The Diocese of Langres ( Latin : Dioecesis Lingonensis ; French : Diocèse de Langres ) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church comprising the département of Haute-Marne in France .
59-637: The Latin Rule was a document with 72 clauses attributed to Bernard de Clairvaux and Hugues de Payens . It is also known as the "Specific Behavior for the Templar Order". It outlines the ideal behavior of a knight. The rule borrowed from the Rule of Saint Augustine , but was mostly inspired by the Rule of Saint Benedict ( Latin : Regula Sancti Benedicti ). It was, however, adapted for use by active, primarily military, knights, rather than cloistered monks. For example,
118-581: A prince-bishop . Later, Langres was made a duchy , which gave the Duke-Bishop of Langres the right of secular precedence over his Metropolitan, the Archbishop of Lyon , at the consecration of the kings of France. The chief patron saint of the diocese is the martyr Mammes of Caesarea (third century), to whom the cathedral, a monument of the late twelfth century, is dedicated. The diocese of Langres honors as saints some martyrs who, according to legend, died in
177-623: A schism broke out in the Church by the election of two popes, Pope Innocent II and Antipope Anacletus II . Innocent, having been banished from Rome by Anacletus, took refuge in France. King Louis VI convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes and Bernard, summoned there by the bishops, was chosen to judge between the rival popes. He decided in favour of Innocent. Bernard travelled on to Italy and reconciled Pisa with Genoa , and Milan with
236-634: A major shift, a "fundamental reorientation" into medieval theology. The Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard , a collection of buildings dating from the 12th, 17th, and 19th centuries, is dedicated to Bernard and stands in his birthplace of Fontaine-lès-Dijon . Countless churches and chapels have St. Bernard as their patron saint. The modern critical edition is Sancti Bernardi opera (1957–1977), edited by Jean Leclercq . Bernard's works include: His sermons are also numerous: Many letters, treatises, and other works were falsely attributed to him. These include: Diocese of Langres The diocese
295-516: A master of prayer, the abbot emphasized the value of personal, experiential friendship with Christ. Bernhard made a self-confident impression and had an undeniable charisma in the eyes of his contemporaries; "his first and greatest miracle," wrote the historian Holdsworth, "was himself." He defended the rights of the church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henri Sanglier , archbishop of Sens and Stephen of Senlis , bishop of Paris. When Honorius II died in 1130,
354-547: A meeting with Abelard intending to persuade him to amend his writings, during which Abelard repented and promised to do so. But once out of Bernard's presence, he reneged. Bernard then denounced Abelard to the pope and cardinals of the Curia . Abelard sought a debate with Bernard, but Bernard initially declined, saying he did not feel matters of such importance should be settled by logical analyses. Bernard's letters to William of St-Thierry also express his apprehension about confronting
413-659: A monk at Cîteaux . In the year 1128, Bernard attended the Council of Troyes , at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar , which soon became an ideal of Christian nobility. On the death of Pope Honorius II in 1130, a schism arose in the church. Bernard was a major proponent of Pope Innocent II , arguing effectively for his legitimacy over the Antipope Anacletus II . The eloquent abbot advocated crusades in general and convinced many to participate in
472-524: A more immediate faith experience. He is considered to be a master of Christian rhetoric: "His use of language remains perhaps his most universal legacy." He contributed lyrics to the Cistercian Hymnal . As a mariologist , Bernard insisted on Mary's central role in Christian theology and preached effectively on Marian devotions. He developed the theology of her role as Co-Redemptrix and mediator. As
531-568: A simple monk in Morimond. The "Scourging of the Alleluia," now no longer observed, was quite celebrated in this diocese in the Middle Ages. On the day when, according to tradition, the Alleluia was omitted from the liturgy, a top on which the word "Alleluia" was written was whipped out of the church, to the singing of psalms by the choirboys, who wished it bon voyage till Easter. The "Pardon of Chaumont"
