose from the four tribelets in

10712-448: Was discovered in 1848, he started making money by selling California longhorn cattle to the thousands of hungry California Gold Rush miners who soon arrived. The non-Indian population skyrocketed, and cattle were suddenly worth much more than the $ 1.00-$ 3.00 their hides could bring. Livermore's ranch became a popular "first day" stopping point for prospectors and businessmen leaving San Francisco or San Jose and headed for Sacramento and

10816-450: Was opened in Livermore in 2001. In 2019, a local LGBT organization, Livermore Pride, was founded. On its leadership team is Brittni Kiick, the city's vice mayor and first openly LGBTQ+ councilmember. Livermore was one of 10 cities to be awarded an All-America City Award during the annual National Civic League ceremony for 2021. The theme of the 2021 awards was "Building Equitable and Resilient Communities." The Livermore Public Library has

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