113-736: Liaison Office is the name of some organization or de facto embassies , which may refer to: Liaison Office (Hong Kong) , the representative office of China (PRC) government in Hong Kong Liaison Office (Macao) , the representative office of China (PRC) government in Macao Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa , the representative office of ROC (Taiwan) government in South Africa Liaison Office of
226-639: A Special Administrative Region , Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices enjoy some privileges and immunities equivalent to those of a diplomatic mission under legislation passed by host countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. Under British administration, they were known as Hong Kong Government Offices, and were headed by a Commissioner. Similarly, foreign diplomatic missions there function independently of their embassies in Beijing, reporting directly to their foreign ministries. For example,
339-532: A " French Office in Taipei ", with cultural, consular and economic sections, while the " British Office " and German Institute Taipei perform similar functions on behalf of the United Kingdom and Germany. Other countries which have broken off diplomatic relations with Taiwan also established de facto missions. In 1972, Japan established the "Interchange Association, Japan" (renamed the " Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association " in 2017), headed by personnel "on leave" from
452-674: A bill that would formally allow for the union of the State of Somaliland with the Trust Territory of Somaliland on 1 July 1960. On 1 July 1960, the State of Somaliland and the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland ) united as planned to form the Somali Republic . Inspired by Somali nationalism , the northerners were initially enthusiastic about the union. A government
565-478: A conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior completely. The latter course was decided upon, and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn, and the British administration confined to the coast town of Berbera . Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among
678-508: A diplomatic mission under legislation passed by host countries such as Portugal, Belgium and others. As the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , declared in 1983, is only recognised as an independent state by Turkey , it is represented in other countries by "Representative Offices", most notably in London , Washington , New York , Brussels , Islamabad , Abu Dhabi and Baku . Prior to
791-509: A fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack. The British campaign against Sheikh Bashir's troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept moving from place to place and avoiding any permanent location. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news travelled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to
904-487: A gradual transfer of power. The arrangement would allow local politicians to gain more political experience in running the protectorate before official independence. However, strong pan-Somali nationalism and a landslide victory in the earlier elections encouraged them to demand independence and unification with the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration (the former Italian Somaliland ). In May 1960,
1017-690: A non-governmental body known as the American Institute in Taiwan to serve its interests on the island. By contrast, other countries were represented by privately operated bodies; the United Kingdom was informally represented by the "Anglo-Taiwan Trade Committee", while France was similarly represented by a "Trade Office". These were later renamed the "British Trade and Cultural Office" and "French Institute" respectively, and, were headed by career diplomats on secondment, rather than being operated by chambers of commerce or trade departments. France now maintains
1130-477: A police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Ali, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading
1243-523: A third country that has agreed to serve as a protecting power and is recognised by both states. When relations are exceptionally tense, such as during a war, the interests section is staffed by diplomats from the protecting power. For example, when Iraq and the U.S. broke diplomatic relations due to the Gulf War , Poland became the protecting power for the United States. The United States Interests Section of
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#17328416752241356-587: A timetable or reach an agreement. In 2013, President Ma Ying-jeou outlined plans to establish three SEF representative offices in China, with the ARATS establishing representative offices in Taiwan. The opposition Democratic Progressive Party expressed fears that China could use the offices as a channel for intelligence gathering in Taiwan, while China expressed concerns that they could be used as possible gathering areas for student demonstrators. Due to Hong Kong's status as
1469-680: Is Hargeisa . Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established in the area during the early Islamic period, including in the 14th to 15th centuries the Zeila-based Adal Sultanate . In the early modern period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate emerged, including the Isaaq Sultanate which was established in the middle of the 18th century. In the late 19th century, the United Kingdom signed agreements with various clans in
1582-531: Is an office or organisation that serves de facto as an embassy in the absence of normal or official diplomatic relations among countries, usually to represent nations which lack full diplomatic recognition, regions or dependencies of countries, or territories over which sovereignty is disputed. In some cases, diplomatic immunity and extraterritoriality may be granted. Alternatively, states which have broken off direct bilateral ties will be represented by an "interests section" of another embassy, belonging to
