113-623: Spanish Revolution may refer to: Revolt of the Comuneros , a popular uprising in Castile against Charles I Mutiny of Aranjuez , an uprising in 1808 against Charles IV that became a prelude to the French invasion of Spain Pronouncement of Lacy , a failed revolt by Francisco Milans del Bosch and Luis de Lacy against Ferdinand VII Trienio Liberal (1820–1823),
226-501: A no man's land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests. The area was captured from the Moors in the tenth century. In 1072 Alfonso VI of León and Castile gifted the Lordship of Valladolid to Count Pedro Ansúrez . Entrusted with the repopulation of the area, Ansúrez led the foundation of Valladolid along with his wife Eylo Alfónsez [ es ] . By 1084 the project for
339-713: A cantonalist revolt to establish a federal republic from the bottom-up Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic (1931) Alt Llobregat insurrection (1932), a general strike to establish libertarian communism in Central Catalonia Anarchist insurrection of January 1933 , a general strike for higher wages throughout Spain Anarchist insurrection of December 1933 , a general strike to establish libertarian communism in Aragon Revolution of 1934 ,
452-546: A city of 30,000 with only a small force, Ronquillo instead set out to blockade foodstuffs and other supplies from entering Segovia. The people of Segovia, led by militia leader and noble Juan Bravo, rallied around the Comunidad . Segovia requested aid against Ronquillo's army from the Comunidades of Toledo and Madrid. The cities responded by sending their militias, captained by Juan López de Padilla and Juan de Zapata , who won in
565-549: A confrontation was inevitable. With Pedro Girón in command, the army of the comuneros advanced on Medina de Rioseco , following the orders of the Junta. Girón established his headquarters in Villabrágima , a town merely 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the royalist army. The royalists occupied nearby villages to cut communication lines back to other comuneros. This situation continued until December 2, when Girón, apparently thinking
678-546: A great shortage of funds on the royal side. During October and November 1520, both sides accepted that a military conclusion would soon be necessary and actively devoted themselves to fundraising, recruiting soldiers, and training their troops. The comuneros organized their militias in the major cities and levied new taxes on the countryside; they also took measures aimed at eliminating waste, routinely auditing their treasurers and dismissing those thought to be corrupt. The royal government, which had lost much of its revenue due to
791-406: A more typical rebellion against high taxes and perceived foreign control. From the 19th century onwards, the revolt has been mythologized by various Spaniards, generally liberals who drew political inspiration from it. Conservative intellectuals have traditionally adopted more pro-Imperial stances toward the revolt, and have been critical of both the motives and the government of the comuneros. With
904-412: A new attack. This caused many of the soldiers to return to their home communities, tired of waiting for salaries and new orders. This was a problem the comunero forces had throughout the war; they possessed only a small number of full-time soldiers, and their militias were constantly "dissolving and recruiting." A serious attempt to negotiate a peaceful end to the war was tried again by the moderates, but
1017-466: A radical anti-feudal dimension, supporting peasant rebellions against the landed nobility. On April 23, 1521, after nearly a year of rebellion, the reorganized supporters of the emperor struck a crippling blow to the comuneros at the Battle of Villalar . The following day, rebel leaders Juan López de Padilla , Juan Bravo , and Francisco Maldonado were beheaded. The army of the comuneros fell apart. Only
1130-598: A revolt of the inhabitants of Burgos. Still in Germany, Charles V issued the Edict of Worms on December 17, 1520 (not to be confused with the Edict of Worms of May 25, 1521, against Martin Luther ), which condemned 249 prominent Comunidad members. For secular rebels, the punishment was death; clergy were to receive lighter penalties. Similarly, the edict also declared that those who supported
1243-741: A revolutionary general strike in Asturias and Catalunya during the black biennium Spanish Civil War , a military uprising against the Second Spanish Republic Spanish Revolution of 1936 , a workers' social revolution that coincided with the Spanish Civil War The Spanish Revolution, 1931-1939 (Trotsky book) , a collection of texts written by Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky on the Spanish Civil War Spanish transition to democracy ,
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#17328478426301356-543: A route to power and wealth not tied to the aristocracy. Support from these urban elites was critical to Ferdinand and Isabella's centralization of power, and they acted as a counterweight to the landed aristocracy and the clergy. However, with Isabella I 's death and Joanna 's accession in 1504, this alliance between the national government and the budding middle class faltered. The Castilian government decayed with each successive administration, becoming rife with corruption. Joanna's husband, Philip I , reigned briefly; he
1469-466: A series of raids into the area around Dueñas , raising more than 4,000 ducats and inspiring the peasantry. He returned to Valladolid in early 1521, then came back to Dueñas on January 10 to begin a major offensive against the nobles of Tierra de Campos . The nobles' land and holdings were completely devastated. In mid-January, Pedro de Ayala, Count of Salvatierra, joined the comuneros and organized an army of about two thousand men who set about raiding
1582-471: A tactic favored by Padilla. In the far north of Castile, the rebel army began a series of operations conducted by Antonio de Acuña , bishop of Zamora. They received orders from the Junta on December 23 to try and raise a rebellion in Palencia . They were tasked with expelling royalists, collecting taxes on behalf of the Junta, and creating an administration sympathetic to the comuneros cause. Acuña's army made