590-662: Is any precious vase adorning the palace of the King of Kings it is the soul of the venerable Suger." Conrad III and his son Henry died the same year. Bernard died at age sixty-three on 20 August 1153, after forty years of monastic life. He was buried at Clairvaux Abbey. After its destruction in 1792 by the French revolutionary government his remains were transferred to Troyes Cathedral . Bernard's theology and Mariology continue to be of major importance. Bernard helped found 163 monasteries in different parts of Europe. Cistercians honour him as one of
649-473: Is illustrious beyond all doubt." (One of Anacletus' great-great-grandparents, Benedictus, maybe Baruch in Hebrew, was a Jew who had converted to Christianity - but Anacletus himself was not a Jew, and his family had been Christians for three generations). Bernard wrote to Gerard of Angoulême (a letter known as Letter 126), which questioned Gerard's reasons for supporting Anacletus. Bernard later commented that Gerard
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#1732845023439708-510: Is now a suffragan in ecclesiastical province of the Archdiocese of Reims , having been a suffragan of Lyon until 2002. The current bishop is Joseph Marie Edouard de Metz-Noblat, who succeeded Bishop Philippe Jean Marie Joseph Gueneley on 21 January 2014. The diocese covers a territory of 6,250 km and its estimated catholic population is 128,000. In 2021, in the Diocese of Langres there
767-475: Is very celebrated. In 1475, Jean de Montmirail, a native of Chaumont and a particular friend of Pope Sixtus IV , obtained from him that each time the feast of St. John the Baptist fell on a Sunday, the faithful, who confessed their sins and visited the church of Chaumont, should enjoy the jubilee indulgence . Such was the origin of the great "Pardon" of Chaumont, celebrated sixty-one times between 1476 and 1905. At
826-647: The Napoleonic Concordat of 1801, Langres was later united to the Diocese of Dijon . The bishop bore the title of Dijon and Langres, but the union was never quite complete. There was a pro- vicar-general for the Haute-Marne and two seminaries at Langres, the petit séminaire from 1809 and the grand séminaire from 1817. The See of Langres was re-established in 1817 by Pope Pius VII and King Louis XVIII . César Guillaume de La Luzerne , its pre-Revolution bishop,
885-585: The Petrobrusians , followers of Peter of Bruys and spread them in a modified form after Peter's death. Henry of Lausanne's followers became known as Henricians . In June 1145, at the invitation of Cardinal Alberic of Ostia , Bernard travelled in southern France. His preaching, aided by his ascetic looks and simple attire, helped doom the new sects. Both the Henrician and the Petrobrusian faiths began to die out by
944-559: The Cistercian way of life. At the solicitation of William of St.-Thierry , Bernard defended the Cistercians with his Apology . Peter the Venerable , abbot of Cluny, answered Bernard and assured him of his admiration and friendship. In the meantime, Cluny launched a reform and Bernard befriended Abbot Suger . Although acknowledged as "a difficult saint," Bernard has remained influential in
1003-399: The Diocese of Langres is Vassy , where, in 1562, riots took place between Catholics and Protestants that gave rise to the wars of religion (see Huguenots ). Numerous diocesan synods were held at Langres. The most important were those of 1404, 1421, 1621, 1628, 1679, 1725, 1733, 1741, 1783 and six successive annual synods held by Pierre Louis Parisis , from 1841 to 1846. These held a view to
1062-554: The Second Crusade. He was for battling them "until such a time as, by God's help, they shall either be converted or deleted". A decree issued in Frankfurt stated that the letter should be proclaimed widely and read aloud, so that "the letter functioned as a sermon." The death of his contemporaries served as a warning to Bernard of his own approaching end. The first to die was Suger in 1152, of whom Bernard wrote to Eugene III, "If there
1121-410: The abbey as a preacher and a diplomat in the service of the pope. Described by Jean-Baptiste Chautard as "the most contemplative and yet at the same time the most active man of his age," Bernard described the disparate parts of his personality when he called himself the " chimera of his age." In addition to successes, Bernard also had his trials. Once, when he was absent from Clairvaux, the prior of
