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66-481: The Lauder Greenway family is a Scottish-American family whose influence on, and involvement in, American political and economic affairs dates from the 1640s through the contemporary era. Their primary contributions have been in the sciences, government, and intelligence. The most notable members are George Lauder and his "cousin-brother" Andrew Carnegie . They co-created the Carnegie Steel Corporation ,

132-443: A "father figure" to the rest of the company. After the successful sale of Carnegie Steel Company to J.P. Morgan which lead to the formation of U.S. Steel in 1901, Lauder joined the board of directors of the new company. It became the first corporation in the world with a market capitalization exceeding US$ 1 billion. Throughout the course of his career, Lauder created a number of patented scientific advancements useful both in

198-621: A Chief Staff Officer, who directs the activities of staff directors and officers, and serves as the point of contact for other commands; and the Command Master Chief, who leads the enlisted personnel and advises the COMONI, Deputy Commander, and Chief of Staff on command policy. ONI employs over 3,000 military and civilian personnel worldwide, including contractors. Its staff includes intelligence analysts, scientists, engineers, and other qualified specialists. In addition to its permanent staff, ONI

264-601: A founder of the colony of New Amsterdam in 1624 who was a member of the Council of Twelve Men , the first democratic body in the history of the United States (1641). Also, Colonel Richard Varick , the private secretary to George Washington and the first mayor of New York City after independence from 1789 to 1800. George and Anna Lauder had three children, including George Lauder III, Elizabeth Storm Lauder, and Harriet Lauder. Harriet married Dr. James C. Greenway in 1903 connecting

330-628: A full-fledged military intelligence office. In 1890, one year after Rodgers' departure from ONI, the office was transferred from the Bureau of Navigation to the Secretary of the Navy , solidifying its key role in the Navy's growth and development. ONI's emergence as a proper naval intelligence arm began in earnest with the Spanish–American War of 1898. Naval operations were critical in the conflict, and ONI

396-614: A result of their shared experiences. They affectionately referred to one another as "Dod" and "Naig" (respectively), due to their mutual inability to fully say each other's names as young children. After Andrew and his family left for America, George stayed in Scotland where he would go on to graduate from Glasgow University with a degree in mechanical engineering while studying under Lord Kelvin . In 1873, Carnegie wrote to Lauder, who, despite still living in Scotland had never ceased to be his closest confidant and advisor. Carnegie inquired about

462-592: A subsequent increase in its budget and staff. The office established two intelligence schools that trained hundreds of Intel officers for the Navy. Its Special Activities Branch offered critical intelligence on German U-boat technology, operations, and tactics, which proved decisive in the Battle of the Atlantic . ONI supplied U.S. forces with ship and aircraft recognition manuals, provided photographic specialists for identifying enemy vessels, assisted in naval mission planning, and

528-665: A term used in a contract for the steel to be used for the new Eads Bridge in St. Louis, Missouri . The term unknown to Carnegie was 'the modulus of elasticity' of Elastic modulus . Lauder, an academic, answered swiftly helping Carnegie close the contract. This provoked Carnegie to ask Lauder to join him in America in a precursor to Carnegie Brothers and Company . Lauder accepted and joined Carnegie, Carnegie's brother (and also Lauder's cousin) Thomas M. Carnegie and Henry Phipps, Jr. in Pittsburgh. He

594-602: A wider range of expertise. The Navy Scientific and Technical Intelligence Center (NAVSTIC) was established in 1968 and shortly thereafter was folded into the Navy Reconnaissance and Technical Support Center (NRTSC). In response to the threat posed by nuclear-armed Soviet submarines, ONI developed the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and the Ocean Surveillance Information system (OSIS), allowing

660-853: Is based in the National Maritime Intelligence Center (NMIC), located on the grounds of the Suitland Federal Center in Suitland, Maryland. It is collocated with its five specialized subcommands, known as "Centers of Excellence" – the Nimitz Operational Intelligence Center, Farragut Technical Analysis Center, Kennedy Irregular Warfare Center, the Hopper Information Services Center, and the Brooks Center for Maritime Engagement. Since 2009,