1695-614: A vote in the Cortes to hold an emergency meeting. They proffered five goals: These claims, especially the first two, spread quickly through society. Ideas began to circulate of replacing the king; Toledo's leaders floated the possibility of turning the cities of Castile into independent free cities , similar to Genoa and other Italian republics . Competing proposals suggested keeping the monarchy, but dethroning Charles. They proposed that he be replaced by either his mother Queen Joanna or his Castilian-born brother Ferdinand . With these ideas,
1808-427: Is a 1960s reconstruction. As of 2019, the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 298,412, and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 406,923. The most important municipalities of the urban area are (after Valladolid itself) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south, Arroyo de la Encomienda , Zaratán , Simancas and Villanubla on the west, Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on
1921-549: Is a major economic center in Spain. The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the city's economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault -branded vehicles, which would later become Renault España . Four years later, in 1957, Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles. Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco . Together with
2034-529: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Revolt of the Comuneros The Revolt of the Comuneros ( Spanish : Guerra de las Comunidades de Castilla , "War of the Communities of Castile") was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of Charles I and his administration between 1520 and 1521. At its height, the rebels controlled
2147-506: Is however the service sector, which employs 111,988 people, representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security. The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007, representing 10.3% of total workers. Finally, agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people (1.5% of the total). The predominant crops are wheat, barley and sugar beet . Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were: Renault (4 596), Michelin (2 670), IVECO (1 600),
2260-408: Is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude. Valladolid is drier than Spain's northern coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation . Average annual precipitation is 433 mm (17.0 in) and the average annual relative humidity is 64%. The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe , the first people documented as a stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of
2373-577: Is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid. It is mentioned as Valledolit in the Primera Crónica General ; earlier documented variants include Valledolidi , Valleolide (1092) and Valleolit , Valleoleti , Valleoliti (1095). One widely held etymological theory suggests that the modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression Vallis Tolitum , meaning "valley of waters", referring to
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#17328478426302486-517: Is no one in the Kingdom, not in Seville or Valladolid or any other city who will ever pay anything of it; all the grandees and members of the council are amazed that Your Highness has scheduled payments from these funds. Once he realized that a full-fledged revolution was underway, Charles responded vigorously. Through Cardinal Adrian, he undertook new policy initiatives, such as canceling the taxes granted in
2599-474: Is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and San Martín [ es ] . The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture ( Isabelline gothic ). The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo (featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements). The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz (current seat of
2712-557: The Comunidad of Valladolid caused the most important core of the Iberian plateau to declare for the rebels, upending the stability of the government. New members now joined the Junta of Ávila and the Royal Council looked discredited; Adrian had to flee to Medina de Rioseco as Valladolid fell. The royal army, with many of its soldiers unpaid for months, started to disintegrate. The comunero army now properly organized itself, integrating
2825-510: The Comunidades were traitors, disloyal, rebels, and infidels. The Royal Council's next move was the occupation of Ampudia in Palencia, a town loyal to the Count of Salvatierra. The Junta sent Padilla to meet Acuña; their combined force besieged the royal army at the castle of Mormojón . The royal army slipped away by nightfall, and Mormojón was forced to pay tribute to avoid being pillaged. Ampudia
2938-555: The Jewish quarter of the city, and agreed to restore Jewish autonomy. Converso poet Juan de Valladolid wrote poems criticizing treatment of Jews in Valladolid. Jewish life in Valladolid was nonexistent in the 16th century, after the expulsion of the Jews . Valladolid is a municipality , the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with
3051-462: The Netherlands . Among the most scandalous of these was the appointment of the twenty-year-old William de Croÿ as Archbishop of Toledo . The Archbishopric was an important position; it had been held by Archbishop Cisneros , the former regent of the country. Six months into his rule, discontent openly simmered among rich and poor alike. Even some monks began to agitate, denouncing the opulence of
3164-555: The Prison of Villanubla [ es ] ) and El Rebollar (400 hectares). The city of Valladolid experiences a continentalized warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csb ) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ). Valladolid's climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and the inland location of the city. Fog is very typical in the morning during winter. Winters experience occasional snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts. Valladolid's climate