1695-454: Is considered the most substantial and accessible ruin of its type in Somaliland. The main feature of the ruined city is a large rectangular mosque, its 3-metre high walls still standing, which include a mihrab and possibly several smaller arched niches. Swedish-Somali archaeologist Sada Mire dates the ruined city to the 15th–17th centuries. In the early modern period, successor states to
1808-779: Is formally known as the "Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei–Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission", the mission in New Delhi is known as the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Center", while the mission in Pretoria is known as the "Taipei Liaison Office". In Papua New Guinea and Fiji , the Taiwanese missions are known as the "Trade Mission of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Papua New Guinea" and "Trade Mission of
1921-452: Is proposed they fly via Perim, confining sea crossing to 12 miles. We propose to inflict fine of 2,500 camels on implicated sections, who are practically isolated and demand surrender of man who killed Gibbs. He is known. Fine to be doubled in failure to comply with latter conditions and aeroplanes to be used to bomb stock on grazing grounds. Sir Winston Churchill reporting on the Burao incident at
2034-509: Is represented by the " Liaison Office of the Republic of South Africa ". India , which has always had diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, established an " India–Taipei Association " in 1995, which is also authorised to provide consular and passport services. Singapore, despite close ties with Taiwan, did not establish formal diplomatic relations, although it was the last ASEAN country to establish diplomatic relations with
2147-588: Is the largest unrecognised state in the world by de facto controlled land area. It is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization , an advocacy group whose members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities and unrecognised or occupied territories. The name Somaliland is derived from two words: " Somali " and "land". The area was named when Britain took control from the Egyptian administration in 1884, after signing successive treaties with
2260-554: The 18th dynasty Queen Hatshepsut is recorded on the temple reliefs at Deir el-Bahari , during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati. In 2015, isotopic analysis of ancient baboon mummies from Punt that had been brought to Egypt as gifts indicated that the specimens likely originated from an area encompassing eastern Somalia and the Eritrea-Ethiopia corridor. The camel is believed to have been domesticated in
2373-628: The 4th millennium BC E. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in the north were also characterised in 1909 as important artefacts demonstrating the archaeological universality during the Paleolithic between the East and the West. According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic -speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing Neolithic period from the family's proposed urheimat ("original homeland") in
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#17328416752242486-683: The Anti-Apartheid Movement , and while the British government gave Mangope a special travel document to enter the United Kingdom, it refused to accord the mission diplomatic status. In 1985, a "Bophuthatswana House" was opened in Tel Aviv, in a building on HaYarkon Street next to the British Embassy . Despite the objections of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs , the homeland's flag
2599-863: The Ethiopians and Italians . During the First World War (1914–1918), Hassan also received aid from the Ottomans , Germans and, for a time, from the Emperor Iyasu V of Ethiopia . The conflict ended when the British aerially bombed the Dervish capital of Taleh in February 1920. The Fifth Expedition of the Somaliland campaign in 1920 was the final British expedition against the Dervish forces of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ,
2712-670: The House of Commons : On 25th February the Governor of Somaliland telegraphed that an affray between tribesmen had taken place at Burao on the previous day, in the course of which Captain Allan Gibb, D.S.O., D.C.M., the District Commissioner at Burao, had been shot dead. Captain Gibb had advanced with his interpreter to quell the disturbance, when 1954 fire was opened upon him by some riflemen, and he
2825-544: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs . This became known as the "Japanese formula", and would be adopted by other countries like the Philippines in 1975, which established the "Asian Exchange Center", replacing its former embassy. This was renamed the " Manila Economic and Cultural Office " in 1989. Australia ended formal diplomatic relations in 1972, but did not establish an "Australian Commerce and Industry Office" until 1981. This
2938-735: The Nabataean Kingdom , and the Roman Empire . They used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the beden to transport their cargo. After the Roman conquest of the Nabataean Empire and the establishment of a Roman naval presence at Aden to curb piracy, Arab and Somali merchants cooperated with the Romans to bar Indian ships from trading in the free port cities of the Arabian peninsula to protect
3051-557: The Nile Valley , or the Near East . The Laas Geel complex on the outskirts of Hargeisa dates back around 5,000 years, and has rock art depicting both wild animals and decorated cows. Other cave paintings are found in the northern Dhambalin region, which feature one of the earliest known depictions of a hunter on horseback. The rock art is in the distinctive Ethiopian-Arabian style, dated to 1,000 to 3,000 BCE. Additionally, between
3164-570: The Republic of Somaliland , is an unrecognised country in the Horn of Africa . It is located in the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden and bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Ethiopia to the south and west, and Somalia to the east. Its claimed territory has an area of 176,120 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), with approximately 6.2 million people as of 2024. The capital and largest city