726-572: Is supported by more than 800 Navy Reservists, who assist the office during weekend drills and active duty. Named after World War II Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , the Nimitz Operational Intelligence Center has responsibility for Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and Global Maritime Intelligence Integration (GMII), which allows it to maintain the U.S. Navy's warfighting superiority by delivering precise and timely information on

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792-703: The Central Intelligence Agency . Senator John Varick Tunney was chairman of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights doing much of the early work on surveillance rights related to domestic intelligence while his cousins were at the CIA. He also sat on the United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy . Major, long-term support from the family has been directed primarily to Yale University where

858-612: The Eleventh Naval District in Los Angeles, to conduct a thorough investigation of the resident Japanese population. He found little evidence of Japanese American saboteurs, and in his final report to President Roosevelt , advised against mass incarceration , a view that was shared by most ONI officials, but that was largely ignored by the Army and War Department . The Second World War would see another expansion of ONI's duties and

924-522: The Industrial Revolution in their contributions to metals, mining, and mechanical engineering industries which is the source of their modern wealth. George Lauder was a mechanical engineer who studied under Lord Kelvin and lead the scientific arm of the Carnegie Steel Corporation . He was the second largest shareholder of the company, behind Andrew Carnegie when they sold Carnegie Steel to J.P. Morgan and created U.S. Steel which Lauder sat on

990-738: The Lauder Greenway Estate in Greenwich, Connecticut . Built for industrialist John Hamilton Gourlie in 1896, it was purchased by Lauder's daughter Harriet in 1905. At the time of purchase, the estate included 57 acres and included fruit-bearing orchards, a chicken and pig farm, as well as the French Renaissance mansion, to which the family added two wings in the early 1910s and expanded the estate to over 100 acres. Still considered to be "...Greenwich, Conn.’s last Great Estate, an opulent robber baron-era property enveloping 50 prized acres along

1056-478: The Metropolitan Opera Association ; Polly Lauder Tunney , who would marry reigning world heavyweight boxing champion Gene Tunney ; U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator John V. Tunney ; war correspondent H.D.S. Greenway ; long-time CIA operative George V. Lauder Sr. ; and renowned ichthyologist George V. Lauder . George Lauder lived out the last eleven years of his life as a widower at

1122-552: The National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office (NMIIO), the national intelligence community center for maritime issues under ODNI. The COMONI's functions including fulfilling the national maritime intelligence duties required by the Navy, Department of Defense (DoD), and wider intelligence community. There is also a Deputy Commander, who serves as the Commander’s primary assistant and adviser;

1188-666: The New York Philharmonic , and the New York University Institute of Fine Arts have also received significant support. The Lauder Greenway Estate is a 50-acre private property with a French Renaissance mansion in Greenwich, Connecticut built in 1896. When it was sold in 2013 for $ 120,000,000 it was the most expensive home in American history. Purchased by Harriet Lauder Greenway and Dr. James C. Greenway after they were married in 1903, they would greatly expand

1254-524: The territorial disputes in the South China Sea ), and monitoring the activities and developments in emerging rival navies (such as those of China, Russia, and Iran). According to its official website, ONI's organizational structure is specifically designed to "strengthen the Navy's conventional and irregular war fighting capacities, and to expand our foresight into new technologies, future platforms, weapons, sensors, C4ISR and cyber capabilities". ONI

1320-466: The " Great White Fleet " around the world between 1906 and 1907, which included sixteen newly constructed steel battleships , showcased new-found American seapower and validated ONI's efforts. By 1911, the U.S. was constructing super-dreadnoughts at a pace that would eventually become competitive with Britain's Royal Navy . American entry into the First World War in 1917 marked a turning point in

1386-427: The "Coal and Ore Jigger". This machine maximized the now extremely significant revenue source of materials that were previously considered waste of the steel production process. George Lauder married Anna Maria Romeyn Varick in 1877. His wife, a member of old Dutch New York Society, was a descendant from many key figures in the creation and development of New York City. Her ancestors include Joris Jansen Rapelje who

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1452-592: The Department Library will be combined with the "Office of Intelligence," and placed under the direction of the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. Commanding and all other officers are directed to avail themselves of all opportunities which may arise to collect and to forward to the "Office of Intelligence" professional matters likely to serve the object in view. The new Office of Naval Intelligence would be headquartered in

