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97-446: The Lennon Wall ( Czech : Lennonova zeď ) or John Lennon Wall (Czech: Zeď Johna Lennona ), located at Velkopřevorské náměstí (Grand Priory Square), Malá Strana , is a historic legal graffiti wall in Prague , Czechia . After the 1980 murder of John Lennon a mural of Lennon was painted by an unknown artist onto the wall and as more people expanded upon it, the wall slowly became

194-633: A case of exporting prohibited items and was arrested by Hong Kong Customs . Leung participated in the Umbrella Revolution in 2014, primarily stationed in the Mong Kok occupied area, where he earned the nickname "Skeleton." He frequently clashed with the police. During the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election , Leung assisted in the election campaign for Kwok Wai-keung of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions . In July 2018, Leung

291-533: A criminal complaint for vandalism against the students, which they later retracted after contacting them. On 22 April 2019, Earth Day , the environmentalist group Extinction Rebellion repainted the wall as a demand for the Czech government to act on climate change . The wall was almost entirely painted white, with the unpainted parts of the wall reading in large, negative space, block print letters Klimatická Nouze ( lit.   ' Climate Emergency ' ). Members of

388-617: A distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/ which survives in Slovak. With the beginning of the national revival of the mid-18th century, Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the 15th through 17th centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (the Habsburg re-catholization efforts which had denigrated Czech and other non- Latin languages). Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts and advocated

485-501: A dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota . As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, after Turkish and before Swedish ). Standard Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes , and three diphthongs. The vowels are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/ , and their long counterparts /aː/, /ɛː/, /iː/, /oː/ and /uː/ . The diphthongs are /ou̯/, /au̯/ and /ɛu̯/ ;

582-470: A eulogy, describing Leung as a steadfast believer who sacrificed himself for democracy and freedom, stating that he was "pushed down by the regime." Ng also noted that Leung had participated in the Occupy movement five years earlier and expressed sadness over his passing. On June 19, during a Legislative Council meeting, Jeremy Tam proposed a moment of silence for Leung Ling-kit. Chairman Andrew Leung rejected

679-483: A martyr and a symbol of hope for the 2019 anti-extradition bill protest movement . The image on the wall depicts the yellow raincoat he was wearing during the banner drop that eventually led to a fall from the building, along with some words of solidarity: “Hong Kong, Add oil .” In October 2019, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the administrative district of Prague 1 started a reconstruction of

776-561: A more-restricted distinction between "hard" and "soft" consonants (see Phonology below). The term "Old Czech" is applied to the period predating the 16th century, with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as "early Old Czech", but the term "Medieval Czech" is also used. The function of the written language was initially performed by Old Slavonic written in Glagolitic , later by Latin written in Latin script . Around

873-510: A place for free expression of then communist Czechoslovakia . It has historically been used for demonstrations and carries a central theme of John Lennon , but it also features designs relating to local and global causes such as global warming . The wall has also inspired other walls across the globe, such as the Hong Kong Lennon wall . The wall is owned by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , which until 2019 allowed all graffiti. As of

970-590: A point. Several emotional counseling organizations urged the media and the public not to share Marco Leung’s will, to avoid glorifying suicide. The Samaritans in Hong Kong noted that over 30 cases were encountered during the memorial rally in Admiralty, with over 20% of those cases involving self-harm thoughts. Some individuals felt guilty for not doing enough, experiencing survivor's guilt . A counselor named Wai stated, "In many years of counseling, I have never seen such

1067-514: A realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, í in place of the former j and j in place of g ), the use of t (rather than ti ) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether

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1164-494: A rioter by the government is the only way to get them to respond to the people's demands, I don’t mind being labeled a rioter." Dot Dot News reported online rumors alleging that Marco Leung’s last contact was with Roy Kwong , claiming their conversation involved a bank transfer and that Kwong had advised Leung to "jump onto the air cushion for more media coverage." Kwong responded by calling Dot Dot News’s behavior "despicable, shameless, and unethical," likening it to "treading on

1261-408: A situation triggered by a large-scale social event." On February 26, 2021, a pre-inquest review was held regarding Marco Leung’s case. A 12-day inquest began on May 10. Judge Ko Wai-hung instructed the jury to determine the cause of death based on the balance of probabilities. If the jury believed Marco Leung intended to end his life, they could return a verdict of "suicide." If they thought Leung