3277-512: The Reconquista , and Spanish military obligations had only increased since then. A large number of troops were required to maintain stability in recently conquered Granada , threatened by revolt from the maltreated moriscos (former Muslims who had converted to Christianity) and frequent naval raids from Muslim nations along the Mediterranean. Additionally, Ferdinand had invaded and occupied
3390-585: The River Duero . Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city. The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a palisade . Proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found. During the time of Muslim rule in Spain, the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created
3503-660: The neobaroque new building for the university. The Francoist dictatorship left an example of "Imperial Architecture" of neo-herrerian (or escurialense ) style in the building for the Seminario Menor , clearly influenced by the Spanish capital's Ministry of the Air . The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes and the house of José Zorrilla . The Christopher Columbus House-Museum , by contrast,
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3616-499: The Cortes of Corunna. Most important was the appointment of two new Castilian co-regents: the Constable of Castile , Íñigo Fernández , and the Admiral of Castile , Fadrique Enríquez . This negated two of the most salient complaints of the rebels. In addition, Adrian approached the nobles to convince them that their best interests lay with the king. The Royal Council was re-established in
3729-589: The Cortes of Tordesillas declared itself the new legitimate government and denounced the Royal Council. Oaths of self-defense were taken by all the cities represented over the week, finishing by September 30. The revolutionary government now had structure and a free hand to act, with the Royal Council still ineffective and confused. The comuneros were strong in the central plateau of the Iberian Peninsula , as well as scattered other places such as Murcia . The rebels sought to propound their revolutionary ideas to
3842-494: The Cortes on April 4. He convened them again in Corunna on April 22, this time getting his program passed. On May 20, he embarked for Germany, and left as regent of his Spanish possessions his former tutor, Adrian of Utrecht (better known as the future Pope Adrian VI). In April 1520, Toledo was already unstable. The city council had been at the forefront of protests against Charles' bid to become Holy Roman Emperor. They decried
3955-622: The French tire manufacturer Michelin , Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city. Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries, other important industrial sectors are food processing (with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury , Lactalis or Lesaffre), metallurgy (Lingotes Especiales, Saeta die Casting...), chemical and printing. In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces, representing 14.0% of total workers. The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment
4068-732: The Iberian part of Navarre in 1512, and forces were required to garrison it against Navarrese revolts and French armies. Very little money was left to pay for the royal army in Castile proper, let alone service foreign debts. The corruption in the government since Isabella's death only made the budget shortfalls worse. In 1516, Ferdinand died. The remaining heir was Ferdinand and Isabella's grandson Charles , who became King Charles I of both Castile and Aragon in coregency with his mother Queen Joanna I of Castile. Joanna, who had been confined in Tordesillas, also succeeded as Queen of Aragon, but during
4181-443: The Junta initially denounced them but did nothing to oppose them. The dynamics of the uprising thus changed profoundly, as it could now jeopardize the status of the entire manorial system . The nobles had previously been somewhat sympathetic to the cause due to their loss of privileges to the central government. However, these new developments led to a dramatic drop in support for the comuneros from aristocrats, who were frightened by
4294-486: The Junta of Tordesillas: Burgos , Soria , Segovia , Ávila , Valladolid , León , Salamanca , Zamora , Toro , Toledo , Cuenca , Guadalajara , and Madrid . The only invited cities that failed to attend were the four Andalusian cities: Seville , Granada , Cordova , and Jaén . Since most of the kingdom was represented at Tordesillas, the Junta renamed itself the Cortes y Junta General del Reino ("General Assembly of
4407-472: The Kingdom"). On September 24, 1520, the mad Queen, for the only time, presided over the Cortes. The legislators met with Queen Joanna and explained the purpose of the Cortes: to proclaim her sovereignty and restore lost stability to the kingdom. The next day, September 25, the Cortes issued a declaration pledging to use arms if necessary and for the whole to aid any one city that was threatened. On September 26,
4520-568: The Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León , the department responsible for the education at the regional level, both at the university and non-university level. The University of Valladolid (UVA) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille. It is one of the oldest universities in the world. It has four campuses around the city (Huerta del Rey, Centro, Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes) as well as another three campuses scattered around
4633-602: The Polytechnic School. It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research. It also has a dental clinic and a library. Lycée Français de Castilla y León , a French international school, is near Valladolid, in Laguna de Duero . San Juán Bautista de La Salle School , a High Private College in Valladolid. Integral and Superior Education. Integrates Kindergarten, Primary School and High School. 12th century romanesque architecture
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4746-534: The Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid. A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of the city. During 1550–1551 the town held the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors. Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596, also becoming a bishopric . In the midst of the reign of Philip III , Valladolid briefly served as