1180-470: The centuries since his death and was named a Doctor of the Church in 1830. In 1953, on the 800th anniversary of his death, Pope Pius XII devoted the encyclical Doctor Mellifluus to him. He labeled the abbot "the last of the Fathers ." In opposition to the rational approach to understanding God used by the scholastics , Bernard preached in a poetic manner, using appeals to affect and conversion to nurture
1239-517: The close of the 11th century, a spirit of independence flourished within schools of philosophy and theology . The movement found an ardent and powerful advocate in Peter Abelard . Abelard's treatise on the Trinity had been condemned as heretical in 1121, and he was compelled to throw his own book into a fire. However, Abelard continued to develop his controversial teachings. Bernard is said to have held
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#17328450234391298-591: The cloth used to make crosses for the new recruits. Unlike the First Crusade, the new venture attracted royalty, such as the French queen Eleanor of Aquitaine and scores of high aristocrats and bishops. But an even greater show of support came from the common people. Bernard wrote Pope Eugene a few days afterwards, "Cities and castles are now empty. There is not left one man to seven women, and everywhere there are widows to still-living husbands." Bernard then passed into Germany, with reported miracles contributing to
1357-498: The command of Innocent II, took possession of Tre Fontane Abbey , from which Eugene III was chosen in 1145. Pope Innocent II died in the year 1143. His two successors, Pope Celestine II and Pope Lucius II , reigned only a short time, and then Bernard saw one of his disciples, Bernard of Pisa, known thereafter as Eugene III, raised to the Chair of Saint Peter . Bernard sent him, at the pope's own request, various instructions which comprise
1416-571: The debate, swaying many of them to his view. The next day, after Bernard made his opening statement, Abelard decided to retire without attempting to answer. The council found in favour of Bernard and their judgment was confirmed by the pope. Abelard submitted without resistance, and he retired to Cluny to live under the protection of Peter the Venerable , where he died two years later. Bernard had occupied himself in sending bands of monks from his overcrowded monastery into Germany, Sweden, England, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland, and Italy. Some of these, at
1475-548: The end of that year. Soon afterwards, Henry of Lausanne was arrested, brought before the bishop of Toulouse , and probably imprisoned for life. In a letter to the people of Toulouse, undoubtedly written at the end of 1146, Bernard calls upon them to extirpate the last remnants of the heresy. He also preached against Catharism . As abbot, Bernard often addressed his community, but he also spoke to other monastics and, in one particularly famous case, to students of Theology in Paris. He gave
1534-457: The end of the Middle Ages, this "Pardon" gave rise to certain festivities. Fifteen mysteries of the life of St. John the Baptist were represented on stages erected throughout the town on the Sunday preceding the "Pardon." The display drew multitudes to the festivities, which were finally called the "deviltries" of Chaumont. In the eighteenth century, the "Pardon" became a purely religious ceremony. In
1593-594: The failure of the Second Crusade he had preached, and the entire responsibility which was thrown upon him. Bernard sent an apology to the Pope and it is inserted in the second part of his "Book of Considerations". There he explains how the sins of the crusaders were the cause of their misfortune and failures. Bernard did not actually preach the Wendish Crusade , but he did write a letter that advocated subduing this group of Western Slavs so that they should not be an obstacle to
1652-441: The fasts were less severe so that they did not interfere with combat. The original rule was written in 1128 and added to the minutes of the Council of Troyes in 1129 . However, in about 1138 under the direction of Robert de Craon , second grand master of the order (1136–1149), the rule was translated into French and modified. Later, it was expanded to include 609 articles, notably covering such things as hierarchy and justice within
1711-590: The greatest early Cistercians. His feast day is 20 August. Bernard is Dante Alighieri 's last guide, in Divine Comedy , as he travels through the Empyrean . John Calvin and Martin Luther quoted Bernard several times in support of the doctrine of Sola Fide . Calvin also quotes him in setting forth his doctrine of forensic alien righteousness, or as it is commonly called imputed righteousness . Bernard introduced