1358-484: A slow rise from low to high, quickly dropping to low on the last word or phrase. In modern Czech syntax, adjectives precede nouns, with few exceptions. Relative clauses are introduced by relativizers such as the adjective který , analogous to the English relative pronouns "which", "that" and "who"/"whom". As with other adjectives, it agrees with its associated noun in gender, number and case. Relative clauses follow

1455-474: A verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns) appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot can contain a subject or object, a main form of a verb, an adverb, or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions a , "and", i , "and even" or ale , "but"). Czech syntax has a subject–verb–object sentence structure. In practice, however, word order

1552-432: A yellow raincoat, bowed her head in mourning at the flower bed while nearly 20 plainclothes and uniformed police officers monitored the area. Pazu, a columnist for Stand News , argued that Marco Leung’s last wishes were clear and concise, attributing his death not to any psychological or mental illness but to a "protest with his life." Pazu suggested that the cause of death should not be classified as "suicide" as stated by

1649-740: Is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group , written in Latin script . Spoken by over 12 million people including second language speakers, it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic . Czech is closely related to Slovak , to the point of high mutual intelligibility , as well as to Polish to a lesser degree. Czech is a fusional language with a rich system of morphology and relatively flexible word order . Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by Latin and German . The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in

1746-612: Is a member of the West Slavic sub-branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. This branch includes Polish , Kashubian , Upper and Lower Sorbian and Slovak . Slovak is the most closely related language to Czech, followed by Polish and Silesian . The West Slavic languages are spoken in Central Europe. Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by

1843-615: Is a recognized minority language in Slovakia, Slovak citizens who speak only Czech may communicate with the government in their language in the same way that Slovak speakers in the Czech Republic also do. Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in

1940-422: Is also relevant to the declension patterns of nouns, which vary according to whether the final consonant of the noun stem is hard or soft. Voiced consonants with unvoiced counterparts are unvoiced at the end of a word before a pause, and in consonant clusters voicing assimilation occurs, which matches voicing to the following consonant. The unvoiced counterpart of /ɦ/ is /x/. The phoneme represented by

2037-432: Is flexible and used to distinguish topic and focus , with the topic or theme (known referents) preceding the focus or rheme (new information) in a sentence; Czech has therefore been described as a topic-prominent language . Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction (like English), in colloquial style, word-order changes frequently replace the passive voice. For example, to change "Peter killed Paul" to "Paul

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2134-622: Is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages . The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent). Czech speakers in Slovakia primarily live in cities. Since it

2231-575: Is realized as its voiceless allophone [r̝̊], a sound somewhere between Czech r and š . The consonants /r/, /l/, and /m/ can be syllabic , acting as syllable nuclei in place of a vowel. Strč prst skrz krk ("Stick [your] finger through [your] throat") is a well-known Czech tongue twister using syllabic consonants but no vowels. Each word has primary stress on its first syllable , except for enclitics (minor, monosyllabic, unstressed syllables). In all words of more than two syllables, every odd-numbered syllable receives secondary stress. Stress

2328-499: Is unrelated to vowel length; both long and short vowels can be stressed or unstressed. Vowels are never reduced in tone (e.g. to schwa sounds) when unstressed. When a noun is preceded by a monosyllabic preposition, the stress usually moves to the preposition, e.g. do Prahy "to Prague". Czech grammar, like that of other Slavic languages, is fusional ; its nouns, verbs, and adjectives are inflected by phonological processes to modify their meanings and grammatical functions, and

2425-840: The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Chow Po Chung  [ zh ] , and clinical psychologist Dr. James Ye. The 612 Humanitarian Relief Fund  [ zh ] Secretariat helped organize the event. Despite the rain, hundreds of people queued to enter the playground for the memorial ceremony. Citizens laid sunflowers, sang " Sing Hallelujah to the Lord ," and bowed three times to the front stage inscribed with "Forever Remembered." Hong Kong legislators Cheung Chiu-hung , Hui Chi-fung , Eddie Chu , Raymond Chan , Au Nok-hin , Tanya Chan , Alvin Yeung , and singer Denise Ho attended, and actress Deanie Ip paid her respects to Leung after attending

2522-536: The Hong Kong Economic Times and Sky Post  [ zh ] , Leung was known for his charitable activities. He raised funds to help build a Hope Primary School in Hunan Province , China, witnessed the school's completion, participated in rice distribution activities, visited elderly centers, and sponsored a visually impaired boy from Malawi through World Vision . In 2013, Leung was involved in

2619-658: The Kralice Bible between 1579 and 1593 (the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages) became very important for standardization of the Czech language in the following centuries as it was used as a model for the standard language. In 1615, the Bohemian diet tried to declare Czech to be the only official language of the kingdom. After the Bohemian Revolt (of predominantly Protestant aristocracy) which