4859-477: The arrival of the railway in the 19th century, and with its industrialisation into the 20th century. The old town is made up of a variety of historic houses, palaces, churches, plazas, avenues and parks, and includes the National Museum of Sculpture as well as the houses of Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums. Notably, the city's Plaza Mayor was the first of its kind in Spain, dating back to
4972-623: The capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of the Duke of Lerma , valido of Philip III . Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown. Promoted by Lerma, the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a (double) real estate speculative scheme, as Lerma had bought housing in Madrid as
5085-562: The centre of the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula's Meseta Central , at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers 15 km (9.3 mi) before they join the Duero , surrounded by winegrowing areas. The area was settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people, and then by Romans themselves. The settlement was purportedly founded after 1072, growing in prominence within
5198-492: The church de la Vera Cruz built in 1581 broke down, causing dust to encircle the whole city. This accident was supposedly due to renovation works. Historically, a Jewish community existed in Valladolid. There was most likely Jewish life in Valladolid during the Arab period, but the first documentation where Jews are mentioned as living in the city dates to 1221. In 1288, Sancho IV prohibited Jews from acquiring land in Valladolid and
5311-449: The city of Toledo kept alive the rebellion led by María Pacheco , until its surrender in October 1521. The character of the revolution is a matter of historiographical debate. According to some scholars, the revolt was one of the first modern revolutions, notably because of the anti-noble sentiment against social injustice and its basis on ideals of democracy and freedom. Others consider it
5424-506: The comuneros now began to be heard, especially in Burgos . The wavering position of Burgos was soon known to the royalists, and the Constable of Castile negotiated with Burgos's government. The Royal Council granted a number of significant concessions to Burgos in exchange for them leaving the Junta. Following this incident, the Royal Council hoped that other cities would imitate Burgos and leave
5537-408: The comuneros peacefully. Valladolid, the former seat of royal power, was considered especially likely to turn, but too many supporters of the king had left city politics and lost their influence. It remained rebel-controlled. The Admiral of Castile continued his campaign to try to convince the comuneros to return to the royal government and thereby avoid a violent suppression. This attitude concealed
5650-535: The condition of regional capital, competing with other cities, most notably creating a sense of antagonism with Burgos . Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the region's statute of autonomy [ es ] from 1983, Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the de jure seat of the executive and legislative institutions (the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León ). June 25th 2024,
5763-546: The confluence of rivers in the area. Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression ( Arabic : بلد الوليد , Balad al-Walid ), which is the Arabic exonym currently used and means 'city of al-Walid', referring to Al-Walid I . Yet a third claims that it derives from Vallis Olivetum , meaning 'valley of the olives '; however, no olive trees are found in that terrain. Instead, innumerable pine trees abound in
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#17328478426305876-493: The context of the Crown of Castile , being endowed with fairs and different institutions such as a collegiate church, University (1241), Royal Court and Chancellery and a royal mint. Valladolid was the location of Europe's first moral debate on the treatment of indigenous people and is the city in which Christopher Columbus died. It was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain between 1601 and 1606. The city then declined until
5989-463: The coregency with her own son, she remained confined and largely powerless. Charles was brought up in Flanders , the homeland of his father Philip, and barely knew Castilian. The people greeted him with skepticism, but also hoped he would restore stability. With the arrival of the new king in late 1517, his Flemish court took positions of power in Castile; young Charles only trusted people he knew from
6102-472: The councilors prepared to leave, a large crowd opposed to the departure rioted and drove out the royal administrators instead. A citizen's committee was elected under the leadership of Juan López de Padilla and Pedro Laso de la Vega , naming themselves a Comunidad . On April 21, the remaining administrators were driven from the fortifications of the Alcázar of Toledo . Following Charles' departure to Germany,
6215-535: The election. Taxes had to be raised to cover the debt, but any new taxes had to be approved by the Cortes (Castile's own parliamentary body). Thus, in late March 1520, Charles convened the Cortes in Santiago de Compostela . Charles ensured the Cortes would only have limited power, and further attempted to stack the Cortes with pliable representatives he could bribe. Support for the opposition only increased in response, and
6328-617: The end of Franco's dictatorship and the establishment of the autonomous community of Castile and León , positive commemoration of the Comunidades has grown. April 23 is now celebrated as Castile and León Day , and the incident is often referred to in Castilian nationalism . Discontent had been brewing for years before the Revolt of the Comuneros. The second half of the 15th century saw profound political, economic, and social changes in Spain. Economic growth created new urban industries and offered
6441-616: The establishment of a liberal government in Spain and the restoration of the Constitution of 1812 Spanish Revolution of 1854 , also known as the Vicalvarada, a revolution in Madrid that began the Bienio progresista Glorious Revolution (Spain) (1868), a revolution against Queen Isabella II Petroleum Revolution (1873), a workers' revolution in Alcoy Cantonal rebellion (1873-1874),
