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107-630: During the Spanish colonial period , Lal-lo was known as Ciudad de Nueva Segovia and was the seat of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia before it was moved to Vigan in Ilocos Sur . It is currently under efforts to regain its Spanish-era city status. Recently, the provincial government of Cagayan through the leadership of Governor Manuel Mamba planned to make Lal-lo the provincial capital of Cagayan again. The Northern Cagayan International Airport in southern Lal-lo

214-614: A state of war in these provinces and placed them under martial law . These were Manila, Bulacan , Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac , Laguna , Batangas , and Nueva Ecija . They would later be represented in the eight rays of the sun in the Filipino flag . Emilio Aguinaldo and the Katipuneros of Cavite were the most successful of the rebels and they controlled most of their province by September–October. They defended their territories with trenches designed by Edilberto Evangelista . Many of

321-507: A bride in Denmark for crown prince Ferdinand. The envoys traveled to Denmark via Aragon and the south of France . The marriage negotiations ended successfully, but the princess died before leaving for Castile. During their return journey, they met with Cistercian monks who had been sent by Pope Innocent III to preach against the Cathars , a religious sect with gnostic and dualistic beliefs which

428-414: A fever". Guiraud states that Dominic "made the monks lay him on some sacking stretched upon the ground" and that "the brief time that remained to him was spent in exhorting his followers to have charity, to guard their humility, and to make their treasure out of poverty". He died at noon on 6 August 1221. His body was moved to a simple sarcophagus in 1233. Under the authority of Pope Gregory IX , Dominic

535-462: A friar in the Order of Preachers and remained a close friend. Cecilia Cesarini , who was received by Dominic into his new order, in her old age described him as "...thin and of middle height. His face was handsome and somewhat fair. He had reddish hair and beard and beautiful eyes ... His hands were long and fine and his voice pleasingly resonant. He never got bald, though he wore the full tonsure , which

642-453: A general offensive on Manila and was defeated in battle at the town of San Juan del Monte . He regrouped his forces and was able to briefly capture the towns of Marikina , San Mateo and Montalbán . Spanish counterattacks drove him back and he retreated to the heights of Balara and Morong and from there engaged in guerrilla warfare . By August 30, the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date, Governor-General Ramón Blanco declared

749-738: A historical legend for the sake of auto-justification. Reacting against the Spanish tribunals, 16th- and 17th-century Protestant polemicists gladly developed and perpetuated the legend of Dominic the Inquisitor. This image gave German Protestant critics of the Catholic Church an argument against the Dominican Order whose preaching had proven to be a formidable opponent in the lands of the Reformation. As Edward Peters notes, "In Protestant historiography of

856-484: A house given by Peter Seila, a rich resident of Toulouse . Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization to address the spiritual needs of the growing cities of the era, one that would combine dedication and systematic education, with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy. He subjected himself and his companions to the monastic rules of prayer and penance ; Bishop Foulques gave them written authority to preach throughout

963-533: A larger fleet comprising both Spanish and a majority Visayan force, taking a month to bring these forces to bear due to slow speed of local ships. This large force caused the surrender of neighboring Tondo . An attempt by some local leaders, known as the Tondo Conspiracy , to defeat the Spanish was repelled. Legazpi renamed Maynila Nueva Castilla , and declared it the capital of the Philippines, and thus of

1070-574: A national identity. This was compounded by a Mexican of Filipino descent, Isidoro Montes de Oca , becoming captain-general to the revolutionary leader Vicente Guerrero during the Mexican War of Independence. The Insulares had become increasingly Filipino and called themselves Los hijos del país (lit. "sons of the country"). Among the early proponents of Filipino nationalism were the Insulares Padre Pedro Peláez , who fought for

1177-575: A second settlement on the bank of the Panay River . In 1570, Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo , who had arrived from Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro to punish the Muslim Moro pirates who had been plundering Panay villages. Salcedo also destroyed forts on the islands of Ilin and Lubang , respectively south and northwest of Mindoro. In 1570, Martín de Goiti , having been dispatched by Legazpi to Luzon, conquered Maynila . Legazpi followed with

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1284-576: A single unified administration. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as part of the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain, later administered from Madrid following the Mexican War of Independence . Administration of the Philippine islands were considered a drain on the economy of Spain, and there were debates about abandoning it or trading it for some other territory. However, this

1391-482: A small river boat to Butuán . However, Dutch aid did not materialize or have objects to provide them. The authorities from Manila issued a general pardon, and many of the Filipinos in the mountains surrendered. The demands of these wars has been regarded as a potential cause of population decline. In August 1759, Charles III ascended the Spanish throne. At the time, Great Britain and France were at war, in what