2716-603: The Leskovec-Dresden Bible , also dates to this period. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were also produced outside universities. Literary activity becomes widespread in the early 15th century in the context of the Bohemian Reformation . Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography , advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after

2813-1028: The New Territories , and on the many outlying islands. There are even some Lennon Walls located inside government offices, including RTHK and the Policy Innovation and Co-ordination Office . According to a crowd-sourced map of Hong Kong, there are over 150 Lennon Walls throughout the region. On 21 September 2019, police in Hong Kong began tearing down Lennon Walls across the city to remove anti-government statements. Lennon Walls have also appeared outside of Hong Kong in Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Seoul, Tokyo, Berlin, London, Sydney, Manchester, Melbourne, Taipei, and Auckland. Czech language Czech ( / tʃ ɛ k / CHEK ; endonym : čeština [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna] ), historically also known as Bohemian ( / b oʊ ˈ h iː m i ə n , b ə -/ boh- HEE -mee-ən, bə- ; Latin : lingua Bohemica ),

2910-633: The Shung Tak Catholic English College School  [ zh ] . He studied a bridging course at Jinan University for three years before dropping out. Afterward, he worked part-time at the Hong Kong Jockey Club , as a van assistant, and in clerical positions at a Japanese department store. Subsequently, he transitioned to London Gold. He lived with his parents in Yuen Long and had siblings. According to reports from

3007-727: The high medieval period, and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech–Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period. In the later 18th to mid-19th century, the modern written standard became codified in the context of the Czech National Revival . The most widely spoken non-standard variety , known as Common Czech, is based on the vernacular of Prague , but is now spoken as an interdialect throughout most of Bohemia . The Moravian dialects spoken in Moravia and Czech Silesia are considerably more varied than

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3104-406: The voiced velar fricative consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable. The Bohemian (Czech) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries. Literary works written in Czech appear in the late 13th and early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century. The first complete Bible translation ,

3201-871: The " Occupy Central Trio." Additionally, trams passing by sounded their horns in tribute. Some celebrities also expressed their feelings on social media by posting plain black images or in other ways. These included Joey Yung , Sammi Cheng , Charlene Choi , Stephy Tang , Kenny Kwan , Louis Cheung , Carlos Chan , Linda Chung , Cherry Ngan , Crystal Fung  [ zh ] , Jeannie Chan , Heidi Lee  [ zh ] , Harriet Yeung  [ zh ] , Colin Mak  [ zh ] , Wyman Wong , Charlotte Cheung  [ zh ] , Hins Cheung , Pakho Chau , Hubert Wu , Endy Chow , Eman Lam , Winki Lai , and Yeung Chiu  [ zh ] . Miriam Yeung also posted "R.I.P" but later deleted it, which caused some controversy. On June 16, protesters participating in

3298-479: The "yellow raincoat man" symbol in memory of Leung Ling-kit. On December 15, the half-year anniversary of Leung Ling-kit’s death, netizens held a memorial service outside Taikoo Place in the evening. Over a thousand people queued to mourn, bowed their heads in silence, laid flowers, lit candles, and shone their phone lights. The line extended to the pedestrian road outside the Government Headquarters . On

3395-408: The 1980 assassination of Lennon , when an unknown artist painted a single image of the singer-songwriter and some lyrics onto a stone slab foundation of a former public fountain. Following this, a small memorial was created with candles, flowers, photographs and newspaper clippings talking about the murder. Western media was banned in the country at the time, therefore the image and memorial was seen by

3492-515: The 7th century, the Slavic expansion reached Central Europe, settling on the eastern fringes of the Frankish Empire . The West Slavic polity of Great Moravia formed by the 9th century. The Christianization of Bohemia took place during the 9th and 10th centuries. The diversification of the Czech-Slovak group within West Slavic began around that time, marked among other things by its use of

3589-852: The High Court to the Cheung Kong Center , with the end of the line near the Peak Tram Station on Garden Road in Central. Some citizens placed multiple light box tombstones by the grass, displaying messages like "One Country, Two Systems is Dead" and commemorating those who died during the anti-extradition bill protests. At least 200 people gathered in the mall's atrium, waving protest flags, chanting slogans related to Hong Kong independence, and holding up their phone lights. The police posted twice on their official Facebook page, stating that crowds were gathering and shouting at Taikoo Place, possibly violating