3277-755: The Rhodesia Information Centre in Sydney. In 1973, the Labor government of Gough Whitlam cut post and telephone links to the centre, but this was ruled illegal by the High Court . An office was also established in Paris , but was closed down by the French government in 1977. Similarly, the United States recalled its consul-general from Salisbury , and reduced consular staff, but did not move to close its consulate until
3390-622: The Somali religious leader. Although most of the combat took place in January of the year, British troops had begun preparations for the assault as early as November 1919. The British forces included elements of the Royal Air Force and the Somaliland Camel Corps . After three weeks of battle, Hassan's Dervishes were defeated, bringing an effective end to their 20-year resistance. It was one of
3503-498: The State of Somaliland garnered recognition from thirty-five sovereign states. However, the United States merely acknowledged Somaliland's independence: The United States did not extend formal recognition to Somaliland, but Secretary of State Herter sent a congratulatory message dated June 26 to the Somaliland Council of Ministers. The following day, on 27 June 1960, the newly convened Somaliland Legislative Assembly approved
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3616-719: The Xinhua News Agency Hong Kong Branch , which had been operating in the colony since 1945. In addition to being a bona fide news agency, Xinhua also served as cover for the "underground" local branch of the Chinese Communist Party known as the Hong Kong and Macau Work Committee (HKMWC). It also opened additional district branches on Hong Kong Island , Kowloon and the New Territories in 1985 to expand its influence. Despite its unofficial status,
3729-519: The reunification of Germany, West and East Germany were each represented by a "permanent mission" ( Ständige Vertretung ), in East Berlin and Bonn respectively. These were headed by a "permanent representative", who served as a de facto ambassador. The permanent missions were established under Article 8 of the Basic Treaty in 1972. Previously, West Germany had always claimed to represent
3842-808: The " Association of East Asian Relations " (AEAR), in the Philippines as the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center" and in the United Kingdom as the "Free Chinese Centre". However, in May 1992, the AEAR offices in Japan became Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices, as did the "Free Chinese Centre" in London. In September 1994, the Clinton Administration announced that the CCNAA office in Washington could similarly be called
3955-487: The "Taipei Trade and Cultural Office" became the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau . Relations between Taiwan and China are conducted through two quasi-official organisations, the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) in Taipei, and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) in Beijing. In 2012, the two organisations' chairmen, Lin Join-sane and Chen Yunlin announced talks on opening reciprocal representative offices, but did not commit to
4068-434: The Adal Sultanate began to flourish in Somaliland. These included the Isaaq Sultanate and Habr Yunis Sultanate . The Isaaq Sultanate was a Somali kingdom that ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries. It spanned the territories of the Isaaq clan, descendants of the Banu Hashim clan, in modern-day Somaliland and Ethiopia . The sultanate was governed by the Rer Guled branch established by
4181-428: The Barre regime against the SNM targeted the rebel group's civilian base of support, escalating into a genocidal onslaught against the Isaaq clan. This led to anarchy and violent campaigns by fragmented militias, which then wrested power at a local level. The Barre regime's persecution was not limited to the Isaaq, as it targeted other clans such as the Hawiye . The Barre regime collapsed in January 1991. Thereafter, as
4294-424: The Barre regime rule was marked by a targeted brutal persecution of the Isaaq clan. Mohamed Haji Ingiriis and Chris Mullin state that the clampdown by the Barre regime against the Hargeisa-based Somali National Movement targeted the Isaaq clan, to which most members of the SNM belonged. They refer to the clampdown as the Isaaq Genocide or "Hargeisa Holocaust". A United Nations investigation concluded that
4407-399: The British government stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then protectorate of British Somaliland, with the intention that the territory would unite with the Italian-administered Trust Territory of Somaliland. The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland, which
4520-482: The British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured. After his death, Sheikh Bashir was widely hailed by locals as a martyr and was held in great reverence. His family took quick action to remove his body from the place of his death at Geela-eeg mountain, about 20 miles from Burao . Initially the British government planned to delay protectorate of British Somaliland independence in favour of
4633-530: The Colonies , to send troops from Aden and Air Force bombers Burao the revolting clans' livestock. The RAF planes arrived at Burao within two days and proceeded to bomb the town with incendiaries, effectively burning the entire settlement to the ground. Telegram from Sir Geoffrey Archer , Governor of British Somaliland to Sir Winston Churchill the Secretary of State for the Colonies : I deeply regret to inform that during an affray at Burao yesterday between Rer Sugulleh and Akils of other tribes Captain Gibb
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4746-586: The East German mission in Bonn was accredited to the West German Chancellery , its West German counterpart in East Berlin was accredited to East Germany's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Following its Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965, Rhodesia maintained overseas missions in Lisbon and Lourenço Marques (now Maputo ) until 1975 and an "Accredited Diplomatic Representative" in Pretoria . The Rhodesian Information Office in Washington remained open, but its director, Ken Towsey , and his staff were deprived of their diplomatic status. (Following