6554-429: The façades of the plaza served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets. The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid , initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century (intending to follow a Mannerist style ) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668. Decades later, in 1730, Alberto de Churriguera [ es ] finished
6667-641: The fief of Admiral Enríquez, Medina de Rioseco , which enabled the Council to be nearer to the revolting cities and reassure skeptical supporters. While the royal army was still in tatters, many high nobles maintained their own well-trained mercenary armies—armies that with the revolt's recent radicalization would now fight for the king. The first political defeats of the comuneros came in October 1520. The comuneros' attempt to use Queen Joanna for legitimacy did not bear fruit, as she blocked their initiatives and refused to sign any edicts. In turn, dissenting voices inside
6780-547: The first major confrontation between the forces of the king and the rebels. Other cities now followed the lead of Toledo and Segovia, deposing their governments. A revolutionary Cortes, La Santa Junta de las Comunidades ("Holy Assembly of the Communities"), held its first session in Ávila and declared itself the legitimate government deposing the Royal Council. Padilla was named Captain-General, and troops were assembled. Still, only four cities sent representatives at first: Toledo, Segovia, Salamanca, and Toro. Faced with
6893-532: The formal end of Francoist Spain and the reinstatement of parliamentarism Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Spanish Revolution . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Revolution&oldid=1260019369 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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#17328478426307006-478: The foundation of the settlement was already underway. Ansúrez built a palace (now lost) and La Antigua church. Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás. Both co-founded the church of Santa María. Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of Carrión and Saldaña . In the 12th and 13th centuries, Valladolid grew rapidly, favoured by the commercial privileges granted by
7119-414: The heart of Castile, ruling the cities of Valladolid , Tordesillas , and Toledo . The revolt occurred in the wake of political instability in the Crown of Castile after the death of Queen Isabella I in 1504. Isabella's daughter Joanna succeeded to the throne. Due to Joanna's mental instability, Castile was ruled by the nobles and her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon , as a regent , while Joanna
7232-444: The homes of the prominent nobles. The rebels now set themselves completely against the manorial system . This would be one of the strongest features of the second phase of the rebellion. After the recent setbacks suffered by the comuneros, Padilla realized that they needed a victory to raise morale. He decided to take Torrelobatón and its castle. Torrelobatón was a stronghold halfway between Tordesillas and Medina de Rioseco, and
7345-454: The kingdom. It was the first time where the word comunidades (communities, communes) was used to signify the independent populace, and the name would stick to the councils later formed. At this point, most of the members of the Cortes in Santiago intended to vote against the king's requested duties and taxes, even with the Cortes stacked with royalists. In response, Charles decided to suspend
7458-547: The kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X . In 1469, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon were married in the city; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile . In 1506, Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid "still convinced that he had reached the Indies" in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him. From 1554 to 1559, Joanna of Austria , sister of Philip II , served as regent , establishing herself in Valladolid, with
7571-447: The landed nobility as well, many of whom had illegally taken property during the reign of the regents and weak kings after Isabella's death. In Dueñas , the Count of Buendía's vassals revolted against him on September 1, 1520, encouraged by rebel monks. This uprising was followed by others of a similar anti-feudal nature. The leadership of the comuneros was forced to take a stance on these new rebellions; reluctant to openly endorse them,
7684-404: The late 19th to early 20th century, with a good number of his buildings still standing. Standout examples of Eclectic architecture from the late 19th and early 20th century in the city include the neoplateresque City Hall [ es ] , the cavalry academy [ es ] , Palace of Correos y Telégrafos [ es ] (defaced in a revamp undergone in the 1960s), and
7797-583: The latter becoming the political center of the Hispanic Monarchy by that time. She favoured the Ebolist Party , one of the two leading factions of the Court of Philip II, in competition with the albistas . The Reformation took hold in some parts of the city where Protestant circles appeared presumably around the leading figure of Augustino de Cazalla , an adviser of Joanna. Ensuing autos de fe against
7910-556: The militias of Toledo, Madrid, and Segovia. Once told of Fonseca's attack, the comunero forces went to Medina del Campo and took possession of the artillery that had just been denied to Fonseca's troops. On August 29, the comuneros' army arrived at Tordesillas with the goal of declaring Queen Joanna the sole sovereign. The Junta moved from Ávila to Tordesillas at the Queen's request and invited cities that had not yet sent representatives to do so. A total of thirteen cities were represented in
8023-482: The more radical elements of the revolution. At first, Charles seemed not to grasp the magnitude of the revolt. He continued to demand payments from Castile; with the government of Castile still in arrears, Cardinal Adrian found it impossible to secure any new loans. A letter from Cardinal Adrian on August 25 warned Charles of the severity of the situation: Your Highness is making a great error if you think that you will be able to collect and make use of this tax; there