3686-487: The High Court, banging their shields and instructing journalists to move forward. A citizen waiting at a bus stop shouted, "Waiting for the bus," but was yelled at by the police, "Shut up! You had plenty of time to leave! Stop fooling around here!". Netizens also organized memorial services at Tuen Mun Station near the entrance to Tuen Mun Park and at the ground level of Yuen Long Station, setting up altars for citizens to lay flowers. About 200 people in black shirts attended

3783-534: The Lennon Wall. A representative of the Order of Malta, Johannes Lobkowicz, in regards to why the wall would be renovated, said "Our goal was to stop the wall from being a cheap tourist attraction, where anyone could draw nonsense or vulgarisms. It wasn't a dignified state [for the wall]". Under the direction of Czech designer Pavel Šťastný over 30 Czech and foreign professional artists painted the wall with new designs. During

3880-609: The Tuen Mun service, while district councillors held memorial services in Causeway Bay and Tin Shui Wai. On June 15, 2021, the second anniversary of Leung Ling-kit’s death, members of the group "Start Stand" distributed white ribbons on the pedestrian bridge outside Hung Hom station in the morning, working in groups of two to three. However, while packing up their supplies, they were suddenly surrounded by police, who accused them of violating

3977-491: The altar at Pacific Place on June 16 to mourn Marco Leung. He remarked, "I never thought that the scenario in 'Self-immolator,' which imagines Hong Kong ten years later, would become reality in just four years." Ng Kwai-lun, President of the Hong Kong Association of Thanatology, who restored Marco Leung's body, expressed in an interview that he felt "both respect and sorrow" for Leung’s act of using his death to protest

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4074-469: The anti-extradition bill march laid flowers at the scene of Leung's death. The organizing group, Civil Human Rights Front , announced that 2 million+1 people joined the march, explaining that the "+1" represented Leung Ling-kit. At the " Lennon Wall " outside the Hong Kong government headquarters on Harcourt Road in Admiralty, citizens posted a photo of his back and a couplet reading, "His heroic spirit for

4171-517: The area, setting up orange tape to create barriers. Police checked some of the people present and repeatedly urged them to leave. Around 7 PM, after some people chanted "Liberate Hong Kong, Revolution of Our Times" inside the mall, over 20 police officers entered the mall around 8 PM to monitor and check citizens, but no one was arrested. The memorial site featured not only flowers but also heartfelt cards, electronic candles, and paper cranes. The flower bed displayed messages like "Forever Remembered" and "He

4268-573: The authorities as representative of western culture and political resistance, thus in April 1981 it was painted over with green paint and removed by the Czechoslovak secret police who saw it as a protest against the government. The day after the wall was repainted it was filled with political messages, such as " Palach would cry", and poems once again. The wall would be repainted and re-graffiti-ed after that, with cameras and over-night guards being stationed at

4365-416: The ban on unauthorized assembly and group gatherings, and they would take appropriate action if necessary, enforcing the law decisively. At 11:17 PM, riot police arrived in a police vehicle, broadcasting warnings for the crowd to leave. Legislator Hui Chi-fung negotiated with the riot police, who then returned to their vehicle. Ten minutes later, a large number of riot police advanced from Taikoo Place towards

4462-434: The conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use. Adherence to historical patterns was later relaxed and standard Czech adopted a number of features from Common Czech (a widespread informal interdialectal variety), such as leaving some proper nouns undeclined. This has resulted in a relatively high level of homogeneity among all varieties of

4559-430: The day of Leung Ling-kit’s birthday, netizens organized a memorial event. About 150 people laid flowers, lit candles, chanted slogans, and sang " Glory to Hong Kong " on the pedestrian road outside Taikoo Place. Similar memorial events were held on April 15, the ten-month anniversary of Leung Ling-kit’s death, but due to the social distancing order, participants had to maintain distance, and some were stopped and searched by

4656-463: The deceased to make news." He demanded an immediate retraction and deletion of the report and reserved the right to take further action. Liberty Times verified that the report was no longer accessible on Dot Dot News' website and page on the same day. A People’s Daily article from a WeChat account claimed that Marco Leung was "ideologically radical and impulsive," which led Roy Kwong to see him as an opportunity, giving him money to "carefully plan"

4753-427: The dialects of Bohemia. Czech has a moderately-sized phoneme inventory, comprising ten monophthongs , three diphthongs and 25 consonants (divided into "hard", "neutral" and "soft" categories). Words may contain complicated consonant clusters or lack vowels altogether. Czech has a raised alveolar trill , which is known to occur as a phoneme in only a few other languages, represented by the grapheme ř . Czech