1498-619: A stalemate between the colonial government and rebels. Pedro Paterno mediated between the two sides for the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato . The conditions of the armistice included the self-exile of Aguinaldo and his officers in exchange for $ MXN 800,000 (about $ US 14,400,000 today ) to be paid by the colonial government. Aguinaldo then sailed to Hong Kong to self exile. Saint Dominic Saint Dominic , OP ( Spanish : Santo Domingo ; 8 August 1170 – 6 August 1221), also known as Dominic de Guzmán ( Spanish: [ɡuθˈman] ),

1605-509: Is a field office of the DepEd in Cagayan Valley region. The office governs the public and private elementary and high schools throughout the municipality. Lal-lo has one FM station, DWRL 95.1, and two cable providers. History of the Philippines (1521-1898) Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898

1712-794: Is known as the Spanish colonial period , during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies , initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain , based in Mexico City , until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821. This resulted in direct Spanish control during a period of governmental instability there. The first documented European contact with

1819-555: Is not to be regarded as historical. The spread of the rosary is attributed to the preaching of the Dominicans. For centuries the rosary has been at the heart of the Dominican Order . Pope Pius XI stated, that the rosary is "the principle and foundation on which the Order of St. Dominic rests for perfecting the lives of its members and obtaining the salvation of others." In 1215, Dominic established himself, with six followers, in

1926-451: Is written on the Cord. According to the tradition, if someone wishes to receive grace from Saint Dominic, they should wear it all the time. Infertile couples use the Cord to pray for intercession of Saint Dominic for the gift of offspring from God. The country Dominican Republic and its capital Santo Domingo are named after Saint Dominic. The Arca di San Domenico is a shrine containing

2033-478: The Airbus A319-100 and Boeing regional jets of comparable size. Royal Air Philippines offers service twice weekly using BAe146 aircraft. Lal-lo is 81 kilometres (50 mi) from Tuguegarao and 562 kilometres (349 mi) from Manila . Lal-lo means "twisting two strands to make a rope", or may also refer to the strong river current as it is located along Cagayan River , the longest and largest river in

2140-620: The Dutch Republic , as part of the Eighty Years' War . Although the Spanish forces consisted of just two Manila galleons and a galley with crews composed mainly of Filipino volunteers, against three separate Dutch squadrons, totaling eighteen ships, the Dutch squadrons were severely defeated in all fronts by the Spanish-Filipino forces, forcing the Dutch to abandon their plans for an invasion of

2247-519: The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA). Lal-lo is politically subdivided into 35 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios . In the 2020 census, the population of Lal-lo, Cagayan, was 48,733 people, with a density of 69 inhabitants per square kilometre or 180 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Lal-lo Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Lal-lo, belonging to

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2354-602: The Insulares came out with Indios agraviados , a manifesto defending the Filipino against discriminatory remarks. The tension between the Insulares and Peninsulares erupted into the failed revolts of Novales and the Cavite mutiny of 1872, which resulted in the deportation of prominent Filipino nationalists to the Marianas and Europe , who would continue the fight for liberty through

2461-512: The Katipunan . A rivalry developed between himself and Marcelo Hilario del Pilar for the leadership of La Solidaridad and the reform movement in Europe. Majority of the expatriates supported the leadership of del Pilar. Rizal then returned to the Philippines to organize La Liga Filipina and bring the reform movement to Philippine soil. He was arrested just a few days after founding the league. Rizal

2568-608: The New World , effectively legalizing a more oppressive conquest. Although slavery had been abolished in the Spanish Empire , it took around a century for it to be fully abolished in the Philippines due to the pre-colonial alipin system of slavery already existing in the islands. Due to conflict with the Portuguese , who blockaded Cebu in 1568 , and persistent supply shortages, in 1569 Legazpi transferred to Panay and founded

2675-551: The Peninsulares , whom the Insulares regarded as foreigners. The Spanish American wars of independence and renewed immigration led to shifts in social identity, with the term Filipino shifting from referring to Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula and in the Philippines to a term encompassing all people in the archipelago. This identity shift was driven by wealthy families of mixed ancestry, for which it developed into

2782-548: The Philippines . In Fr. Jose Bugarin's Ibanag dictionary " Lallo-c, a town in this province which existed as the ancient capital until 1839 [also] Lallo-c, to twist two strands, making a string or rope ." In the classical era, Lal-lo was the home of hunter-gatherers who were specialized in hunting mollusks . These hunter-gatherers stockpiled their leftover mollusk shells in numerous sites in Lal-lo and neighboring Gattaran; eventually,

2889-470: The Propaganda Movement . The Cavite Mutiny implicated the priests Mariano Gomez , José Burgos , and Jacinto Zamora (see Gomburza ), whose executions would influence the subversive activities of the next generation of Filipino nationalists, among them José Rizal, who then dedicated his novel El filibusterismo to these priests. A national public school system was introduced in 1863. After