8136-401: The municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. Since 2015, Óscar Puente ( PSOE ) serves as Mayor. He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election. Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on
8249-626: The new king and the Castilian social elites, who could see the threat to their power and status. In 1519, Charles was elected Holy Roman Emperor . He departed for Germany in 1520, leaving the Dutch cardinal Adrian of Utrecht to rule Castile in his absence. Soon, a series of anti-government riots broke out in the cities, and local city councils ( Comunidades ) took power. The rebels chose Charles' own mother, Queen Joanna, as an alternative ruler, hoping they could control her madness. The rebel movement took on
8362-401: The next day. The small rebel garrison was overwhelmed. Seizure of Tordesillas marked a serious defeat for the comuneros, who lost Queen Joanna and with her their claim to legitimacy. In addition, thirteen representatives of the Junta were imprisoned, though others fled and escaped. Morale fell among the rebels, and much angry criticism was directed towards Pedro Girón for his maneuvering of
8475-602: The next emperor. Charles campaigned aggressively for the post, vying with King Francis I of France to bribe the most prince-electors . Charles I won the election, becoming Emperor Charles V and cementing the power of the House of Habsburg . He prepared to head to Germany to take possession of his new domains in the Holy Roman Empire. Charles had already stressed the treasury to its limit with his extravagant Flemish court, and over 1 million florins were spent in bribes for
8588-406: The north of Castile. Nearby, Burgos awaited the fulfillment of the pledges made by Cardinal Adrian after they had joined the royalist cause two months prior. The slow response led to dissatisfaction and uncertainty in the city. Ayala and Acuña, aware of this situation, decided to besiege Burgos, Ayala from its north and Acuña from its south. They also sought to undermine the defenses by encouraging
8701-406: The north, and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east. After new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades (one example would be Covaresa ), the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city, so the population has fallen in Valladolid but is growing fast in other peri-urban areas (for example, Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán ). Valladolid
8814-534: The other administrative services mainly related to international relations, or CTI (Center for Information Technology), both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII, next to the old Faculty of Science. The Miguel de Cervantes European University ( Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes ; UEMC) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students. It is spread over three faculties: Social Sciences, Law and Economics, Health and
8927-552: The prices plummeted when the capital was moved from the city. After a plague in Valladolid, Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid, earning a hefty profit when the royal court returned and prices went up again. The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva. From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre. This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA (1950), FASA (1954), TECNAUTO (1956) and SAVA (1957) were created. The city
9040-525: The rebel advance, exactly as Padilla hoped. The faith of the nobles in Cardinal Adrian was again shaken, as he was accused of having done nothing to avoid losing Torrelobatón. The Constable of Castile began to send troops to the Tordesillas area to contain the rebels and prevent any further advances. Despite the renewed enthusiasm among the rebels, a decision was made to remain in their positions near Valladolid without pressing their advantage or launching
9153-616: The rebellion there had a character closer to the nearby Revolt of the Brotherhoods in Valencia in Aragon . In Extremadura to the southwest, the city of Plasencia joined the Comunidades , but this was undermined by the close proximity of other royalist cities such as Ciudad Rodrigo and Cáceres . A close correlation can be drawn between poor economic fortunes over the previous twenty years and
9266-503: The rebellion; central Castile suffered from agricultural failure and other setbacks under the Royal Council, while Andalusia was relatively prosperous with its maritime trade. Andalusia's leadership also feared that in the instability of a civil war, the Moriscos of Granada would likely revolt. The growing success of the comuneros emboldened people to accuse members of the old government of complicity with royal abuses. The protests attacked
9379-429: The rebels in combat, while others such as the Constable of Castile favored continued waiting and the building of defensive fortifications. The Admiral of Castile preferred negotiations and exhausting all the possible peaceful options first. Patience, however, began to run thin; armies were expensive to maintain once assembled. In late November 1520, both armies took positions between Medina de Rioseco and Tordesillas, and
9492-456: The rectorate of the University of Valladolid) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain . The monumental Plaza Mayor , considered the first in its genre in Spain, was projected by Francisco de Salamanca [ es ] by 1561–62, following the great fire of 1561. The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels. The design of
9605-405: The representatives demanded that their grievances be heard first before any new tax was granted. A group of clerics soon circulated a statement in protest of the king. It argued three points: any new taxes should be rejected; Castile should be embraced and the foreign Empire rejected; and if the king did not take into account his subjects, the Comunidades themselves should defend the interests of
