50-667: Lauderdale is the valley of the Leader Water (a tributary of the Tweed ) in the Scottish Borders . It contains the town of Lauder , as well as Earlston . The valley is traversed from end to end by the A68 trunk road , which runs from Darlington to Edinburgh . Many ancient camps, and many tumuli , are found in Lauderdale. The Roman road into Scotland, Dere Street , which means "the road into
100-521: A good relationship with the Bamburgh family. Malcolm may have had specific political motives. For instance, it has been suggested that he may have been trying to advance the position of Gospatric , his possible cousin, at the expense of the ruling Eadwulfing family. It has also been suggested that the raid may have been part of a dispute about the status of Strathclyde . A tradition in the thirteenth-century Orkneyinga saga related that Malcolm married
150-633: A large Danegeld , Malcolm took his army home. Against the backdrop of William's scorched earth policy against the northern English rebels , William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria as a further act of reprisal. In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were concentrated. Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to remain. By
200-543: A late attempt to deepen the Scottish royal family's links to the earldom of Northampton (of which Siward was regarded as founder). Later tradition, attested by the fifteenth century, makes Malcolm's mother the daughter of the miller of Forteviot and presents Malcolm as a bastard. Duncan's reign ended violently, he was killed in battle in Moray on 15 August 1040, by a force under the command of Macbeth . Duncan may have been young at
250-500: A neighbour soon after taking power, and the Lindisfarne raid may have been used to boost the stability of the new regime. Since the invasion affected directly only the territory of the rulers of Bamburgh , it is unlikely to have particularly bothered either King Edward or the ealdorman of Northumbria in York, Tostig Godwinson , who at that time on pilgrimage to Rome and who did not enjoy
300-401: A result, Malcolm's remains were also disinterred and buried next to Margaret beside the altar. The remains of Margaret and her husband were removed from Dunfermline by Abbot George Durie to safeguard them from the attacks of protestant reformers; initially they went to the rural estate at Craigluscar then abroad, and by 1580 they were enshrined at the instigation of king Philip II of Spain in
350-903: A small tributary of the River Tweed in Lauderdale in the Scottish Borders . It flows southwards from the Lammermuir Hills through the towns of Lauder and Earlston , joining the River Tweed at Leaderfoot. The feeder burns of the Leader Water are the Headshaw Burn, the Hillhouse Burn and the Kelphope Burn. They combine at the Carfraemill Hotel and the village of Oxton . The river
400-673: A son of Owain Foel , British king of Strathclyde perhaps by a daughter of Malcolm II , King of Scotland. In 1057, various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's hand, on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire . Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach , who was crowned at Scone , probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery", near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this. If Orderic Vitalis
450-459: A still extant property on the (A68) road south of Earlston in the reign of Robert III . Southern Lauderdale could be considered to commence in the vicinity of Newstead. In the north Lauderale ends at part of the Lammermuir Hills where they reach 1733 feet, where in winter the weather can be severe, often leading to road closures. The full length of Lauderdale exceeds ten miles (16 km) and its breadth varies from three to seven miles. Up until
500-511: Is almost completely agricultural. The principal country house is Thirlestane Castle , the seat since 1595 of the Earl of Lauderdale , and where annual horse trials are held. The district is part of the Scottish Borders Council 's region. 55°43′48″N 2°44′56″W / 55.73000°N 2.74889°W / 55.73000; -2.74889 Leader Water Leader Water is
550-572: Is also made of "terras in territorio de Lauuedir". The Lordship passed to his grandson, John Balliol , and after his forfeiture Robert The Bruce granted it to Sir James Douglas, his great supporter. Archibald Douglas husband of Princess Margaret, daughter of King Robert III , had a reconfirmation c1390 of the Lordship of "Lauderdaill" as heir of the Earl of Douglas. Archibald is herein also called " Lord of Galloway , Lord of Annandale , and of Lowedre". Finally
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#1732851367909600-631: Is now sandwiched between the A68 and the A697 , and it has absorbed the Cleekhimin Burn, Harry Burn, Washing Burn and Earnscleugh Burn. The Leader Water now passes to the east of the town of Lauder , by Thirlestane Castle . The A679 bridges the river which continues past Lauder Barns, West Mains and St Leonards where the Leader receives his final feeder burn, the Boondreigh Burn. It now sticks closely by
650-529: Is to be relied upon, in the time of Edward the Confessor Malcolm was betrothed to the English king's kinswoman Margaret , and it is possible this happened when he visited England in 1059. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, it did not stop the Scots plundering Lindisfarne in 1061. It was common practice in medieval Gaelic-speaking societies for kings to launch an invasion, the so-called crech ríg , of