2996-503: The University of Santo Tomas , Bishop Diego de Soria who was the second bishop of the diocese, and Bishop Diego Aduarte who was the sixth. Lal-lo remained the capital of Cagayan province until 1839 when the provincial seat of power was relocated to Tuguegarao; its transformation into the most important town in Cagayan led to the decline of Lal-lo. It was accepted as an ecclesiastical mission by

3103-474: The Visayas at the time of the first Spanish missions is estimated as between 1 and 1.5 million, overall density being low. Philip II, whose name has remained attached to the islands, ordered and oversaw the conquest and colonization of the Philippines. On November 19 or 20, 1564, a Spanish expedition of a mere 500 men led by Miguel López de Legazpi departed Barra de Navidad (modern Mexican state of Jalisco ) in

3210-400: The arts and four to theology . At some point in time he also joined Santa María de La Vid. In 1191, when Spain was desolated by famine, young Dominic gave away his money and sold his clothes, furniture, and even precious manuscripts to feed the hungry. Dominic reportedly told his astonished fellow students, "Would you have me study off these dead skins when men are dying of hunger?" At

3317-512: The first legislative district of the province of Cagayan, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is held every three years. The Schools Division of Cagayan governs the town's public education system. The division office

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3424-485: The 1570s, the Spanish traders were troubled to some extent by Japanese pirates, but peaceful trading relations were established between the Philippines and Japan by 1590. Japan's kampaku ( regent ) Toyotomi Hideyoshi , demanded unsuccessfully on several occasions that the Philippines submit to Japan's suzerainty . On February 8, 1597, Philip II, near the end of his 42-year reign, issued a Royal Cedula instructing Francisco de Tello de Guzmán , then Governor-General of

3531-457: The 17th century, far outnumbering civilian arrivals. Most of these soldiers were criminals and young boys rather than men of character. Hardship for the colonizing soldiers contributed to looting and enslavement, despite the entreaties of representatives of the church who accompanied them. In 1568, the Spanish Crown permitted the establishment of the encomienda system that it was abolishing in

3638-506: The 200-year-old fortifications in Manila did not see significant change after being first built by the early Spanish colonizers. Some Japanese ships visited the Philippines in the 1570s in order to export Japanese silver and import Philippine gold . Later, increasing imports of silver from New World sources resulted in Japanese exports to the Philippines shifting from silver to consumer goods. In

3745-572: The British confidence in eventual victory. The surrender by Archbishop Rojo was rejected as illegal by Don Simón de Anda y Salazar , who claimed the title of Governor-General under the statutes of the Council of the Indies . He led Spanish-Filipino forces that kept the British confined to Manila and sabotaged or crushed British-fomented revolts, such as the revolt by Diego Silang . Anda intercepted and redirected

3852-680: The Catholic Church deemed heretical. Dominic and Diego de Acebo attributed the Cistercians' lack of success to their extravagance and pomp compared to the asceticism of the Cathars. Dominic and Diego decided to adopt a more ascetic way of life and began a program in the south of France to convert the Cathars. In late 1206, Acebo and his group established themselves at the Monastery of Our Lady of Prouille in France . Bishop Foulques of Toulouse allowed them to use

3959-558: The Diocese of Nueva Segovia. In 1596, the Dominicans accepted it as an ecclesiastical mission. Nueva Segovia had three churches: the cathedral that was under the secular clergy, and the parishes of Centro and Tocolona under the supervision of the Dominicans. Because of its distance from Manila and the constant threat of the Cagayan River's rampaging waters, however, the Diocese of Nueva Segovia

4066-413: The Dominicans in 1604, 23 years after the foundation of Lal-lo. The first attempt of the restoration of Lal-lo's city status was made during the first term of Mayor Florante Pascual. The historical document originally signed by King Philip was not found, even after sending a research delegation to Madrid . Pascual determined that the restoration of Lal-lo's cityhood be made through an earlier bill. There

4173-613: The European population, which before was reserved only for indigenous Filipinos. During its rule, Spain quelled various indigenous revolts , as well as defending against external military challenges. The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista . War against the Dutch from the west, in the 17th century, together with conflict with

4280-814: The Europeans as well, as the majority of Filipinos are native Austronesians. Spain maintained a presence in towns and cities. At the immediate south of Manila, Mexicans were present at Ermita and at Cavite , where they were stationed as sentries. In addition, men conscripted from Peru , were also sent to settle Zamboanga City in Mindanao , to wage war upon Muslim defenders. There were also communities of Spanish- Mestizos that developed in Iloilo , Negros , and Vigan . Interactions between indigenous Filipinos and immigrant Spaniards along with Latin Americans eventually caused