9718-602: The rest of the kingdom, but without much success. There were few attempts at rebellion elsewhere, such as in Galicia to the northwest or in Andalusia to the south. Comunidades in the south were set up in Jaén , Úbeda , and Baeza , unique in Andalusia, but with time they were drawn back into the royalists. Murcia stayed with the rebel cause, but did not coordinate much with the Junta, and
9831-490: The revolt shifted from a simple protest against taxes to a broader revolution. Many cities, while not quite in outright revolt, stopped sending taxes to the Royal Council and began to self-govern. The situation moved closer to armed conflict on June 10. Rodrigo Ronquillo had been sent to Segovia by the Royal Council to investigate the recent murder of Segovia's legislator, but Segovia refused him entry. Unable to besiege
9944-429: The revolt, sought loans from Portugal and from conservative Castilian bankers, who saw reassuring signs in the switch of the allegiance of Burgos. Gradually, both the city of Toledo and its leader Juan López de Padilla lost influence within the Junta, though Padilla retained popularity and prestige among the commoners. Two new figures emerged within the Comunidades , Pedro Girón and Antonio Osorio de Acuña . Girón
10057-591: The riots multiplied in the cities of central Castile , especially after the arrival of legislators who had voted "yes" to the taxes Charles had asked for. Segovia had some of the earliest and most violent incidents; on May 30, a mob of woolworkers murdered two administrators and the city's legislator who had voted in favor. Incidents of a similar size occurred in cities such as Burgos and Guadalajara , while others, such as León , Ávila , and Zamora , suffered minor altercations. With widespread discontent circulating, on June 8 Toledo's council suggested to cities with
10170-408: The royal army would remain entrenched, moved his forces west to the small town of Villalpando . The town surrendered the next day without resistance, and the troops began looting the estates in the area. However, with this movement, the comuneros left the path to Tordesillas completely unprotected. The royal army took advantage of the blunder, marching by night on December 4 and occupying Tordesillas
10283-503: The royal court, the Flemish, and the nobility in their sermons. One of the first public protests involved placards posted in churches, which read: You, land of Castile, very wretched and damned are you to suffer that as noble a kingdom as you are, you will be governed by those who have no love for you. With the unrest growing, Charles' paternal grandfather Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I died in 1519. A new election had to be held to choose
10396-594: The service of Joan of Arc , known as La Pucelle . Another theory is that Pucela comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there, the only city in Spain that sold it. Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level, at the centre of the Meseta Norte , the plateau drained by the Duero river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula . The primitive urban core
10509-477: The setting of a fire to distract the resistance, but it grew out of control. Much of the town was destroyed, including a Franciscan monastery and a trade warehouse containing goods valued at more than 400,000 ducats . Fonseca had to withdraw his troops, and the event was a public relations disaster for the government. Uprisings throughout Castile occurred, even in cities that previously had been neutral such as Castile's capital, Valladolid . The establishment of
10622-444: The short-term expenses that would be borne by Castile and questioned the role of Castile in this new political framework, given the possibility that the land would become a mere imperial province. The situation erupted when the royal government summoned the most radical of the city councilors away from the city, intending to send back more easily controllable replacements on a royal salary. The order came on April 15; one day later, as
10735-509: The situation in Segovia, Regent and Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht decided to use the royal artillery, located in nearby Medina del Campo , to take Segovia and defeat Padilla. Adrian ordered his commander Antonio de Fonseca to seize the artillery. Fonseca arrived on August 21 in Medina, but encountered heavy resistance from the townspeople, as the city had strong trade links to Segovia. Fonseca ordered
10848-492: The south part of the city. The gastronomy reflects the importance of the piñón (pine nut) as a local product, rather than olives. In texts from the Middle Ages the town is called Vallisoletum , meaning 'sunny valley', and inhabitants are still called today Vallisoletano (male) and Vallisoletana (female). The city is also popularly called Pucela , a nickname whose origin is not clear, but may refer to knights in
10961-620: The surrounding area. In 1322, Christians were prohibited from being treated by Jewish doctors, and could not attend Jewish or Moorish weddings. Furthermore, Jews were barred from positions of public office. In the early 15th century, the Laws of Valladolid were passed, a series of anti-Jewish legislation. These laws stripped the Jews of Valladolid of their autonomy, which included the right to have their own court system. Additionally, Jews and Moors were prohibited from leaving Castille. In 1432, however, officials in Valladolid met with Don Abraham Benveniste in
11074-448: The third capital of the rebels, after Ávila and Tordesillas. The situation was somewhat worse for the army, with a large number of desertions in Valladolid and Villalpando. This forced the rebels to intensify their recruitment drives, especially in Toledo, Salamanca, and Valladolid itself. With these new recruits and the arrival of Juan de Padilla to Valladolid, the rebel military apparatus
11187-679: The thirteenth century. It was eventually used as a model for similar plazas such as Plaza Mayor in Madrid . Among the events that are held each year in the city are the famous Holy Week , the World Jigsaw Puzzle Championships , and the Valladolid International Film Festival ( Seminci ). In 2019, Valladolid was recognised as a City of Film as part of UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . Together with another 15 surrounding municipalities, it belongs to an urban community of around 404,000 inhabitants. There