700-501: Is unlikely that Malcolm controlled Cumbria, and the dispute instead concerned the estates granted to Malcolm by William Rufus's father in 1072 for his maintenance when visiting England. Malcolm sent messengers to discuss the question and William Rufus agreed to a meeting. Malcolm travelled south to Gloucester , stopping at Wilton Abbey to visit his daughter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina. Malcolm arrived there on 24 August 1093 to find that William Rufus refused to negotiate, insisting that
750-615: The Battle of Alnwick . Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after receiving the news of their deaths from Edgar. The Annals of Ulster say: Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son, were killed by the French [i.e. Normans] in Inber Alda in England. His queen, Margaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days. Malcolm's body
800-521: The New Castle had been built by Robert Curthose in 1080. This appears to have been an attempt to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees . The threat was enough to bring the English king back from Normandy , where he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of William Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdrew north and the English followed. Unlike in 1072, Malcolm
850-459: The Tweed from the place where rises the river Whiteadder on the north as far as to the place where it falls into the Tweed; and all the land which lies between the river Whiteadder and another river which is called the Leader towards the west; and all the land which lies on the eastern side of that river called the Leader, as far as to the place where it falls into the Tweed towards the south; and all
900-522: The William Wallace Statue and the Roman forts at Newstead ( Trimontium ). 55°36′23″N 2°40′20″W / 55.60643°N 2.67225°W / 55.60643; -2.67225 Malcolm Canmore Malcolm III ( Middle Irish : Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ; Scottish Gaelic : Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh ; c. 1031 –13 November 1093) was King of Alba from 1058 to 1093. He
950-522: The 12th century. Malcolm's kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland : many of the islands and the land north of the River Oykel were Scandinavian , and south of the Firth of Forth there were numerous independent or semi-independent realms, including the kingdom of Strathclyde and Bamburgh , and it is not certain what if any power the Scots exerted there on Malcolm's accession. Over
1000-454: The 17th century Lauderdale was an immense forest. From the time of Malcolm Canmore , at least, it was a Royal hunting ground. The entire district between the Leader and Gala Waters was covered with Lauder forest, "the property of the Lauders of Lauder from a very early date" and which was still in the possession of the family of Lauder of that Ilk through to the late 17th century. Today Lauderdale
1050-556: The A68, near the Whitslaid Tower , the Blainslies, Galadean, Birkhill, Chapel-on-Leader, and Leadervale. After passing through the outskirts of Earlston , the course of the river is almost done, as it skirts some woodland, and after passing Drygrange , it joins the Tweed at Leaderfoot Viaduct . Nearby are Scott's View , Bemersyde House , Bemersyde Moss , Carolside , Dryburgh Abbey ,
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#17328513679091100-532: The Confessor's nephew Edward the Exile , and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina . They were accompanied by Gospatric, by this time earl of Bamburgh . The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots. In 1069, the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by
1150-592: The Douglases were also forfeited. Towards the southern end of Lauderdale is the town of Earlston, an ancient superiority of the Earls of Dunbar or March . "Robertus de Lauuedirr tunc noster seneschallus" witnessed a charter of "Patricii de Dunbar, comitis Marchie" during the reign of Robert the Bruce , and "Robetus de Lawedre, consanguineus noster" (a cousin) witnessed a charter of "Georgii comitis Marchie" relating to Sorrowlessfield,
1200-518: The Isles; and Malcolm was sent to England; based on Fordun's account, it came to be assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen-year reign in the Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor . It is also possible that Malcolm went into exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson , Earl of Orkney , an enemy of Macbeth's family. Ireland and Strathclyde may be other candidates, but neither
1250-408: The country of the wild animals", crossed a ford at Newstead , near Melrose , where there had been a Roman fort and garrison, and entered Lauderdale. Dere Street is said to have been reconditioned by King Malcolm Canmore and probably used by him in his almost constant warfare against England. The Roman road has now been traced from the Tweed through Lauderdale to Soutra. Lauderdale's name comes from
1300-512: The course of his reign Malcolm III led at least five invasions into English territory . One of Malcolm's primary achievements was to secure the position of the lineage that ruled Scotland until the late thirteenth century, although his role as founder of a dynasty has more to do with the propaganda of his descendants than with history. He appears as a major character in William Shakespeare 's Macbeth , while his second wife, Margaret ,