4387-519: The First, Second and Third Battles of Playa Honda . The second battle is the most famous and celebrated of the three, with nearly even forces (10 ships vs 10 ships), resulting in the Dutch losing their flagship and retreating. Only the third battle of 1624 resulted in a Dutch naval victory. In 1646, a series of five naval actions known as the Battles of La Naval de Manila was fought between the forces of Spain and

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4494-732: The French and American Revolutions. The new economy gave rise to a new middle class in the Philippines. In the mid-19th century, the Suez Canal was opened which made the Philippines easier to reach from Spain. The small increase of Peninsulares from the Iberian Peninsula threatened the secularization of the Philippine churches . In state affairs, the Criollos , known locally as Insulares (lit. "islanders"), were displaced from government positions by

4601-712: The Liberals won the Spanish Revolution of 1868 , Carlos María de la Torre was sent to the Philippines to serve as governor-general (1869–1871). He was one of the most loved governors-general in the Philippines because of the reforms he implemented. At one time, his supporters, including Padre Burgos and Joaquín Pardo de Tavera, serenaded him in front of the Malacañan Palace . Following the Bourbon Restoration in Spain and

4708-478: The Manila galleon trade to prevent further captures by the British. The failure of the British to consolidate their position led to troop desertions and a breakdown of command unity which left the British forces paralysed and in an increasingly precarious position. The Seven Years' War was ended by the Peace of Paris signed on February 10, 1763. At the time of signing the treaty, the signatories were not aware that Manila

4815-585: The Muslims in the south nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. Moros from western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago also raided the coastal Christian areas of Luzon and the Visayas. Settlers had to fight off the Chinese pirates (who lay siege to Manila, the most famous of which was Limahong in 1573). There were three naval actions fought between Dutch corsairs and Spanish forces in 1610, 1617 and 1624, known as

4922-512: The Order's early years, rather than a biography of Dominic. A later source of the 13th century gives their names as Juana and Felix. Nearly a century after Dominic's birth, a local author asserted that Dominic's father was "vir venerabilis et dives in populo suo" ("an honored and wealthy man in his village"). The travel narrative of Pero Tafur , written circa 1439 (about a pilgrimage to Dominic's tomb in Italy), states that Dominic's father belonged to

5029-432: The Philippines to fulfill the laws of tributes and to provide for restitution of ill-gotten taxes taken from indigenous Filipinos . The decree was published in Manila on August 5, 1598. King Philip died on September 13, just forty days after the publication of the decree, but his death was not known in the Philippines until middle of 1599, by which time a referendum by which indigenous Filipinos would acknowledge Spanish rule

5136-497: The Philippines had been prohibited from trading with nations other than Spain, the demand led Spain, under Governor-General José Basco, to open the ports to international trade as both as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods. Following the opening of Philippine ports to world trade in 1834, shifts started occurring within Filipino society. The decline of the Manila Galleon trade contributed to shifts in

5243-470: The Philippines was made in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan in his circumnavigation expedition , during which he was killed in the Battle of Mactan . Forty-four years later, a Spanish expedition led by Miguel López de Legazpi left modern Mexico and began the Spanish conquest of the Philippines in the late 16th century. Legazpi's expedition arrived in the Philippines in 1565, a year after an earnest intent to colonize

5350-484: The Philippines. The mass deportation of nationalists to the Marianas and Europe in 1872 led to a Filipino expatriate community of reformers in Europe. The community grew with the next generation of Ilustrados studying in European universities. They allied themselves with Spanish liberals, notably Spanish senator Miguel Morayta Sagrario, and founded the newspaper La Solidaridad . During this time, Spain institutionalized

5457-417: The Philippines. On June 6, 1647, Dutch vessels were sighted near Mariveles Island. In spite of the preparations, the Spanish had only one galleon (the San Diego ) and two galleys ready to engage the enemy. The Dutch had twelve major vessels. On June 12, the armada attacked the Spanish port of Cavite. The battle lasted eight hours, and the Spanish believed they had done much damage to the enemy flagship and

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5564-439: The Pope to return to his diocese, Diego de Acebo died at Osma in December 1207, leaving Dominic alone in his mission. Based on a Dominican tradition, in 1208 Dominic experienced a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the church at Prouille, during which she gave him a rosary . This gave rise to the title Our Lady of the Rosary . According to Bollandists , the story of the vision was originated with Alanus de Rupe , which

5671-430: The Spanish made peace with the Joloans, and then also withdrew. There was also an unsuccessful attack on Zamboanga in 1648. That year the Dutch promised the natives of Mindanao that they would return in 1649 with aid in support of a revolt against the Spanish. Several revolts did break out, the most serious being in the village of Lindáo. There most of the Spaniards were killed, and the survivors were forced to flee in