1770-534: The hands of the Seljuk Turks . The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states were threatened with similar disaster. Deputations of the bishops of Armenia solicited aid from the pope, and the King of France also sent ambassadors. In 1144 Eugene III commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade . There
1829-440: The monastic life flocked to him in great numbers. Clairvaux soon started founding new communities. In 1118 Trois-Fontaines Abbey was founded in the diocese of Châlons ; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese of Autun ; and in 1121 Foigny Abbey near Vervins . In Bernard's lifetime, more than sixty abbeys followed, though some were not new foundations but transferals to the Cistercians. Bernard spent extended time outside of
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1888-490: The names of Bernard and Clairvaux soon became inseparable. Bernard was made abbot by William of Champeaux , Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne . From then on a strong friendship grew between the abbot and the bishop, who was professor of theology at Notre Dame of Paris and the founder of St. Victor Abbey in Paris . The beginnings of Clairvaux Abbey were austere and Bernard even more so. He had often been ill since his noviciate, due to extreme fasting. Nonetheless, candidates for
1947-495: The new monastery. Bernard's example was so convincing that scores (among them his own father) followed him into the monastic life. As a result, he is considered the patron of religious vocations. The little community of reformed Benedictines at Cîteaux grew rapidly. Three years after entering, Bernard was sent with a group of twelve monks to found a new house at Vallée d'Absinthe, in the Diocese of Langres . This Bernard named Claire Vallée , or Clairvaux , on 25 June 1115, and
2006-423: The nobility. Although the councils of Étampes, Würzburg , Clermont , and Rheims all supported Innocent, large portions of the Christian world still supported Anacletus. In a letter by Bernard to German Emperor Lothair regarding Antipope Anacletus, Bernard wrote, "It is a disgrace for Christ that a Jew sits on the throne of St. Peter's" and "Anacletus has not even a good reputation with his friends, while Innocent
2065-399: The often-quoted De consideratione . Its main argument is that church reform ought to start with the pope. Temporal matters are merely accessories; Bernard insists that piety and meditation were to precede action. Having previously helped end the schism within the Church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. Henry of Lausanne , a former Cluniac monk, had adopted the teachings of
2124-641: The old Diocese of Troyes and 94 of the old Diocese of Toul . For the legends concerning the Apostolic origin of the See of Langres and the mission of St. Benignus see Dijon . The bishops, until 1016, resided at Dijon and until 1731, exercised spiritual jurisdiction over the territory of the present-day Diocese of Dijon . Following is a list of bishops of Langres. 47°51′35″N 5°20′05″E / 47.8598°N 5.33469°E / 47.8598; 5.33469 [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from
2183-473: The order. Bernard de Clairvaux Bernard of Clairvaux , O.Cist. ( Latin : Bernardus Claraevallensis ; 1090 – 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard , was an abbot , mystic , co-founder of the Knights Templar , and a major leader in the reform of the Benedictines through the nascent Cistercian Order . He was sent to found Clairvaux Abbey only a few years after becoming
2242-506: The persecution of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius . They are the triplets Speusippus, Eleusippus, and Melapsippus ; Neo, the author of their Acts; Leonilla, their grandmother; and Junilla, their mother. Other saints honored there include: The latter three were natives of the diocese and celebrated for their apostolic labors in Canada. The diocese was also the birthplace of the theologian Nicolas de Clémenges (fourteenth or fifteenth century), who
2301-759: The pope abolished the dues which Clairvaux used to pay to that abbey. This action gave rise to a quarrel between the White Monks and the Black Monks which lasted 20 years. In May of that year, the pope, supported by the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, and Innocent sought refuge in Pisa in September 1133. Bernard had returned to France in June and