4850-405: The easily separable affixes characteristic of agglutinative languages are limited. Czech inflects for case, gender and number in nouns and tense, aspect, mood , person and subject number and gender in verbs. Parts of speech include adjectives, adverbs , numbers, interrogative words , prepositions , conjunctions and interjections . Adverbs are primarily formed from adjectives by taking

4947-458: The extreme protest. According to the article, Kwong, in his capacity as a legislator, staged a "dual performance" by arriving at the scene for a "rescue," suggesting that Leung was merely a "pawn" for Kwong. Chief Executive Carrie Lam, when asked at a press conference whether she would resign over Marco Leung’s death, called for citizens to "express their views peacefully and rationally" and expressed deep sorrow for anyone harming themselves to make

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5044-520: The fall of the iron curtain and replacement of the communist government the wall continuously underwent change and the original portrait of Lennon was long lost under layers of new paint and graffiti. On 17 November 2014, the 25th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution , a group of art students called Prážská Služba repainted the wall to white leaving a single line of black text, “wall is over” [ sic ]. The Knights of Malta initially filed

5141-477: The final ý or í of the base form and replacing it with e , ě , y , or o . Negative statements are formed by adding the affix ne- to the main verb of a clause, with one exception: je (he, she or it is) becomes není . Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on word order , as English does), its word order is flexible. As a pro-drop language , in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only

5238-421: The fourth anniversary of Marco Leung Ling-kit’s death, citizens came to the scene to lay flowers in the evening, but were warned by police that they would be fined for littering. Consequently, after placing flowers for a brief moment, they had to take them away. One person who refused to remove the flowers after placing them was fined HKD 1,500 for littering. During the tribute, "Granny Wong" Wong Fung-yiu , wearing

5335-505: The freedom of a city, even as an ideal, reflecting a "spirit of the times." Fung cited Pericles ' " Funeral Oration " from Thucydides ’ " History of the Peloponnesian War ," suggesting that the passage starting with "The whole earth is the sepulcher of famous men" could serve as a eulogy for Leung. Chow Kwun-wai, director of the short film "Self-immolator" in the movie "Ten Years," said in an Apple Daily interview that he had gone to

5432-474: The funeral of Hung Jin Mui  [ zh ] at the same venue. At the farewell ceremony, Leung Ling-kit's parents thanked the kind-hearted people of Hong Kong: "Thank you to everyone from all walks of life for mourning our son. Every kind-hearted Hong Konger, including our son, hopes that Hong Kong can become a better place where everyone can live and work in peace and speak freely. Every brave citizen who takes to

5529-441: The government's disregard for public opinion, adding that Leung had become "a symbol of Hong Kong." Yuen Long District Councillor Ng Kin-wai mentioned that Marco Leung Ling-kit’s death was a key reason for his decision to run in the 2019 Hong Kong District Council elections . Tony Chung , the convener of Studentlocalism , referred to Marco Leung when applying to the police for a march on June 16, 2020, stating one reason for

5626-487: The language. Czech is spoken by about 10 million residents of the Czech Republic . A Eurobarometer survey conducted from January to March 2012 found that the first language of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech, the third-highest proportion of a population in the European Union (behind Greece and Hungary ). As the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), Czech

5723-844: The last two are found only in loanwords such as auto "car" and euro "euro". In Czech orthography, the vowels are spelled as follows: The letter ⟨ ě ⟩ indicates that the previous consonant is palatalized (e.g. něco /ɲɛt͡so/ ). After a labial it represents /jɛ/ (e.g. běs /bjɛs/ ); but ⟨mě⟩ is pronounced /mɲɛ/, cf. měkký ( /mɲɛkiː/ ). The consonant phonemes of Czech and their equivalent letters in Czech orthography are as follows: Czech consonants are categorized as "hard", "neutral", or "soft": Hard consonants may not be followed by i or í in writing, or soft ones by y or ý (except in loanwords such as kilogram ). Neutral consonants may take either character. Hard consonants are sometimes known as "strong", and soft ones as "weak". This distinction

5820-472: The latest reconstruction, the wall exists as a semi-legal graffiti wall; spray painting has been banned and only some areas of the wall are allowed to be used by the public. Located in a secluded square across from the French Embassy , the wall had love poems and short messages against the communist Czechoslovak government since the 1960s, but the first message connected to John Lennon was painted following