5778-419: The Spanish throne. Philip was in Brussels at the time and his return to Spain was delayed until 1559 because of European politics and wars in northern Europe. Shortly after his return to Spain, Philip ordered an expedition mounted to the Spice Islands , stating that its purpose was "to discover the islands of the west". In reality its task was to conquer the Philippines for Spain. The population of Luzon and

5885-469: The Viceroyalty of New Spain , arriving off Cebu on February 13, 1565, conquering it despite Cebuano opposition. Approximately 200-400 of these men were Tlaxcallan soldiers, having allied themselves with Spain during the Spanish conquest of Mexico . Some of the Tlaxcallans settled permanently on the islands, and numerous Nahuatl words were absorbed into the Filipino languages . More than 15,000 soldiers arrived from New Spain as new migrants during

5992-416: The age of 24, Dominic was ordained as a priest and subsequently joined the canonry of the Cathedral of Osma . In 1198, Don Martin de Bazan, the Bishop of Osma , having reformed the chapter, made Dominic the subprior of the chapter. Diego de Acebo succeeded Bazan as Bishop of Osma in 1201. In 1203 or 1204, Dominic accompanied Diego on a diplomatic mission for Alfonso VIII , King of Castile , to secure

6099-503: The brethren had taken up residence there already in 1220. The studium at Santa Sabina was the forerunner of the studium generale at Santa Maria sopra Minerva . The latter would be transformed in the 16th century into the College of Saint Thomas ( Latin : Collegium Divi Thomæ ), and then in the 20th century into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum sited at the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus . Dominic arrived in Bologna on 21 December 1218. A convent

6206-408: The business of human zoos against Filipinos, adding flame to the call of revolution, as indigenous Filipinos were taken by the Spanish and displayed as animals for white audiences. Among the reformers was José Rizal, who wrote two novels while in Europe. His novels were considered the most influential of the Illustrados' writings, causing further unrest in the islands, particularly the founding of

6313-450: The cathedral and the merging of the three churches into the single parish of Centro. The two other churches were abandoned and eventually destroyed because of neglect while the church of Centro, dedicated to Santo Domingo de Guzman ( Saint Dominic ), became what is now Lal-lo Church . The remains of three bishops are interred in the church: Bishop Miguel de Benavides who was Nueva Segovia's first bishop and later of Manila where he founded

6420-428: The church. The house was intended partly as a refuge for women who had previously lived in Cathar religious houses, and partly the first established base of operations. The first nuns of Prouille lived for several months at Fanjeaux, because the buildings at Prouille were not yet habitable. Dominic gave them the Rule of St. Augustine . Catholic-Cathar debates were held at Verfeil , Pamiers and Montréal . Ordered by

6527-439: The convent of San Sisto Vecchio , which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218, intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale , the first Dominican studium in Rome, occurred with the legal transfer of property from Pope Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on 5 June 1222, though

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6634-417: The country, which was during the reign of Philip II of Spain , whose name has remained attached to the country . The Spanish colonial period ended with the defeat of Spain by the United States in the Spanish–American War and the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, which marked the beginning of the American colonial era of Philippine history. The Spaniards had been exploring the Philippines since

6741-409: The domestic economy. Communal land became privatized to meet international demand for agricultural products, which led to the formal opening of the ports of Manila, Iloilo , and Cebu to international trade. The development of the Philippines as a source of raw materials and as a market for European manufactures created much local wealth. Many Filipinos prospered. Everyday Filipinos also benefited from

6848-543: The early 16th century. Ferdinand Magellan , a Portuguese navigator in charge of a Spanish expedition to circumnavigate the globe, was killed by warriors of datu Lapulapu at the Battle of Mactan . In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos arrived at the islands of Leyte and Samar and named them Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain , at the time Prince of Asturias . Philip became King of Spain on January 16, 1556, when his father, Charles I of Spain (who also reigned as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ), abdicated

6955-401: The earth on fire. This story is likely to have emerged when his order became known, after his name, as the Dominican order, Dominicanus in Latin, and a play on words interpreted as Domini canis : "Dog of the Lord." Jordan adds that Dominic was brought up by his parents and a maternal uncle who was an archbishop. The failure to name his parents is not unusual, since Jordan wrote a history of

7062-401: The educated ilustrado class such as Antonio Luna and Apolinario Mabini did not initially favor an armed revolution. José Rizal himself, whom the rebels took inspiration from and had consulted beforehand, disapproved of a premature revolution. He was arrested, tried and executed for treason, sedition and conspiracy on December 30, 1896. Before his arrest he had issued a statement disavowing

7169-456: The family de Guzmán , and that his mother belonged to the Aça or Aza family. Dominic's mother, Joan of Aza , was beatified by Pope Leo XII in 1829. His older brother, Manés was also beatified by Pope Gregory XVI on 1834. At fourteen years of age, Dominic was sent to the Premonstratensian monastery of Santa María de La Vid and subsequently transferred for further studies in the schools of Palencia. In Palencia, he devoted six years to