2360-488: The pope. The same year Bernard was again at the Council of Reims at the side of Innocent II. He then went to Aquitaine where he succeeded for the time in detaching William X, Duke of Aquitaine , from the cause of Anacletus. Germany had decided to support Innocent through Norbert of Xanten , who was a friend of Bernard's. Pope Innocent, however, insisted on Bernard's company when he met with Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor . Lothair II became Innocent's strongest ally among
2419-401: The preeminent logician. Abelard continued to press for a public debate, and made his challenge widely known, making it hard for Bernard to decline. In 1141, at the urgings of Abelard, the archbishop of Sens called a council of bishops, where Abelard and Bernard were to put their respective cases so Abelard would have a chance to clear his name. Bernard lobbied the prelates on the evening before
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2478-528: The purpose of living according to a literal interpretation of the Rule of St. Benedict . They established new administrative structures among their monasteries, effectively creating a new order, known, after the first abbey, as the Order of Cistercians . After his mother died, Bernard decided to go to Cîteaux. In 1113 he and thirty other young noblemen of Burgundy, many of whom were his relatives, sought and gained admission to
2537-608: The re-establishment of the synodal organization, and also to impose on the clergy the use of the Roman Breviary (see Prosper Guéranger ). Principal pilgrimages are Our Lady of Montrol near Arc-en-Barrois (dating from the seventeenth century); Our Lady of the Hermits at Cuves; Our Lady of Victories at Bourmont; and St. Joseph, Protector of the Souls in Purgatory , at Maranville. Suppressed by
2596-533: The rescue of the Holy Land. The archbishop of Cologne and the archbishop of Mainz were vehemently opposed to these attacks and asked Bernard to denounce them. This he did, but when the campaign continued, Bernard travelled from Flanders to Germany to deal with the problems in person. He then found Radulf in Mainz and was able to silence him, returning him to his monastery. The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by
2655-502: The rival Abbey of Cluny went to Clairvaux and convinced Bernard's cousin, Robert of Châtillon , to become a Benedictine. This was the occasion of the longest and most emotional of Bernard's letters. When his brother Gerard died, Bernard was devastated, and his deep mourning was the inspiration for one of his most moving sermons. The Cluny Benedictines were unhappy to see Cîteaux gain such prominence so quickly, particularly since many Benedictines were becoming Cistercians. They criticized
2714-541: The schism ended. In 1139, Bernard assisted at the Second Council of the Lateran , in which the surviving adherents of the schism were definitively condemned. About the same time, Bernard was visited at Clairvaux by Malachy , Primate of All Ireland , and a very close friendship formed between them. Malachy wanted to become a Cistercian, but the pope would not give his permission. Malachy died at Clairvaux in 1148. Towards
2773-562: The sermon Ad clericos de conversione (to clerics on conversion) in 1139 or early 1140, to a group of scholars and student clerics. His many sermons on the Song of Songs belong to the often-studied sermons he addressed to the monks at Clairvaux. News came at this time from the Holy Land that alarmed Christendom . Christians had been defeated at the Siege of Edessa and most of the county had fallen into
2832-532: The success of his mission. King Conrad III of Germany and his nephew Frederick Barbarossa , received the cross from the hand of Bernard. Pope Eugenius came in person to France to encourage the enterprise. As in the First Crusade, the preaching led to attacks on Jews ; a fanatical French monk named Radulf was apparently inspiring massacres of Jews in the Rhineland, Cologne , Mainz , Worms , and Speyer , with Radulf claiming Jews were not contributing financially to
2891-415: The third of seven children, six of whom were sons. Aged nine, he was sent to a school at Châtillon-sur-Seine run by the secular canons of Saint-Vorles. Bernard had an interest in literature and rhetoric. Bernard's mother died when he was a youth. During his education with priests, he often thought of becoming one. In 1098, a group led by Robert of Molesme had founded Cîteaux Abbey , near Dijon , with