4859-436: The GDR operated unofficial missions in Western countries, such as Britain, where "KfA Ltd", an agency of the Kammer für Außenhandel , or Department of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , was established in 1959. By the early 1970s, this had begun to function as a de facto East German embassy in London, including diplomats on its staff. After 1973, West Germany no longer asserted an exclusive mandate over
4972-420: The Horn region sometime between the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE. From there, it spread to Egypt and the Maghreb . During the classical period, the northern Barbara city-states of Mosylon , Opone , Mundus , Isis , Malao , Avalites , Essina , Nikon , and Sarapion developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from Ptolemaic Egypt , Ancient Greece , Phoenicia , Parthian Persia , Saba ,
5085-472: The Isaaq Sultanate for centuries starting from the 13th century. The last Tolje'lo ruler Garad Dhuh Barar ( Somali : Dhuux Baraar ) was overthrown by a coalition of Isaaq clans. The once strong Tolje'lo clan were scattered and took refuge among the Habr Awal with whom they still mostly live. The Sultan of Isaaq regularly convened shirs (meetings) where he would be informed and advised by leading elders or religious figures on what decisions to make. In
5198-431: The Nanguang trading company. This later became known as China Central Enterprise Nam Kwong (Group). Established in 1949, officially to promote trade ties between Macau and mainland China, it operated as the unofficial representative and "shadow government" of the People's Republic in relation to the Portuguese administration. It also served to challenge the rival "Special Commissariat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
5311-433: The People's Republic of China but operate unofficial "trade missions" or "representative offices" in Taipei to deal with Taiwan-related commercial and consular issues . Often, these delegations may forward visa applications to their nearest embassy or consulate rather than processing them locally. When the United States recognized the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate entity of "China" in 1979, it established
5424-488: The People's Republic of China in Beijing, and its predecessor, the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China in Nanking established de facto representation in the colony. While the Nationalist government had negotiated with the British regarding the appointment of a Consul-General in Hong Kong in 1945, it decided against such an appointment, with its representative in the colony, T W Kwok (Kuo Teh-hua) instead being styled "Special Commissioner for Hong Kong". This
5537-435: The People's Republic of China, in 1990. Consequently, it only established a "Trade Representative Office" in Taipei in 1979, renamed the " Singapore Trade Office in Taipei " in 1990. Similarly, Taiwan maintains " representative offices " in other countries, which handle visa applications as well as relations with local authorities. These establishments use the term " Taipei " instead of " Taiwan " or "Republic of China" since
5650-442: The People's Republic of China, the office of the Special Commissioner was closed and Kwok withdrawn. In 1956, the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai requested the opening of a representative office in Hong Kong, but this also was opposed by Grantham, who advised the Secretary of State for the Colonies , Alan Lennox-Boyd in 1957 that it would a) give "an aura of respectability" to pro-Communist elements, b) have "a deplorable effect" on
5763-417: The People's Republic of China. Previously, Taiwan was represented in Hong Kong by the "Chung Hwa Travel Service", established in 1966. In Macau, it was represented by the "Taipei Trade and Tourism Office", established in 1989 and renamed the "Taipei Trade and Cultural Office" in 1999. In May 2011, the "Chung Hwa Travel Service" was renamed the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong , and in May 2012,
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#17328416752245876-543: The Polish Embassy in Iraq was headed by a Polish diplomat. However, if the host country agrees, an interests section may be staffed by diplomats from the sending country. From 1977 to 2015, the United States Interests Section in Havana was staffed by Americans, even though it was formally a section of the Swiss Embassy to Cuba. Governments of states not recognized by the receiving state and of territories that make no claim to be sovereign states may set up offices abroad that do not have official diplomatic status as defined by
5989-420: The Protectorate. James Lawrence author of Imperial Rearguard: Wars of Empire writes [Gibb]..was murdered by rioters during a protest against taxation at Burao. Governor Archer immediately called for aircraft which were at Burao within two days. The inhabitants of the native township were turned out of their houses, and the entire area was razed by a combination of bombing, machine-gun fire and burning. After
6102-429: The RAF aircraft bombed Burao to the ground, the leaders of the rebellion acquiesced, agreeing to pay a fine for Gibb's death, but they refused to identify and apprehend the accused individuals. Most of the men responsible for Gibb's shooting evaded capture. In light of the failure to implement the taxation without provoking a violent response, the British abandoned the policy altogether. The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
6215-425: The Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Republic of Fiji" respectively, despite both countries having diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. The Taipei Representative Office in Singapore was similarly known as the "Trade Mission of the Republic of China" until 1990. In addition, Taiwan maintains "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" in Hong Kong and Macau , both Special Administrative Regions of