7276-403: The first recourse of bishops was that of persuasio . Through discourse, debates, and preaching, they sought to present a better explanation of Church teaching. This approach often proved very successful. In 1231 Pope Gregory IX appointed a number of Papal Inquisitors, mostly Dominicans and Franciscans , for the various regions of Europe. As mendicants , they were accustomed to travel. Unlike

7383-412: The formation of a new language, Chavacano , a creole of Mexican Spanish . They depended on the galleon trade for a living. In the later years of the 18th century, Governor-General José Basco introduced economic reforms that gave the colony its first significant internal source income from the production of tobacco and other agricultural exports. In this later period, agriculture was finally opened to

7490-445: The fortified monastery, taking prisoners and executing almost 200 Filipino defenders. The governor ordered solemn funeral rites for the dead and payments to their widows and orphans. There was an expedition the following year that arrived in Jolo in July. The Dutch had formed an alliance with an anti-Spanish king, Salicala. The Spanish garrison on the island was small, but survived a Dutch bombardment. The Dutch finally withdrew, and

7597-429: The haphazard episcopal methods, the papal inquisition was thorough and systematic, keeping detailed records. This tribunal or court functioned in France, Italy and parts of Germany and had virtually ceased operation by the early fourteenth century. In the 15th century, the Spanish Inquisition commissioned the artist Pedro Berruguete to depict Dominic presiding at an auto da fé . Thus, the Spanish inquisitors promoted

7704-435: The late 16th century the population of Manila grew even as the population of Spanish settlements in the Visayas decreased. In time, the Spanish successfully took over the different local states one by one . Under Spanish rule, disparate barangays were deliberately consolidated into towns , where Catholic missionaries were more easily able to convert the inhabitants to Christianity . The missionaries converted most of

7811-462: The lowland inhabitants to Christianity. They also founded schools, a university, hospitals, and churches. To defend their settlements, the Spaniards constructed and manned a network of military fortresses across the archipelago. Slavery was also abolished. As a result of these policies the Philippine population increased exponentially. Spanish rule brought most of what is now the Philippines into

7918-464: The luxury of a bed". "When traveling, he beguiled the journey with spiritual instruction and prayers". Guiraud also states that Dominic frequently traveled barefoot and that "rain and other discomforts elicited from his lips nothing but praises to God". Dominic died at the age of fifty-one, according to Guiraud "exhausted with the austerities and labors of his career". He had reached the convent of St Nicholas at Bologna , Italy , "weary and sick with

8025-493: The manner of pagans, destroy and lay waste everything". This was followed in 1184 by a decretal of Pope Lucius III , Ad abolendam . This decreed that bishops were to investigate the presence of heresy within their respective dioceses. Practices and procedures of episcopal inquisitions could vary from one diocese to another, depending on the resources available to individual bishops and their relative interest or disinterest. Convinced that Church teaching contained revealed truth,

8132-583: The mutual recognition of Spanish claim to the Philippines as well as Portugal's claim to the Spice Islands (Moluccas) . In 1573, Japan expanded its trade in northern Luzon. In 1580, the Japanese lord Tay Fusa established the independent wokou Tay Fusa state in non-colonial Cagayan . When the Spanish arrived in the area, they subjugated the settlement, resulting in the 1582 Cagayan battles . With time, Cebu's importance fell as power shifted north to Luzon. In

8239-404: The new economy with the rapid increase in demand for labor and availability of business opportunities. Some Europeans immigrated to the Philippines to join the wealth wagon, among them Jacobo Zobel, patriarch of today's Zobel de Ayala family and prominent figure in the rise of Filipino nationalism. Their scions studied in the best universities of Europe where they learned the ideals of liberty from

8346-744: The objective of the Philippines seceding from the Spanish Empire. By 1896, the Katipunan had a membership by the thousands. That same year, the existence of the Katipunan was discovered by the colonial authorities. In late August, Katipuneros gathered in Caloocan and declared the start of the revolution. The event is now known as the Cry of Balintawak or the Cry of Pugad Lawin , due to conflicting historical traditions and official government positions. Andrés Bonifacio called for

8453-453: The other vessels. The Spanish ships were not badly damaged and casualties were low. However, nearly every roof in the Spanish settlement was damaged by cannon fire, which particularly concentrated on the cathedral. On June 19, the armada was split, with six ships sailing for the shipyard of Mindoro and the other six remaining in Manila Bay . The Dutch next attacked Pampanga , where they captured