1518-759: The Farragut Center conducts ONI's foreign materiel exploitation, signal intelligence analysis, modeling and simulation, and is home to the National Maritime Acoustic Intelligence Laboratory. Named for President John F. Kennedy, the Kennedy Center provides support to Navy Special Warfare and Navy Expeditionary Combat Command forces by providing intelligence on potential threats posed by asymmetrical warfare . Analysts are often called upon to perform other tasks and duties within this specialized area. Named for Rear Admiral Grace Hopper ,

1584-493: The Hopper Center provides information services that support global maritime and intelligence operations. Its staff consists of more than 850 information technology specialists based in 42 locations in 11 countries. The center also assists in the integration, testing, fielding, and maintenance of advanced technologies utilized by ONI and its centers. Named for Rear Admiral Thomas A. Brooks, a former director of Naval Intelligence,

1650-515: The Lauder Greenways endowed the Yale School of Public Health , built Lauder Hall on the campus, and have endowed numerous scholarship programs. Significant support led by G. Lauder Greenway and Polly Lauder Tunney has also been directed towards the Metropolitan Opera Association and the creation of Lincoln Center , where G. Lauder Greenway was the chairman for many years. Phillips Andover ,

1716-728: The Lauder and Greenway families into what is now known as the Lauder Greenway Family . Together, they gifted the endowment that created the Yale School of Public Health . They also purchased what would become the Lauder Greenway Estate in Greenwich. Lauder's son (Harriet's brother), George Lauder III, was a high-profile sailor who set the record in 1900 (held until 1905) for the fastest trans-Atlantic crossing with his yacht, Endymion . Lauders' descendants include ornithologist and explorer James Cowan Greenway ; G. Lauder Greenway , who led

1782-468: The Navy and bringing it up to par to global standards. Largely in response to Mason's recommendations, on March 23, 1882, Hunt issued General Order No. 292, which read: An "Office of Intelligence" is hereby established in the Bureau of Navigation for the purpose of collecting and recording such naval information as may be useful to the Department in time of war, as well as in peace. To facilitate this work,

1848-414: The Navy's size, prestige, and technological superiority; whereas steel ships were increasingly the norm, the U.S. Navy was entirely wooden. Towards the end of the 19th century, American naval power had become vastly obsolete compared to Europe, and even lagged behind the navies of less developed nations such as Chile . In an era of rapid industrialization , globalized commerce , and colonial expansion ,

1914-624: The Operational Intelligence Section was formed to provide fleet commanders with real-time analysis of the maritime activities and positions of foreign naval forces, namely the Soviet Navy . The Navy Field Operational Intelligence Office (NFOIO) was established in 1957 to provide more advanced signals intelligence and timely information on the intent of enemy forces. ONI also made a concerted effort to enhance its technical and scientific resources, diversifying its personnel to reflect

1980-827: The Pacific, acquired information on Japanese military aircraft and weaponry, and partnered with the U.S. Army's Military Intelligence Division and the Federal Bureau of Investigation to monitor potentially subversive elements within the Japanese American community; ONI's director, Rear Admiral Walter Stratton Anderson , met weekly with his counterparts in the FBI and MID to gather and share information on suspected internal threats. In 1929, Chief of Naval Operations William D. Leahy made permanent ONI's functions as an intelligence office, while in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt granted

2046-626: The State, War and Navy Building (now the Old Executive Office Building ), with Mason appointed as its first "Chief Intelligence Office". As originally conceived, ONI assisted in the Navy's advancement by dispatching naval attachés around the world to acquire data and resources related to the latest in naval warfare. These findings would be analyzed, interpreted, and disseminated to Navy leaders and government officials, helping to inform policies and programs related to naval development. Mason

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2112-629: The U.S. Navy and its partners; and surveying the global maritime environment. ONI employs over 3,000 military and civilian personnel worldwide and is headquartered at the National Maritime Intelligence Center in Suitland, Maryland . Despite playing an active and decisive role in the American Civil War , in the following years the U.S. Navy fell into precipitous decline. A lack of both federal funding and public interest reduced