6328-493: The Republic of China" in the territory, which represented the Kuomintang government on Taiwan . This was closed after the pro- Communist 12-3 incident in 1966, after which the Portuguese authorities agreed to ban all Kuomintang activities in Macau. Following the Carnation Revolution , Portugal redefined Macau as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration" in 1976. However, Lisbon did not establish diplomatic relations with Beijing until 1979. In 1984, Nam Kwong
6441-407: The Republic of South Africa , the representative office of South Africa government in ROC (Taiwan) Inter-Korean Liaison Office , the joint representative office of North and South Korea government. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Liaison Office . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
6554-517: The Somali peninsula. Ancient Somaliland had a trading relationship with ancient Egypt and Mycenaean Greece dating back to at least the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient Land of Punt . The Puntites traded myrrh , spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and frankincense with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Babylonians , Indians, Chinese and Romans through their commercial ports. An Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by
6667-507: The Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office. Earlier in 1989, the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center" in Manila became the " Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines ". In 1991, the "Taiwan Marketing Service" office in Canberra , Australia, established in 1988, also became a "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office", along with the "Far East Trading Company" offices in Sydney and Melbourne . Other names are still used elsewhere; for example, Taiwan's mission in Moscow
6780-402: The Taipei Representative Office in Dublin had a representative function in relation to economic and cultural promotion, it had no diplomatic or political status. Before the 1990s, the names of these offices would vary considerably from country to country. For example, in the United States, Taipei's mission was known as the "Coordination Council for North American Affairs" (CCNAA), in Japan as
6893-406: The United States Consulate General reports to the Department of State with the Consul General as the "Chief of Mission". When Hong Kong was under British administration , diplomatic missions of Commonwealth countries, such as Australia, Bangladesh Canada, India , Malaysia , New Zealand Nigeria and Singapore maintained Commissions. However, the Australian Commission was renamed
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#17328416752247006-451: The Vienna Convention. Examples include the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices ; Somaliland 's Representative Offices in London, Addis Ababa , Rome, and Washington, D.C. ; the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices that represent the government of that territory; and Gibraltar House , Bermuda House and Falkland House in London, representing the three dependent territories in their "motherland". Such offices assume some of
7119-427: The area in the early Islamic period. In the 14th century, the Zeila -based Adal Sultanate battled the forces of the Ethiopian emperor Amda Seyon I . The Ottoman Empire later occupied Berbera and environs in the 1500s. Muhammad Ali , Pasha of Egypt , subsequently established a foothold in the area between 1821 and 1841. The Sanaag region is home to the ruined Islamic city of Maduna near El Afweyn , which
7232-401: The area, establishing the Somaliland Protectorate , which was formally granted independence by the United Kingdom as the State of Somaliland on 26 June 1960. Five days later, the State of Somaliland voluntarily united with the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somalia) to form the Somali Republic . The union of the two states proved problematic early on, and in response to
7345-665: The best-kept secret of Arab and Somali merchants in their trade with the Roman and Greek world; the Romans and Greeks believed the source to have been the Somali peninsula. The collaboration between Somali and Arab traders inflated the price of Indian and Chinese cinnamon in North Africa, the Near East, and Europe, and made the spice trade profitable, especially for the Somali merchants through whose hands large quantities were shipped across sea and land routes. In 2007, more rock art sites with Sabaean and Himyarite writings in and around Hargeisa were found, but some were bulldozed by developers. Various Somali Muslim kingdoms were established in
7458-484: The bloodiest and longest militant movements in sub-Saharan Africa during the colonial era, one that overlapped with World War I. The battles between various sides over two decades killed nearly a third of Somaliland's population and ravaged the local economy. The Italian conquest of British Somaliland was a military campaign in East Africa, which took place in August 1940 between forces of Italy and those of several British and Commonwealth countries. The Italian attack
7571-453: The case of the Dervish movement , Sultan Deria Hassan had chosen not to join after receiving counsel from Sheikh Madar . He addressed early tensions between the Saad Musa and Eidagale upon the former's settlement into the growing town of Hargeisa in the late 19th century. The Sultan was also responsible for organising grazing rights and, in the late 19th century, new agricultural spaces. The allocation of resources and sustainable use of them
7684-402: The consulate-general in 1986. Following the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, the remaining Commissions were renamed Consulates-General. with the last commissioner becoming consul-general. Macau, also a Special Administrative Region , similarly has the right to set up Macao Economic and Trade Offices around the world, which enjoy some privileges and immunities equivalent to those of
7797-413: The country's independence as Zimbabwe , Towsey became chargé d'affaires at the new embassy.) The High Commission in London, known as Rhodesia House , continued to function until it was closed in 1969, following the decision by white Rhodesians in a referendum to make the country a republic. The British Residual Mission in Salisbury was closed at the same time. Prior to its closure, the mission flew