11300-528: The troops out of position and for his failure to attempt to retake Tordesillas or capture Medina de Rioseco. Girón was obliged to resign from his post and withdrew from the war. Following the loss of Tordesillas, the comuneros regrouped in Valladolid . The Junta reconvened on December 15, but with only eleven cities represented, down from a height of fourteen. Soria and Guadalajara's representatives did not return, and Burgos had left earlier. Valladolid would be
11413-459: The troops. Only churches were spared. The castle resisted for another two days. The comuneros then threatened to hang all of the inhabitants, at which point the castle surrendered. The defenders did secure an agreement to spare half of the goods inside the castle, thus avoiding further looting. The victory in Torrelobatón lifted the spirits of the rebel camp while worrying the royalists about
11526-608: The weak and corrupt Royal Council to illegally expand their territory and domain with private armies while the government did nothing. In response, the towns signed mutual defense pacts, relying on each other rather than the national government. The budgets of both Castile and Aragon had been in poor condition for some time. The government had expelled the Jews in 1492 and the Muslims of Granada in 1502, moves that undercut lucrative trades and businesses. Ferdinand and Isabella had been forced to borrow money to pay troops during and after
11639-519: The wider region of Castile and León ( Palencia , Soria and Segovia ). Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers, about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011. It also features the 25 centers, a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz, where the rector, and the Museum of the University of Valladolid (MUVa), The House of Students, featuring
11752-443: The work on the main front. The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down. There has been recent controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it. The Campo Grande , a large public park located in the heart of the city, dates back to 1787. Architect Modesto Coloma Palenzuela [ es ] left a key imprint in the city's outline, authoring many housing projects in
11865-552: Was built ex novo in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga , on the left-bank of the latter river. The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga, a major right-bank tributary of the Douro. Besides the main territory on which the city lies, the municipality also includes two exclaves: Navabuena (5,129 hectares , hosting
11978-483: Was confined. After Ferdinand's death in 1516, Joanna's sixteen-year-old son Charles was proclaimed her co-monarch of both Castile and Aragon ; while Joanna also succeeded as Queen of Aragon, during her co-regency with her own son, she remained confined. Charles had been raised in the Netherlands with little knowledge of Castilian . He arrived in Spain in October 1517 accompanied by a large retinue of Flemish nobles and clerics. These factors resulted in mistrust between
12091-477: Was declared as a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ("Pole for Industrial Development") in 1964. During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants, chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces. The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s. In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León (completed in 1983), Valladolid vied for
12204-584: Was one of the most powerful nobles who supported the comuneros; his rebellion is thought to originate from Charles' refusal to grant Girón the prestigious Duchy of Medina-Sidonia a year prior to the war. Antonio de Acuña was the Bishop of Zamora . Acuña was also the head of the Comunidad in Zamora and the leader of its army, which included more than 300 priests. On the royalist side, the nobles could not agree on what tactics to use. Some preferred to directly challenge
12317-416: Was rebuilt and morale bolstered. At the beginning of 1521, the comuneros prepared for an all-out war, despite disagreements within the movement. Some suggested seeking a peaceful resolution, while others favored continuing the war. Those who favored war were divided between two tactics: occupy Simancas and Torrelobatón , a less ambitious proposal defended by Pedro Laso de la Vega ; or lay siege to Burgos,
12430-661: Was recovered by the rebels the next day, January 16. Meanwhile, the rebellion in Burgos scheduled for January 23 was a failure due to poor coordination with the besieging army; it started two days early and was easily crushed. The comuneros of Burgos had to surrender, and this was the last rebellion to be seen in Castile. After abandoning the siege of Burgos due to the failure of its revolt, Padilla decided to return to Valladolid, while Acuña opted to resume his skirmishing and harassment of noble properties around Tierra de Campos. With this series of actions, Acuña intended to destroy or occupy
12543-411: Was replaced by Archbishop Cisneros as regent for a short time, and then by Isabella's widower Ferdinand who ruled from Aragon. Ferdinand's claim to continue ruling Castile as regent was somewhat tenuous after Isabella's death, but no plausible alternatives existed as the sovereign, their widowed daughter Joanna , was mentally unfit to reign on her own. The landed nobility of Castile took advantage of
12656-457: Was undercut by extremists of both sides. Valladolid Valladolid ( Spanish: [baʎaðoˈlið] ) is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is also the capital of the province of Valladolid . It has a population of 295,639 people (2022 est.). The city is located roughly in
12769-402: Was very close to Valladolid. Taking it would grant the rebels an excellent fortress for launching military operations and remove a threat on Valladolid. On February 21, 1521, the siege of Torrelobatón began. Outnumbered, the town nevertheless resisted for four days, thanks to its walls. On February 25, the comuneros entered the town and subjected it to a massive looting spree as a reward to
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