8560-613: The remains of Saint Dominic, located in the Basilica of San Domenico in Bologna. The Pattern of Urlaur is an annual festival held on 4 August at Urlaur, Kilmovee , County Mayo since medieval times, to commemorate the feast day of Saint Dominic. The feast of Saint Dominic is celebrated with great pomp and devotion in Malta, in the old city of Birgu and the capital city Valletta. The Dominican order has very strong links with Malta and Pope Pius V ,

8667-426: The removal of the Liberals from power, de la Torre was recalled and replaced by Governor-General Izquierdo , who vowed to rule with an iron fist. Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three activist Catholic priests were executed on weak pretences. This would inspire a propaganda movement in Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar , José Rizal, and Mariano Ponce , lobbying for political reforms in

8774-564: The rest of the Spanish East Indies , which also encompassed Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific . Legazpi became the country's first governor-general. Though the fledgling Legazpi-led administration was initially small and vulnerable to elimination by Portuguese and Chinese invaders, the merging of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns under the Iberian Union of 1580-1640 helped make permanent

8881-409: The restoration of the city status of Lal-lo (the former Ciudad Nueva Segovia) could be filed again through the efforts of First District Representative Juan Ponce Enrile, Jr. As recently as 2018, vice mayor Oliver Pascual has said that the establishment of Northern Cagayan International Airport in the municipality would be "a great boost" in its bid for the restoration of its city status. In 2006,

8988-555: The revolution, but in his farewell poem Mi último adiós he wrote that dying in battle for the sake of one's country was just as patriotic as his own impending death. While the revolution spread throughout the provinces, Aguinaldo's Katipuneros declared the existence of an insurgent government in October regardless of Bonifacio's Katipunan, which he had already converted into an insurgent government with him as president in August. Bonifacio

9095-519: The secularization of Philippine churches and expulsion of the friars, Padre José Burgos whose execution influenced the national hero José Rizal , and Joaquín Pardo de Tavera who fought for retention of government positions by natives, regardless of race. In retaliation to the rise of Filipino nationalism, the friars called the Indios (possibly referring to Insulares and mestizos as well) indolent and unfit for government and church positions. In response,

9202-475: The shell-midden sites of Lal-lo and Gattaran were included in the UNESCO Tentative List for World Heritage Site inclusion, a step closer to becoming a world heritage site. The shell-midden sites are currently being conserved by the local government from looting to preserve its outstanding universal value. In 2023, the government identified Lal-lo airport as a venue for American military forces as part of

9309-420: The shells formed the largest stock of shell-midden sites in the entire Philippines. The first European to set foot on what is now the town of Lal-lo was Juan de Salcedo , a Spanish conquistador and grandson of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi , in 1572. Don Juan Pablo Carrión established it as a pueblo ( municipality ) in 1581 and named it Nueva Segovia . The reason is currently unknown, as the hometown of Carrión

9416-452: The sixteenth century a kind of anti-cult of St. Dominic grew up." The Cord (belt) of Saint Dominic is a Catholic sacramental which reminds the wearer of the protection of Saint Dominic. The history of the cord is associated with the miraculous image of Saint Dominic in Soriano , the perimeter of which painting defines the length of the Cord. The beginning of the prayer "O wonderful hope"

9523-670: The territory of Toulouse. Also in 1215, the year of the Fourth Lateran Council , Dominic and Foulques went to Rome to secure the approval of Pope Innocent III . Dominic returned to Rome a year later and was finally granted written authority in December 1216 by the new pope, Honorius III , for him to form the Ordo Praedicatorum ("Order of Preachers"). In the winter of 1216–1217, at the house of Ugolino de' Conti , Dominic first met William of Montferrat , who joined Dominic as

9630-465: The wider population. Though they collectively had significant impact on Filipino society, assimilation erased prior caste differences between them and, in time, the importance of their national origin. However, according to genetic studies, the Philippines remained largely unaffected by admixture with Europeans. Latin Americans outnumbered Europeans, the Spanish in general, and the Chinese outnumbered

9737-564: Was Carrión de los Condes ( Palencia, Spain ), as suggested by his last name. This is mentioned by Juan Miguel Aguilera and Ángel Miranda in their book Espadas del Fin del Mundo (2016). A founding population of 200 Spanish citizens from Europe accompanied by 100 Spanish soldiers set up settlements across Cagayan Valley , headed by the city of Nueva Segovia (Old Lal-lo). These people were in turn supplemented by 155 Latin American soldiers recruited from Mexico. In 1595, Pope Clement VIII created

9844-555: Was a Castilian Catholic priest and the founder of the Dominican Order . He is the patron saint of astronomers and natural scientists , and he and his order are traditionally credited with spreading and popularizing the rosary . He is alternatively called Dominic of Osma , Dominic of Caleruega , and Domingo Félix de Guzmán . Dominic was born in Caleruega , halfway between Osma and Aranda de Duero in Old Castile , Spain . He