1350-541: The dispute be judged by the English barons. This Malcolm refused to accept and returned immediately to Scotland. It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war, but, as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports, war came: For this reason therefore they parted with great dissatisfaction, and King Malcolm returned to Scotland. And soon after he came home, he gathered his army, and came harrowing into England with more hostility than behoved him ... Malcolm
1400-548: The earldom and the killing of Bishop Walcher at Gateshead . In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose north with an army while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcolm again made peace, and this time kept it for over a decade. Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exception of Lulach's son Máel Snechtai . In an unusual entry, for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078: Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized
1450-483: The elected king, Edgar Ætheling — was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secure. Whether the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexander I of Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Great ) and the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represented a recognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, or
1500-536: The end of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret (later known as Saint Margaret). The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Scots regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Margaret's sons — Edward after her father Edward the Exile , Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside , Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar and her brother, briefly
1550-571: The end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decided on war and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines , wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot, to Wearmouth , now part of the City of Sunderland . There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invited to return with him but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off with
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1600-479: The land which pertains to the monastery of St. Baldred called Tyninghame , from Lammermoor even to Eskmouth, pertains to the land of Lindisfarne ." King David I of Scotland created a feudal Lordship of Regality of Lauderdale which he awarded to one of his favourites, the Anglo-Norman Hugh de Morville (d. 1162), whom he also made Constable of Scotland . The boundaries of his fief are still unclear, but
1650-595: The mother of Mælslæhtan [Máel Snechtai] ... and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himself escaped with difficulty. Whatever provoked this strife, Máel Snechtai survived until 1085. When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malcolm did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of William's elder brother Robert Curthose which followed. In 1091, William Rufus confiscated Edgar Ætheling's lands in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Malcolm marched south, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcastle , where
1700-587: The place of exile nor in fact exile itself, are certainties. An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria in command, had as its goal the installation of one " Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians ". This Máel Coluim was traditionally identified with the later Malcolm III. The interpretation derives from the Chronicle attributed to John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury . The latter reported that Macbeth
1750-566: The purpose of fabricating common descent. The obituary of a certain Domnall, another son of Malcolm, is reported in 1085; since Domnall has no recorded mother, he may also have been born to Ingibiorg or else to some other unrecorded woman. If historical, Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg would have helped create a favourable political position in the north and west. The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Harald Hardrada , king of Norway , and, after falling out with Harald,
1800-401: The time of his death, and Malcolm and his brother Donald were probably children. Malcolm's paternal grandfather was killed in battle in 1045, possibly as part of some continuing conflict with Macbeth. According to later tradition, Duncan's two young sons were sent away for greater safety — exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one version, Malcolm's brother Donald was sent to
1850-504: The town existed before de Morville's arrival, the Lauder family already holding various lands direct from the Crown prior to this, part of which was the estate attached to Whitslaid Tower . The de Morvilles of Lauderdale failed in the male line and their Lordship passed by marriage to Alan of Galloway , and a charter exists of "Alani constabularii Scotie, de Alwentchawis" (Allanshaws) in which mention