5917-500: The letter ř (capital Ř ) is very rare among languages and often claimed to be unique to Czech, though it also occurs in some dialects of Kashubian , and formerly occurred in Polish. It represents the raised alveolar non-sonorant trill ( IPA : [r̝] ), a sound somewhere between Czech r and ž (example: "řeka" (river) ), and is present in Dvořák . In unvoiced environments, /r̝/

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6014-427: The march was to "continue the will of Marco Leung and others who expressed their dissent to the government with their deaths on June 15 last year." Citizen News interviewed a frontline protester who admitted he used to be an "apathetic Hong Konger" who didn’t participate in the anti-extradition bill protests on June 9 and 12. However, Marco Leung’s death on June 15 awakened him to the notion that his previous inaction

6111-537: The noun they modify. The following is a glossed example: Chc-i want- 1SG navštív-it visit- INF universit-u, university- SG . ACC , na on kter-ou which- SG . F . ACC chod-í attend- 3SG Marco Leung Ling-kit Marco Leung Ling-kit was single during his lifetime and graduated from Form 5 at the Hong Kong Management Association K. S. Lo College  [ zh ] and later repeated Form 5 at

6208-444: The pedestrian road opposite Queensway, using a loudspeaker to call out, "Come down, we will march together tomorrow," but his voice could not clearly reach the platform at Pacific Place, and Leung was unwilling to talk to the police negotiators. At around 8 PM, Leung took off his yellow coat and sat on the platform to rest, while armed police officers and firefighters were on alert upstairs. Around 9 PM, Leung suddenly climbed out of

6305-520: The people will last forever, and his righteous cause will shine through the ages." Every 15 minutes, people bowed three times to Leung's photo and then three times towards Taikoo Place . On June 30, the memorial area outside the government headquarters was vandalized by participants in a pro-police rally. On June 17, at the "Workers Against Extradition" rally organized by the Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions , Chairperson Carol Ng read

6402-632: The police but rather as "sacrifice." Professor Chen Ruoshui of the Department of History at National Taiwan University , in a reader's submission to Stand News, referred to Marco Leung as the first protester to be honored with the title of "martyr." An article in the Allgemeine Zeitung listed the five demands on Marco Leung’s banner, calling it the first case in history of someone committing suicide to defend Hong Kong’s freedom. Apple Daily commentator Fung Hei-kin noted that Marco Leung died defending

6499-441: The police. On June 15, 2020, the first anniversary of Leung Ling-kit’s death, citizens held a memorial service outside Taikoo Place . From 5 PM, people laid flowers in remembrance, and dozens of riot police arrived, checking and filming the attendees. Police instructed people not to stay and urged them to disperse, leading to arguments with citizens. By evening, the queue of people coming to pay respects grew longer, stretching from

6596-489: The proposal, deeming it did not meet the requirements, leading to protests from pro-democracy lawmakers. Later, Andrew Leung accepted Kenneth Leung 's proposal, announcing a five-minute recess. Pro-democracy legislators stood in silence for one minute with white flowers, while most pro-establishment members left the chamber, including Kwok Wai-keung of the Federation of Trade Unions , whom Leung had once helped. On June 21,

6693-403: The public were encouraged to add their own messages, resulting in calls for action painted in several languages. A large image of a skull was also painted. The repaint was carried out in a manner which allowed some of the existing artwork to be included on the new wall. In July 2019, artists painted a memorial on the wall for Hong Kong democracy activist Marco Leung Ling-kit , who became known as

6790-608: The red carpet with the band CHTHONIC , she wore a bright yellow coat in memory of Leung Ling-kit. On July 11, Leung Ling-kit's family set up a memorial for him at the Hong Kong Funeral Home  [ zh ] in North Point . They agreed to hold a public memorial service at the nearby Java Road Playground with the assistance of the funeral committee, which included Reverend Yuen Tin-Yau  [ zh ] , Associate Professor of Political Science and Administration at

6887-508: The renovation a central piece made of reflective metal with a black outline of John Lennon was also installed. The wall opened to the public on the 30th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution, 7 November 2019, as an open-air gallery with new rules - busking and spraying was banned, marking the wall was now only allowed in the designated white zones and in impermanent materials e.g. pencils, markers, or chalk. Police and cameras were stationed at

6984-564: The return of the language to high culture . This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renaissance). During the national revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache ('Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language'). Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive , and did not think Czech had

7081-623: The same day, Hongkongers in Japan organized a "Hong Kong Human Rights Act" march in Tokyo . Before the march, they held a moment of silence for Leung Ling-kit. Participants included not only Hongkongers but also Japanese, Taiwanese living in Japan, and Chinese tourists. On December 17, a civil group in Vancouver, Canada, held a event and a memorial for Leung Ling-kit, displaying a yellow raincoat and placing white flower bouquets from volunteers. On March 7, 2020,