7910-408: The country, which led to the Somaliland War of Independence . Barre responded by ordering punitive measures against those he perceived as locally supporting the guerrillas, especially in the northern regions. The clampdown included bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative centre of Hargeisa, a Somali National Movement (SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988. The bombardment
8023-639: The crime of genocide was "conceived, planned and perpetrated by the Somali Government against the Isaaq people". The number of civilian casualties is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000 according to various sources, while some reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians. Along with the deaths, Barre regime bombarded and razed the second and third largest cities in Somalia, Hargeisa and Burao , respectively. This displaced an estimated 400,000 local residents to Hart Sheik in Ethiopia; another 400,000 individuals were also internally displaced. The counterinsurgency by
8136-739: The declaration of a republic in 1970. South Africa, however, retained its "Accredited Diplomatic Representative" after the UDI, which allowed it to continue to recognise British sovereignty as well as to deal with the de facto authority of the government of Ian Smith . The self-styled "South African Diplomatic Mission" in Salisbury became the only such mission remaining in the country after 1975, when Portugal downgraded its mission to consul level, having recalled its consul-general from Salisbury in May 1970. Bophuthatswana , one of four nominally independent "homelands" created by South Africa under apartheid ,
8249-696: The directors of the Xinhua Hong Kong Branch included high-ranking former diplomats such as Zhou Nan , former Ambassador to the United Nations and Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, who later negotiated the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the future of Hong Kong. His predecessor, Xu Jiatun , was also vice-chairman of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee , before fleeing to the United States in response to
8362-455: The evening of 3 July, the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of Burao District , Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied
8475-674: The first sultan, Sultan Guled Abdi , of the Eidagale clan. The sultanate is the pre-colonial predecessor to the modern Republic of Somaliland. According to oral tradition, prior to the Guled dynasty the Isaaq clan-family were ruled by a dynasty of the Tolje'lo branch descending from Ahmed nicknamed Tol Je'lo, the eldest son of Sheikh Ishaaq 's Harari wife. There were eight Tolje'lo rulers in total, starting with Boqor Harun ( Somali : Boqor Haaruun ) who ruled
8588-567: The five regions of Greater Somalia . The area of Somaliland was inhabited around 10,000 years ago during the Neolithic age . The ancient shepherds raised cows and other livestock and created vibrant rock art paintings. During the Stone Age , the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here. The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somaliland dating back to
8701-595: The formal treaties the British signed with the henceforth 'British Somaliland' clans, which took place between 1884 and 1886 (treaties were signed with the Habar Awal, Gadabursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Garhajis, Esa, and the Warsangali clans), and paved the way for the British to establish a protectorate in the region referred to as British Somaliland . The British garrisoned the protectorate from Aden and administered it as part of British India until 1898. British Somaliland
8814-420: The government of the Republic of Somaliland. The central government maintains informal ties with some foreign governments, who have sent delegations to Hargeisa; Somaliland hosts representative offices from several countries, including Ethiopia and Taiwan . However, Somaliland's self-proclaimed independence has not been officially recognised by any UN member state or international organisation. It
8927-495: The harsh policies enacted by Somalia's Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq , shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War , a 10-year war of independence concluded with the declaration of Somaliland's independence in 1991. The Government of Somaliland regards itself as the successor state to British Somaliland . Since 1991, the territory has been governed by democratically elected governments that seek international recognition as
9040-518: The interests of Somali and Arab merchants in the lucrative commerce between the Red and Mediterranean Seas. However, Indian merchants continued to trade in the port cities of the Somali peninsula, which was free from Roman interference. For centuries, Indian merchants brought large quantities of cinnamon to Somalia and Arabia from Ceylon and the Spice Islands . The source of the spices is said to have been
9153-465: The leading Sultan of Isaaq there were numerous Akils, Garaads and subordinate Sultans alongside religious authorities that constituted the Sultanate; occasionally these would declare their independence or simply break from its authority. The Isaaq Sultanate had 5 rulers prior to the creation of British Somaliland in 1884. Historically, Sultans would be chosen by a committee of several important members of
9266-420: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liaison_Office&oldid=1073603148 " Categories : Disambiguation pages De facto embassies Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages De facto embassy A de facto embassy
9379-669: The military crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests , where he went into exile. On 18 January 2000, after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong , the branch office of Xinhua became the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . When Macau was under Portuguese administration , the People's Republic of China was unofficially represented by