2178-609: The U.S. Navy to monitor and deter these threats. Beginning in 1988, and following the end of the Cold War , ONI's headquarters was moved to its current location in the National Maritime Intelligence Center (NMIC) in Suitland, Maryland . It was joined by Coast Guard Intelligence (CGI) , which is responsible for domestic maritime operations, and the Marine Corps Intelligence Activity , which supports expeditionary missions in littoral areas . The housing of all three of

2244-612: The U.S. Navy's operational and technological superiority. ONI provides the IWC with critical maritime intelligence and real-time global maritime surveillance. The 21st century has also seen an extension of ONI's support beyond the Navy and U.S. government and towards relevant academic and commercial partners. In addition to operations related to the War on Terror, contemporary challenges that rely upon maritime intelligence include anti-piracy efforts , surveillance of potential maritime conflict zones (such as

2310-513: The beach for town residents two years later. Considered "...Greenwich, Conn.'s last Great Estate, an opulent robber baron-era property enveloping 50 prized acres along the tony New York suburb's waterfront." It is the largest surviving Gilded Age mansion in Connecticut. George Lauder (Scottish industrialist) George Lauder Jr. (November 11, 1837 – August 24, 1924) was a Scottish-American industrialist. A trained mechanical engineer, Lauder

2376-421: The board of. This was the first corporation in the world with a market capitalization exceeding US$ 1 billion ($ 51.3 billion today). John Campbell Greenway , a former Rough Rider with Theodore Roosevelt , was a mechanical engineer like Lauder who helped revolutionize the iron ore and copper mining industries in America at the turn of the century. He developed the first large-scale iron ore benefication plants in

2442-432: The business as they went. Lauder brought several new developments to the steel industry in America. Initially, his most significant contribution was the introduction of the process for washing and coking dross from coal mines. At that point, steel mills simply threw the dross away. Lauder oversaw the design and construction of the first coal-washing machinery in the United States and would become industry-standard world-wide in

2508-487: The capability and position of naval and other maritime assets of interest. Named for Admiral David Farragut , the Farragut Technical Analysis Center is the U.S. Navy's Center of Excellence for strategic scientific and technical intelligence (S&TI) analysis of foreign technologies, sensors, weapons, platforms, combat systems, C4ISR, and cyber capabilities. In addition to its all-source capabilities,

2574-438: The departments of State, War, Justice, Commerce, and Labor. Due to the increasingly sensitive nature of its work, ONI also began to censor radio and mail communications, which further marked its development as a major intelligence office. During the 1920s and 1930s, many of ONI's activities were dedicated to Japan , which was an increasingly advanced and belligerent naval power. The office investigated Japanese fortifications in

2640-568: The facility has been designed to facilitate 24-hour-a-day coordination, collaboration, and analysis of maritime intelligence among ONI's subcommands, as well as its counterparts in the Marine Corps and Coast Guard. This integration is intended to offer both comprehensive and rapid intelligence to a broad range of stakeholders. ONI is led by a commander, formally known as the Commander, Office of Naval Intelligence (COMONI), who also serves as Director of

2706-539: The forerunner to U.S. Steel , and subsequently became two of the richest men in the world. George Lauder Sr. was a 19th-century Scottish businessman and political radical in Dunfermline who raised and educated George Lauder and Andrew Carnegie . After the two younger men moved to the United States, Lauder married Anna Maria Romeyn Varick, a patrician Old Dutch New Yorker. She was a direct descendant of many prominent New Yorkers of history including Joris Jansen Rapelje

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2772-410: The house and outbuildings after the purchase. At its peak, the estate was over 100 acres. Then the family began donating large parcels of land for various causes. In 1918, James and Harriet gifted one of the islands to the town of Greenwich; the property, located about two miles south of Greenwich Harbor, now serves as the popular Island Beach. The couple donated the first ferry providing transportation to

2838-404: The leading reformers was Navy Lieutenant Theodorus Bailey Myers Mason , who called for the creation of a naval intelligence office dedicated to gathering information on foreign navies and the latest in naval science to help rebuild the U.S. Navy. William H. Hunt , who served briefly as Secretary of the Navy under President James Garfield , formed a Naval Advisory Board tasked with rebuilding