7178-470: The same day, since the government did not respond to the protesters’ demands by the deadline, a group of creators released an animated short film calling on protesters to "not retreat or disperse," ending with an image of Leung Ling-kit's back in a yellow raincoat, reiterating the five demands  [ zh ] . On June 29, singer Denise Ho attended the 30th Golden Melody Awards in Taipei . While walking

7275-415: The scaffolding. Four firefighters tried to pull him back but failed, and he fell after his shirt was pulled off, landing on the pedestrian road next to the safety cushion. Firefighters immediately performed chest compressions to resuscitate Leung, while onlookers shouted encouragement. Witnessing the event, Roy Kwong broke down in tears. Leung was sent to Ruttonjee Hospital for emergency treatment but

7372-399: The scene began singing the hymn " Sing Hallelujah to the Lord ." Legislative Councillor Roy Kwong , upon learning of the situation, rushed to the scene to support. He made three requests to the police to speak directly with Leung in order to persuade him to return to a safe place but was refused by the police, who only stated that a police negotiation team was on site. Roy Kwong then stayed on

7469-494: The seventh day after Leung Ling-kit’s death, crowds gathered at the scene of the incident at Taikoo Place to lay flowers and pay their respects. The queue of citizens waiting to burn incense stretched to the High Court , and some played the hymn " Amazing Grace " on flutes in remembrance. In the evening, citizens held a ritual to send off the spirits, with nearly a thousand people gathering on Harcourt Road outside Taikoo Place. On

7566-401: The social gathering ban, and six members were issued fines. Yau Tsim Mong District Councillor Derek Chu Kong-wai  [ zh ] also distributed white ribbons in Mong Kok in the morning and was briefly surrounded by police cordons. In the afternoon, citizens began arriving outside Taikoo Place in Admiralty to lay white flowers. From 5 PM, over 20 police officers arrived to monitor

7663-441: The spoken language. There was no standardization distinguishing between Czech and Slovak prior to the 15th century. In the 16th century, the division between Czech and Slovak becomes apparent, marking the confessional division between Lutheran Protestants in Slovakia using Czech orthography and Catholics, especially Slovak Jesuits, beginning to use a separate Slovak orthography based on Western Slovak dialects. The publication of

7760-461: The states of Texas , Nebraska and Wisconsin . In the 2000 United States Census , Czech was reported as the most common language spoken at home (besides English ) in Valley , Butler and Saunders Counties , Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas . With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most common home language in more than

7857-565: The streets does so out of love for Hong Kong. Young people should take good care of themselves and live on, so they can continue to speak out against injustice and unfairness in society." — Leung Ling-kit's parents On August 11, a Taiwanese civil group and Hongkongers in Taiwan held a human chain event at the Central Culture Park  [ zh ] in Taipei to support Hong Kong, incorporating

7954-425: The students and the injured, Carrie Lam step down, Help Hong Kong." The police received a report from the mall security guard stating that Leung was wandering on the platform with a knife and a banner. They arrived on the scene, blocking two westbound lanes of Queensway , and firefighters also set up an inflatable rescue cushion on the ground as a precaution. While Leung was dangerously standing, some people on

8051-424: The upper classes. Modern standard Czech originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period contain no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty. At some point before the 18th century, the Czech language abandoned

8148-425: The wall and, according to a report of the time, this led to a clash between hundreds of students and security police on the nearby Charles Bridge . The liberalization movement these students followed was described as Lennonism (not to be confused with Leninism ), and Czech authorities described participants variously as alcoholic, mentally deranged, sociopathic, and agents of Western free market capitalism . After

8245-488: The wall to deter further spray painting and rule breaking. At the same time as the wall was being renovated the wall was also declared a memorial site, this being the first time the wall was given an officially recognized status as an important landmark. In July 2021, a new museum about the history of the Lennon Wall, the Lennon Wall Story, was opened on Prokopská Street 8. The museum features varying objects related to

8342-522: The wall to prevent further attempts, but this was ultimately fruitless as the wall would always end up being marked anyway. In 1988, the wall was a source of irritation for Gustáv Husák 's Marxist–Leninist government. Following a short-lived era of democratization and political liberalization known as the Prague Spring , the newly installed communist government dismantled the reforms, inspiring anger and resistance. Young Czechs wrote their grievances on