9492-462: The morale of Chinese in Hong Kong, c) give the impression to friendly countries that Britain was retreating from the colony, d) that there would be no end to the claims of the Chinese representative as to what constituted his functions, and e) become a target for Kuomintang and other anti-communist activities. Consequently, the People's Republic of China was only represented unofficially in Hong Kong by
9605-469: The murder. On 27th February the Governor telegraphed that, to meet the situation which had arisen, he required two aeroplanes for purposes of demonstration, and suggested that two aeroplanes from the Royal Air Force Detachment at Aden should fly over to Berber a from Aden. He also telegraphed that in certain circumstances it might become necessary to ask for reinforcements of troops to be sent to
9718-584: The newly adopted Flag of Rhodesia in a provocative gesture, as the Commonwealth Prime Ministers arrived in London for their Conference . This was considered illegal by the Foreign Office , and prompted calls by Labour MP Willie Hamilton , who condemned it as "the flag of an illegal Government in rebellion against the Crown", for its removal. In Australia, the federal government sought to close
9831-477: The non-diplomatic functions of diplomatic posts, such as promoting trade interests and providing assistance to its citizens and residents. They are nevertheless not diplomatic missions, their personnel are not diplomats and do not have diplomatic visas, although there may be legislation providing for personal immunities and tax privileges, as in the case of the Hong Kong offices in London and Toronto, for example. Many countries maintain formal diplomatic relations with
9944-506: The referendum in protest, and over 60% of those who voted in the north were against the new constitution. Regardless, the referendum passed, and Somaliland became quickly dominated by southerners. As result, dissatisfaction became widespread in the north, and support for the union plummeted. British-trained Somaliland officers attempted a revolt to end the union in December 1961 . Their uprising failed, and Somaliland continued to be marginalised by
10057-478: The ruling Somali Sultans from the Isaaq , Issa , Gadabursi , and Warsangali clans. The British established a protectorate in the region referred to as British Somaliland . In 1960, when the protectorate became independent from Britain, it was called the State of Somaliland . Five days later, on 1 July 1960, Somaliland united with the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration (the former Italian Somaliland ). The name "Republic of Somaliland"
10170-475: The south during the next decades. In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Shermarke was assassinated two years later by one of his own bodyguards. His murder was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somalian Army seized power without encountering armed opposition. The putsch
10283-515: The term " Taipei " avoids implying that Taiwan is a separate country from China or that there are " Two Chinas ", both of which would cause difficulties for their host countries. In 2007, for example, the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs , Dermot Ahern , confirmed that Ireland recognised the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China, and that while
10396-467: The towns of Las Khorey and El Ayo in eastern Somaliland lies Karinhegane , the site of numerous cave paintings of real and mythical animals. Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively have been estimated to be around 2,500 years old. Ancient pyramidical structures, mausoleums , ruined cities and stone walls, such as the Wargaade Wall , are evidence of civilisations thriving in
10509-414: The tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic Sharia and gathered around him a strong following. The British administration recruited Indian and South African troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilised
10622-504: The various Isaaq subclans. Sultans were usually buried at Toon , south of Hargeisa, which was a significant site and the capital of the Sultanate during Farah Guled 's rule. The first engagement between Somalis of the region and the British was in 1825 and led to hostilities, ending in the Battle of Berbera and a subsequent trade agreement between the Habr Awal and the United Kingdom. This
10735-464: The whole of Germany, but still did not consider East Germany to be a "foreign" country. Instead of being conducted through the Foreign Office , relations were conducted through a separate Federal Ministry for Intra-German Relations , known until 1969 as the Federal Ministry of All-German Affairs. In contrast, East Germany did consider West Germany a completely separate country, meaning that while
10848-633: The whole of Germany, reflected in the Hallstein Doctrine , which prescribed that the Federal Republic would not establish or maintain diplomatic relations with any state that recognised the GDR. Its opposition even extended to any country (such as India ) allowing East Germany to open trade missions on their territory, which Bonn viewed as de facto recognition of the government in East Berlin. However,
10961-496: Was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo clan in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir , a Somali religious leader. On 2 July, Sheikh Bashir collected 25 of his followers in the town of Wadamago and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of Burao , where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On
11074-628: Was adopted upon the declaration of independence following the Somali Civil War in 1991. At the Grand conference in Burao held in 1991 many names for the country were suggested, including Puntland , in reference to Somaliland's location in the ancient Land of Punt and which is now the name of the Puntland state in neighbouring Somalia, and Shankaroon , meaning "better than five" in Somali , in reference to
11187-549: Was also a matter that Sultans concerned themselves with and was crucial in this arid region. In the 1870s, at a famous meeting between Sheikh Madar and Sultan Deria, it was proclaimed that hunting and tree cutting in the vicinity of Hargeisa would be banned, and that the holy relics from Aw Barkhadle would be brought and oaths would be sworn on them by the Isaaqs in the presence of the Sultan whenever internal combat broke out. Aside from