2950-467: The title of "Doctor of the Church". He wrote at this time his sermons on the Song of Songs . In 1137, he was again forced to leave the abbey by order of the pope to put an end to the quarrel between Lothair and Roger of Sicily. At the conference held at Palermo, Bernard succeeded in convincing Roger of the rights of Innocent II. He also silenced the final supporters who sustained the schism. Anacletus died of "grief and disappointment" in 1138, and with him,
3009-401: The unsuccessful Second Crusade , notably through a famous sermon at Vézelay (1146) . Bernard was canonized just 21 years after his death by Pope Alexander III . In 1830 Pope Pius VIII declared him a Doctor of the Church . Bernard's parents were Tescelin de Fontaine , lord of Fontaine-lès-Dijon , and Alèthe de Montbard , both members of the highest nobility of Burgundy . Bernard was
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#17328450234393068-441: Was at first virtually no popular enthusiasm for the crusade as there had been in 1095. Bernard found it expedient to dwell upon taking the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace. On 31 March, with King Louis VII of France present, he preached to an enormous crowd in a field at Vézelay , making "the speech of his life". When he had finished, many of his listeners enlisted; they supposedly ran out of
3127-591: Was canon and treasurer of the Church of Langres; of the Gallican canonist Edmond Richer (1560–1631); of the Jesuit Pierre Lemoine [ fr ] , author of an epic poem on St. Louis and of the work La dévotion aisée (1602–71); and of the philosopher Diderot (1713–84). The historian Raoul Glaber , monk of Cluny Abbey who died in 1050, was at the priory of St. Léger in this diocese when he experienced an apparition. The Benedictine Poulangy Abbey
3186-594: Was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130. Towards the end of 1134, he made a second journey into Aquitaine, where William X had relapsed into schism. Bernard invited William to the Mass which he celebrated in the Church of La Couldre. At the Eucharist , he "admonished the Duke not to despise God as he did His servants". William yielded and the schism ended. Bernard went again to Italy, where Roger II of Sicily
3245-457: Was endeavouring to withdraw the Pisans from their allegiance to Innocent. He recalled the city of Milan to obedience to the pope as they had followed the deposed Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan . For this, he was offered, and he refused, the see of Milan . He then returned to Clairvaux. Believing himself at last secure in his cloister, Bernard devoted himself to the composition of the works which won him
3304-640: Was founded in the eleventh century. Morimond Abbey , the fourth foundation of Cîteaux , was established in 1125 by Odolric, lord of Aigremont, and Simon, Count of Bassigny. The Augustinian priory of the Val des Écoliers was founded in 1212 at Luzy, near Chaumont, by four doctors of the Paris University who were led into solitude by a love of retreat. Otho, son of Leopold of Austria and Abbot of Morimond, became Bishop of Freising in Bavaria and returned in 1154 to die
3363-517: Was his most formidable opponent during the whole schism. After persuading Gerard, Bernard travelled to visit William X, Duke of Aquitaine . He was the hardest for Bernard to convince. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. After that, Bernard spent most of his time in Italy persuading the Italians to pledge allegiance to Innocent. In 1132, Bernard accompanied Innocent II into Italy, and at Cluny,
3422-494: Was one priest for every 2,782 Catholics. Louis Duchesne considers Senator, Justus and Didier de Langres [ fr ] , who was martyred during the invasion of the Vandals (about 407), the first three bishops of Langres. The See, therefore, must have been founded about the middle of the fourth century. In 1179, Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy gave the city of Langres to his uncle, Gautier of Burgundy, then bishop, making him
3481-462: Was to be re-appointed, but the parliament did not ratify this agreement and the bishops of Dijon remained administrators of the Diocese of Langres until 6 October 1822, when the Papal Bull " Paternae charitatis " definitely re-established the See. The new Bishop of Langres governed 360 parishes of the old Diocese of Langres, 70 of the old Diocese of Châlons , 13 of the old Diocese of Besançon , 13 of
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