8439-665: The wall, such as photos, historic objects and Beatles memorabilia. On 15 May 2024 the Romani artist Maxim Muchow added a portrait of the late Romani singer Věra Bílá to the wall. During the 2014 democracy protests in Hong Kong, a similar Lennon Wall appeared along the staircase outside of the Hong Kong Central Government Offices . Inspired by the original in Prague, many thousands of people posted colourful post-it notes expressing democratic wishes for Hong Kong. The wall

8536-453: Was Marco Leung. At around 4 PM on June 15, 2019, Leung, dressed in a yellow raincoat with "Carrie Lam is killing Hong Kong, police are cold-blooded" ( 林鄭殺港 黑警冷血 ) written on the back, climbed onto a temporary work platform over 20 meters high outside Pacific Place in Admiralty . He hung a banner on the scaffolding that read: "Fully withdraw the extradition bill, we are not rioters, release

8633-443: Was an expression of anger against an unjust and inhumane government. "Hong Kong is sick; it is the sorrow of seven million people and the sorrow of the next generation," they said. They also hoped that young people would not be too agitated and would not follow in their son's footsteps. On the evening of Leung Ling-kit’s death, dozens of citizens laid flowers outside Taikoo Place to mourn him, including pastor Chu Yiu-ming , one of

8730-476: Was arrested by the police for "conspiracy to defraud" while working as a London Gold investment broker at a company involved in fraudulent activities under the guise of London Gold investment. He was later released on bail pending investigation. On June 12, 2019, during the Hong Kong protest , a person wearing a yellow raincoat and holding an umbrella led a crowd to attack the police line on Tim Wa Avenue  [ zh ] . Netizens speculated that this person

8827-595: Was aware of the rescue cushion below and estimated he would fall onto it but ultimately failed due to a misjudgment, they could conclude "death by misadventure." If the jury ruled out suicide and misadventure, considering other reasons such as physical exhaustion or inability to grasp the scaffolding in time, they could return a verdict of "accident." On May 25, the jury concluded he died by misadventure. The term "misadventure" in Hong Kong law, translated as "death by misadventure" in Chinese, does not mean "unlucky," but rather that

8924-659: Was defeated by the Habsburgs in 1620, the Protestant intellectuals had to leave the country. This emigration together with other consequences of the Thirty Years' War had a negative impact on the further use of the Czech language. In 1627, Czech and German became official languages of the Kingdom of Bohemia and in the 18th century German became dominant in Bohemia and Moravia, especially among

9021-529: Was killed by Peter" the order of subject and object is inverted: Petr zabil Pavla ("Peter killed Paul") becomes "Paul, Peter killed" ( Pavla zabil Petr ). Pavla is in the accusative case , the grammatical object of the verb. A word at the end of a clause is typically emphasized, unless an upward intonation indicates that the sentence is a question: In parts of Bohemia (including Prague ), questions such as Jí pes bagetu? without an interrogative word (such as co , "what" or kdo , "who") are intoned in

9118-624: Was one of the major arts of the Umbrella Movement . Throughout several months of occupation and protest, many efforts were made by different groups to ensure physical and digital preservation of the Hong Kong Lennon Wall . Five years later, during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , the same wall was created again, with new post-it notes. Within days, dozens of post-it note Lennon Walls had "blossomed everywhere" (遍地開花) throughout Hong Kong, including on Hong Kong Island itself, Kowloon ,

9215-511: Was pronounced dead, aged 35, becoming the first death in the anti-extradition bill movement. The police found two suicide notes in Leung's belongings. One was an accusation letter explaining that his reason for suicide was related to opposing the bill, and the other was instructions for his posthumous arrangements. In an interview with Apple Daily , Leung's parents stated that the government had driven Hong Kong people to such despair and that his roar

9312-462: Was pushed down by the regime." One citizen attending the memorial said it was impossible to forget the event. On June 15, 2022, the third anniversary of Marco Leung Ling-kit’s death, over 20 citizens braved the rain to pay their respects outside Pacific Place . Police officers subsequently cordoned off the area and conducted checks on the citizens, warning those who left flowers about “littering” and recording their ID card details. On June 15, 2023,

9409-427: Was tantamount to supporting the government’s governance style. He felt the need to "come out and make a change," leading him to join the march on June 16 and subsequent anti-extradition bill activities. Another protester who witnessed Marco Leung's death said she once believed in peaceful protests as a means to change Hong Kong. However, Leung’s death profoundly impacted her, leading her to conclude that "if being labeled

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