11300-520: Was flown from the building. Following the end of apartheid and the reincorporation of the homeland into South Africa, the Bophuthatswana government properties were acquired by the new South African government and sold. When Hong Kong was under British administration , China did not establish a consulate in what it considered to be part of its national territory. However, the Communist government of
11413-403: Was followed by a British treaty with the Governor of Zeila in 1840. An engagement was then started between the British and elders of Habar Garhajis and Habar Toljaala clans of the Isaaq in 1855, followed a year later by the conclusion of the "Articles of Peace and Friendship" between the Habar Awal and East India Company . These engagements between the British and Somali clans culminated in
11526-435: Was formed by Abdullahi Issa , with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister (later becoming president, from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum , the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. The constitution had little support in the former Somaliland and was believed to favour the south. Many northerners boycotted
11639-612: Was in addition to his role as Nanking's Special Commissioner for Kwangtung and Kwangsi . Disagreements also arose with the British authorities, with the Governor , Alexander Grantham , opposing an office building for the "Commissioner for Foreign Affairs of the Provinces of Kwangtung and Kuangsi" being erected on the site of the Walled City in Kowloon . In 1950, following British recognition of
11752-452: Was instantly killed. The murderers escaped under cover of falling darkness. Captain Gibb was an officer of long and valued service in Somaliland, whose loss I deeply regret. From the information available, his murder does not appear to have been premeditated, but it inevitably had a disturbing effect upon the surrounding tribes, and immediate dispositions of troops became necessary to ensure the apprehension and punishment of those responsible for
11865-469: Was led by General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan , Barre's son-in-law. In May 1988, the SNM launched a major offensive on the cities of Hargeisa and Burao , then the second and third largest cities of Somalia . The SNM captured Burao on 27 May within two hours, while the SNM entered Hargeisa on 29 May, overrunning most of the city apart from its airport by 1 June. According to Abou Jeng and other scholars,
11978-550: Was not recognised as an independent state by any other country. Consequently, it only had diplomatic relations with Pretoria, which maintained an embassy in Mmabatho , its capital. However, it established representative offices internationally, including in London and Tel Aviv . The opening of "Bophuthatswana House" in Holland Park in London in 1982, attended by the homeland's president, Lucas Mangope , prompted demonstrations by
12091-511: Was part of the East African campaign . The people of Burao clashed with the British in 1922. They revolted in opposition to a new tax that was imposed upon them, rioting and attacking British government officials. This led to a shootout between the British and Burao residents in which Captain Allan Gibb, a Dervish war veteran and district commissioner, was shot and killed. The British requested Sir Winston Churchill , then Secretary of State for
12204-452: Was scheduled to gain independence on 1 July that year. The legislative councils of both territories agreed to this proposal following a joint conference in Mogadishu . On 26 June 1960, the former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit five days later. During its brief period of independence,
12317-524: Was shot dead. Having called out Camel corps company to quell the disturbance, he went forward himself with his interpreter, whereupon fire opened on him by some Rer segulleh riflemen and he was instantly killed..Miscreants then disappeared under the cover of darkness. To meet the situation created by the Murder of Gibb, we require two aeroplanes for about fourteen days. I have arranged with resident, Aden, for these. And made formal application, which please confirm. It
12430-410: Was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre , who at the time commanded the army. The new regime would go on to rule Somalia for the next 22 years. The moral authority of Barre's government was gradually eroded, as many Somalis became disillusioned with life under military rule. By the mid-1980s, resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration had sprung up across
12543-585: Was split into political and trading arms. On 21 September 1987, a Macau branch of Xinhua News Agency was established which, as in Hong Kong, became Beijing's unofficial representative, replacing Nam Kwong. On 18 January 2000, a month after the transfer of sovereignty over Macau , the Macau branch became the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macau Special Administrative Region . Somaliland Somaliland , officially
12656-660: Was then administered by the Foreign Office until 1905, and afterwards by the Colonial Office . The Somaliland Campaign, also called the Anglo-Somali War or the Dervish War, was a series of military expeditions that took place between 1900 and 1920 in the Horn of Africa , pitting the Dervishes led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (nicknamed the "Mad Mullah") against the British . The British were assisted in their offensives by
12769-547: Was under control of the Australian Chamber of Commerce. It was renamed the " Australian Office in Taipei " in 2012. By contrast, New Zealand , which also ended formal diplomatic relations in 1972, did not establish the " New Zealand Commerce and Industry Office " in Taipei until 1989. South Korea , which broke off diplomatic relations with Taiwan in 1992, has been represented by the " Korean Mission in Taipei " since 1993. South Africa, which ended diplomatic ties in 1998,
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