1900-413: The town of Lauder rather than the Leader Water. The relationship between the names "Leader" and "Lauder" is very obscure; despite their similarity, they may have different origins. Alternatively, they may both go back to a Britonnic root meaning "cleansing water". The name of the valley is first attested in the late 12th century as Lauuedderdale . Symeon of Durham (d. c1130) claimed that the "land beyond
1950-455: The widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg , a daughter of Finn Arnesson . Ingibiorg may have died prior to Malcolm's marriage with Margaret. Malcolm may also have discarded Ingibiorg when the opportunity to marry a higher status lady arose in 1068. The Orkneyinga Saga also claims that Duncan (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), later king, was a product of this union. Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury , claimed that Duncan
2000-482: The words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostage and arranged peace between William and Edgar. Accepting the overlordship of the king of the English was no novelty, as previous kings had done so without result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with the English king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which led to further trouble in
2050-439: The year of Malcolm's death. Malcolm gave sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbrians drove him out in 1065 and appears to have offered indirect support to the ill-fated invasion of England by Harald Hardrada and Tostig in 1066, which ended in defeat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge . In 1068, he granted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy , among them Agatha , widow of Edward
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2100-467: Was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret and probable heir-designate (or tánaiste), and by Edgar. Even by the standards of the time, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh. While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray , Earl of Northumbria , whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Castle . The conflict became known as
2150-474: Was canonised as a saint in the thirteenth century. Malcolm's father Duncan I became king in late 1034, on the death of Malcolm II , Duncan's maternal grandfather and Malcolm's great-grandfather. One Scottish king-list gives Malcolm's mother the name Suthen (Suthain), a Gaelic name; John of Fordun states that Malcolm's mother was a "blood relative" ( consanguinea ) of the Danish earl Siward , though this may be
2200-524: Was due to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon royal names — another Edmund had preceded Edgar — is not known. Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters, Edith , who married Henry I of England , and Mary , who married Eustace III of Boulogne . In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position again secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malcolm met William at Abernethy and, in
2250-528: Was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the MacWilliams . Similarly, however, the importance of the MacWilliams to the earls of Orkney around 1200 would have provided an incentive to strengthen the historical ties between the two families, and thus Ingibiorg's marriage to Malcolm may have been created for
2300-501: Was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Macbeth outlived Siward by two years. A.A.M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified "Máel Coluim" with the later Scottish king of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram , Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been
2350-523: Was later nicknamed " Canmore " (Scottish Gaelic: ceann mòr , lit. ' big head ' ", understood as "great chief"). Malcolm's long reign of 35 years preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age. Henry I of England and Eustace III, Count of Boulogne were his sons-in-law, making him the maternal grandfather of Empress Matilda , William Adelin and Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne . All three of them were prominent in English politics during
2400-412: Was prepared to fight, but a peace was arranged by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again acknowledged the overlordship of the English king. In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Scots controlled much of modern Cumbria , it had been supposed that William Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasants in the surrounds was the cause. It
2450-478: Was taken to Tynemouth Priory for burial. The king's body was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander , at Dunfermline Abbey , or possibly Iona . On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margaret by Pope Innocent IV , Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary . It was claimed that as the reliquary was carried to the high altar of Dunfermline Abbey , past Malcolm's grave, it became too heavy to move. As
2500-491: Was then made an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson , king of Denmark , which may have been another recommendation for the match. Malcolm appears to have enjoyed a peaceful relationship with the Earldom of Orkney , ruled jointly by his possible stepsons, Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson . The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this may be misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot , who became king of Norway only in 1093,
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