2904-544: The nation's central source for integrated strategic maritime intelligence. The same year, the Information Dominance Corps (IDC) was established by the Navy to train enlisted sailors and officers in a wide range of supporting intelligence capabilities. The IDC was redesignated in 2016 as the Information Warfare Community (IWC), with a greater emphasis on inter-disciplinary expertise in sustaining

2970-574: The nation's principal maritime intelligence agencies was intended to facilitate data sharing and coordination. Since the start of the Global War on Terror in 2001—and the subsequently large role played by the U.S. Navy in related conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Horn of Africa—ONI has experienced further expansion of its duties and functions. The year 2009 was characterized by a major reorganization of

3036-692: The office considerable authority on matters of domestic security. In the run up to Pearl Harbor, ONI was beset with challenges including disagreements with the Chief of Naval Operations and the FBI on who would in charge of naval counterintelligence both outside and with the borders of the United States. Partly as result of these challenges, ONI had four directors in the year 1941. Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, concerns about subversive activity by Japanese Americans grew more pressing. ONI commissioned Kenneth Ringle, assistant district intelligence officer for

3102-433: The office's history. President Woodrow Wilson was an exponent of the importance of a strong navy to U.S. defense. Under his administration, Congress authorized ONI's first major increase in personnel and funding, and expanded its role to include domestic security operations — namely the protection of U.S. ports, harbors, and maritime facilities from enemy infiltration and sabotage. ONI's mandate often entailed partnering with

3168-538: The office. Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Gary Roughead authorized ONI's conversion into a command with four subordinate commands, each with a specialized function: scientific and technical intelligence, operational intelligence, information services and technology, and expeditionary and special warfare support. All four commands were collocated in NMIC, which was afterward designated by the Director of National Intelligence as

3234-459: The prevailing military theory of the time held that navies were critical to the commercial and strategic interests of a nation, as well as a source of national prestige and power projection. In light of these developments, American naval officers and military strategists advocated for a larger and more technologically advanced navy that could protect the U.S.'s vast maritime borders, safeguard its commercial interests, and project power abroad. Among

3300-681: The production of steel. Lauder would also go on to lead the development of the use of steel in armor and armaments which had been a business Carnegie balked at entering until President Benjamin Harrison personally appealed to him. Lauder and Charles M. Schwab would spend significant time at the Krupp factory in Germany in 1886 before returning to build the massive armor plate mill at the Homestead Steel Works that would revolutionize warfare forever. By

3366-421: The sale in secure 5% gold mortgage bonds at 1.5 par value. Lauders fortune was later valued around $ 50 million (almost $ 2 Billion today).The sale of Carnegie Steel to J.P. Morgan in 1901 created U.S. Steel where Lauder sat on the board of directors. George Lauder was the son of George Lauder, Sr. and Seaton Morrison. His father owned the general store on the local high street in Dunfermline . George Sr.

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3432-534: The sciences largely at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University where both James Greenway was, and George V. Lauder currently is, the curator. Lateral to the above, several members have worked for intelligence agencies for the United States including James Greenway, John Cambell Greenway, and G. Lauder Greenway for the Office of Naval Intelligence while Gilbert Greenway and George V. Lauder Sr. worked for

3498-558: The steel industry and beyond. His first known patent was approved in 1875 for Improvements in Joints for Wrought-Iron Pipes which he assigned to himself and his cousin and partner Thomas Carnegie. By 1877 his contributions started become more technical including advancements in Galvanic batteries and significant advancement in Folding Machines for newspaper and book publishing. Based on

3564-404: The timeline of patents, it appears that Lauder did not focus original technical thinking for the steel industry until the 1880s. For it was in this decade that Lauder patented his two of his most significant contributions to the steel industry. In 1885 he received a patent for what was misleading titled Bessemer Process . While Henry Bessemer created the process in 1856, Lauder's patent in 1885

3630-581: The tony New York suburb’s waterfront." It is the largest surviving Gilded Age mansion in Connecticut. It became the most expensive private residence in the United States in 2014 when it sold for $ 120 million ($ 154.4 million today). Office of Naval Intelligence Since the First World War , ONI's mission has broadened to include real-time reporting on the developments and activities of foreign navies ; protecting maritime resources and interests; monitoring and countering transnational maritime threats; providing technical, operational, and tactical support to