9951-513: Was a move in the Philippine Congress to regain its cityhood as a component city , and also rename the municipality back to its original name, Nueva Segovia. Renewed attempt of city status restoration was carried out in January 2012. Board member Maria Olivia Pascual said that researchers had found a Spanish document that declared the municipality as a city. According to Pascual, a bill seeking

10058-555: Was canonized in 1234. In 1267 Dominic's remains were moved to the shrine , made by Nicola Pisano and his workshop for the Church of St. Dominic in Bologna . Dominic is commonly but apocryphally associated with the Inquisition . Historical sources from Dominic's own time period reveal nothing about his involvement in the Inquisition. Dominic died in 1221, and the office of the Inquisition

10165-555: Was constructed to support both the Cagayan Special Economic Zone in northern Cagayan and to serve seaborne traffic through Port Irene. The airport project involved the construction of a 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) runway with a width of 45 miles (72 km), following the standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization . The international airport accommodates large aircraft such as

10272-711: Was elected as the new leader of the revolution. On March 22, 1897, the convention established the Tejeros Revolutionary Government. Bonifacio refused to recognize this and, with others, concluded the Naic Military Agreement . This led to his execution for treason in May 1897. On November 1, the Tejeros government was supplanted by the Republic of Biak-na-Bato . By December 1897, the revolution had resulted in

10379-533: Was established at the Mascarella church by Reginald of Orleans . Soon afterward they had to move to the church of San Nicolò of the Vineyards. Dominic settled in this church and held here the first two General Chapters of the order. According to Guiraud, Dominic abstained from meat, "observed stated fasts and periods of silence", "selected the worst accommodations and the meanest clothes", and "never allowed himself

10486-542: Was eventually executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion. This radicalized many who had previously been loyal to Spain. As attempts at reform met with resistance, in 1892, Radical members of the La Liga Filipina, which included Andrés Bonifacio and Deodato Arellano , founded the Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), called simply the Katipunan, which had

10593-612: Was invited to Cavite to mediate between Aguinaldo's rebels, the Magdalo , and their rivals the Magdiwang , both chapters of the Katipunan. There he became embroiled in discussions whether to replace the Katipunan with an insurgent government of the Cavite rebels' design. This internal dispute led to the Tejeros Convention and an election in which Bonifacio lost his position and Emilio Aguinaldo

10700-493: Was later called the Seven Years' War . British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764, however they were unable to extend their conquest outside of Manila as the Filipinos stayed loyal to the remaining Spanish community outside Manila. Spanish colonial forces kept the British confined to Manila. Catholic Archbishop Manuel Rojo , who had been captured by the British, executed a document of surrender on October 30, 1762, giving

10807-453: Was mingled with a few grey hairs." Although he traveled extensively to maintain contact with his growing brotherhood of friars, Dominic made his headquarters in Rome. In 1219, Pope Honorius III invited Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina , which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at

10914-469: Was named after Saint Dominic of Silos . The Benedictine abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos lies a few miles north of Caleruega. In the earliest narrative source, by Jordan of Saxony , Dominic's parents are not named. The story is told that before his birth his barren mother made a pilgrimage to the Abbey at Silos , and dreamt that a dog leapt from her womb carrying a flaming torch in its mouth, and seemed to set

11021-667: Was not established until 1231 in Lombardy and 1234 in Languedoc. Canon 27 of the Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 stressed the duty of princes to repress heresy and condemned "the Brabantians, Aragonese, Basques, Navarrese, and others who practice such cruelty toward Christians that they respect neither churches nor monasteries, spare neither widows nor orphans, neither age nor sex, but after

11128-486: Was opposed for a number of reasons, including economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the islands and the surrounding region. The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy provided by the Spanish Crown, which averaged 250,000 pesos and was usually paid through the provision of 75 tons of silver bullion being sent from Spanish America on the Manila galleons . Financial constraints meant

11235-502: Was transferred to Vigan in Ilocos Sur province in 1758. The diocese's name went along with the transfer to Vigan and to avoid confusion, Bishop Miguel Garcia requested that Nueva Segovia and its suburbs renamed back to Lal-lo. The seat of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia remains in Vigan till today where is now elevated as the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia . The transfer affected the closure of

11342-404: Was under British occupation and was being administered as a British colony. Consequently, no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Crown. As industrialization spread throughout Europe and North America in the 19th century, demands for raw materials increased. Although

11449-568: Was underway. With the completion of the Philippine referendum of 1599, Spain could be said to have established legitimate sovereignty over the Philippines. During the initial period of colonialization, Manila was settled by 1,200 Spanish families. In Cebu City , at the Visayas, the settlement received a total of 2,100 soldier-settlers from New Spain, beginning Mexican settlement in the Philippines . Spanish forces included soldiers from elsewhere in New Spain, many of whom deserted and intermingled with

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