3696-475: The turn of the twentieth century, Lauder was a director of Carnegie Steel, ran both the coke and ore businesses, and was the company's second largest shareholder after Carnegie. After over thirty years as a senior member of the syndicate, Lauder was seen as the "balance wheel" for his moderate and cautious counsel and the lone "brake" for his often impulsive cousin Carnegie. Partner Daniel Clemson referred to Lauder as

3762-722: The two families. Dr. Greenway was descended from several prominent generations of Americans since the Revolutionary War including two signers of the Fincastle Resolutions (General Evan Shelby and General William Campbell ) and Governor Issac Shelby , the first Governor of the state of Kentucky . His great-grandfather was Dr. Ephraim McDowell the pioneer surgeon who was the first person to successfully remove an ovarian tumor . He has been called "the father of ovariotomy" as well as founding father of abdominal surgery . The Lauder Greenway family made an enormous impact on

3828-664: The world and would later build large copper mining concerns in Arizona including the New Cornelia mine which became the first large open pit mine in Arizona. Greenways Calumet and Arizona Mining Company would then be purchased by the Phelps Dodge Corporation consolidating almost total control of copper mining in the United States. Post-industrial, and as a combined entity, the Lauder Greenway family continued their focuses on

3894-438: Was among the earliest settlers of New Netherland in 1623 and a member of the Council of Twelve Men —the first democratic institution in the future United States. She was also a descendant of Richard Varick , the second post-colonial (and 45th overall) Mayor of New York City . George and Anna Maria had three children together, Harriet, George III. and Elizabeth. Their daughter Harriet married Dr. James C. Greenway combining

3960-467: Was better known in Scotland for his commitment to Scottish nationalism, an egalitarian democracy, and the Chartism cause. He was a keen radical for the time, championing the preservation of human and public rights which led to the Reform Acts of 1836. After his wife Seaton died young, Lauder Sr. became instrumental in the upbringing of his only son George and his nephew Andrew Carnegie. Lauder Jr. and Carnegie were two years apart in age and best friends as

4026-411: Was initially charged with managing the company's coke works. He would later become the second largest stockholder of the Carnegie partnership. Lauder brought a new dynamic to the business with his formal education, and expertise in, mechanical engineering . Surprisingly, none of the existing partners had any technical training or education. Furthermore, none had a university diploma at all—they learned

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4092-419: Was responsible for many of the technical advancements made in the steel industry during the Industrial Revolution including updates to both the Bessemer Process and coal washing machinery while also leading the use of steel in arms and defense. Lauder was the first cousin and so-called "cousin-brother" of steel magnate Andrew Carnegie and his partner in the Carnegie Steel Company . He received proceeds from

4158-464: Was responsible for protecting Navy personnel, providing tactical support, and implementing counter-intelligence measures. Nevertheless, weaknesses in its intelligence gathering were revealed. ONI grew in prominence under President Theodore Roosevelt , a former Assistant Secretary of the Navy and naval enthusiast. His expansionist foreign policy — and the central role the U.S. Navy played therein — made maritime intelligence more crucial. The sailing of

4224-433: Was responsible for the translation , evaluation, and dissemination of intercepted Japanese communications. While other parts of the Navy were downsized after the war, U.S. Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz ensured ONI's continued strength, which was to prove important during the Cold War . Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal broadened ONI's mandate to include investigations of major criminal and security matters. In 1946,

4290-472: Was succeeded as Chief Intelligence Officer by Lieutenant Raymond P. Rodgers in April 1885. In addition to intensifying ONI's research and surveillance of naval technology abroad, Rodger's four-year tenure saw ONI partner with the U.S. Department of State in gathering information on strategic maritime interests such as Panama , Samoa , and the Kingdom of Hawaii . ONI also began to develop capabilities in cryptography , which would foreshadow its evolution into

4356-402: Was the lynch-pin and refinement that created almost universal uniformity in the steel output. Until then, there were too many steps, thus allowing for human error. In addition, Lauder removed the decarburizing step entirely and was able to remove the silicon with the final "blow" on the metal during the process. In 1887, Lauder improved on his coal washing process with a new machine simply called

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