83-571: 860–880 Lake Shore Drive is a twin pair of glass-and-steel apartment towers on N. Lake Shore Drive along Lake Michigan in the Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago , Illinois . Construction began in 1949 and the project was completed in 1951. The towers were added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1980, and were designated as Chicago Landmarks on June 10, 1996. The 26-floor, 254-ft (82 m) tall towers were designed by
166-633: A Y-interchange, where I-55 begins/ends. There was once an inverted SPUI north of I-55; however, the overpass became pedestrianized and became part of McCormick Place in the mid-1990s, leading to the closure of this interchange. That same year, northbound traffic on Lake Shore Drive shifted west onto its current configuration west of Soldier Field and Museum Campus . The controlled-access portion ceases between Waldron Drive and Monroe Drive and again at Chicago Avenue. Lake Shore Drive briefly becomes double-decked between Randolph Street and Grand Avenue. The upper deck facilitates expressway-like traffic, while
249-410: A compromise ordinance renaming the outer portion of Lake Shore Drive for the city's first non-indigenous settler, Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable . The Lakefront Trail , an 18-mile (29 km) multi-use trail, parallels Lake Shore Drive on the east side for most of its length. Pedestrians can access the lake at numerous points all along Lake Shore Drive through underpasses and overpasses that connect
332-449: A flyover of Lake Shore Drive. Also, the medical drama ER has shot scenes at or near Lake Shore Drive over the show's 15 season run. The 1971 song " Lake Shore Drive " by Aliotta Haynes Jeremiah is a reference to the road. Styx mentions the road in their 1979 song "Borrowed Time" as well as "Back to Chicago" from 1990. The road is also mentioned in the 2005 Kanye West songs "Drive Slow" and "Grammy Family", as well as in his verse in
415-790: A north-trending fault near the dormant Colli Albani volcano. The Guidonia quarry is located in this deposit of travertine. The ancient name for this stone was lapis tiburtinus , meaning tibur stone , which was gradually corrupted to travertino (travertine). Detailed studies of the Tivoli and Guidonia travertine deposits revealed diurnal and annual rhythmic banding and laminae, which have potential use in geochronology . Deposits of travertine are found in about 100 other locations in Italy, including Rapalino near Pisa . Cascades of natural lakes formed behind travertine dams can be seen in Pamukkale , Turkey, which
498-448: A pair of 90-degree turns) was known locally as the "S-Curve" or the "S-Turn" and was a bottleneck to drivers for many years until the 1980s reconstruction. Lake Shore Drive was extended from Belmont Avenue (3200n) north to Foster Avenue (5200n) in 1933, where it terminated until the 1950s when it was extended — first briefly to Bryn Mawr (5600n) and then in 1957 to its present terminus at Hollywood Avenue (5700n). The landfill used for
581-788: A political moniker. Though he often agreed with the reformers, he looked upon them with the same cynical eye as his fictional Chicago everyman, Slats Grobnik . A part of the Chicago Street Course uses Lakeshore Drive as a part of the track. Many films based in Chicago feature scenes on Lake Shore Drive, including Cheaper by the Dozen , Ferris Bueller's Day Off , The Blues Brothers , The Break-Up , Risky Business , Love Jones , My Best Friend's Wedding , Somewhere in Time and National Lampoon's Vacation . In When Harry Met Sally... ,
664-675: A smaller scale, these karst processes are still working. Important geotopes are found at the Swabian Alb , mainly in valleys at the foremost northwest ridge of the cuesta ; in many valleys of the eroded periphery of the karstic Franconian Jura ; and at the northern Alpine foothills . Dinaric karst watercourses, especially those in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, are known for build-up of rich travertine deposits and associated phenomena such as tufa and travertine caves, river islets, barriers and waterfalls. In Bosnia and Herzegovina Una river
747-584: A travertine cave. Honey Creek feeds this waterfall and creates miles of travertine shelves both up and downstream. Many small waterfalls upstream in the dense woods repeat the travertine-formation effect. Another travertine resource is in Sulphur, Oklahoma , 10 miles (16 km) east of Turner Falls. Travertine Creek flows through a spring-water nature preserve within the boundaries of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area . Austin, Texas , and
830-605: A triple waterfall over a travertine dam. The Soda Dam Hot Spring system of the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico have been intensively investigated because of its connection to the geothermal system of the Valles caldera . Hot groundwater from the caldera has moved along the Jemez fault, and mixed with cooler groundwater before emerging at the surface. Radiometric dating of the travertines show that deposition began almost immediately after
913-424: A weak acid, carbonic acid , which dissolves some of the limestone as soluble calcium bicarbonate ( Ca + 2 + 2HCO − 3 ): This is a reversible reaction , meaning that as the concentration of dissolved calcium bicarbonate builds up, the calcium bicarbonate begins to revert to calcium carbonate , water, and carbon dioxide. So long as there is nowhere for the carbon dioxide to go, chemical equilibrium
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#1732845385142996-904: Is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Other places with such cascades include Huanglong in Sichuan Province of China (another UNESCO World Heritage Site), the Mammoth Hot Springs in the United States, Egerszalók in Hungary, Mahallat , Abbass Abad, Atash Kooh, and Badab-e Surt in Iran , Band-i-Amir in Afghanistan , Lagunas de Ruidera , Spain, Hierve el Agua , Oaxaca, Mexico and Semuc Champey , Guatemala . In Central Europe 's last post-glacial palaeoclimatic optimum ( Atlantic Period , 8000–5000 BC), huge deposits of tufa formed from karst springs . On
1079-427: Is a form of terrestrial limestone deposited around mineral springs , especially hot springs . It often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and rusty varieties. It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate , often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter, it can form stalactites , stalagmites , and other speleothems . It
1162-637: Is clad with over 3 million pounds (about 1360 tonnes) of Ambra Light travertine from the Tivoli quarries. Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe used travertine in several of his major works, including the Toronto-Dominion Centre , S.R. Crown Hall , the Farnsworth House and the Barcelona Pavilion . The New Mexico State Capitol has its rotunda finished with travertine mined from a deposit west of Belen, New Mexico . Stone from this quarry
1245-430: Is covered in non-functional I-beam mullions. Mies explains how the mullions do not violate his less is more philosophy in a 1960 interview: "To me structure is something like logic. It is the best way to do things and express them". The mullions on his buildings reflect the inner structure and therefore give truth to the aesthetic of the building. The idea of truth in architecture aligns with the aesthetic and principles of
1328-404: Is described as meteoric carrier, and the travertine formed by this mechanism as meteogene travertine . This is the principal mechanism for formation of speleothems. Groundwater with an enhanced concentration of CO 2 absorbed from soil infiltrates underlying limestone, dissolving some of the limestone. When this groundwater then emerges into a cave with a lower concentration of CO 2 , some of
1411-481: Is described as thermogene travertine . This can form spectacular deposits of travertine, such as those of Pamukkale or Mammoth Hot Springs. The carbon dioxide may come from sources deep in the Earth, such as metamorphism of deeply buried rock. The carbon dioxide is carried to the surface by magma and is a major component of volcanic gases . Carbon dioxide may also be generated by magma bodies heating solid rock near
1494-555: Is distinct from speleothems and tufa . Travertine is sometimes defined by its mode of origin, as rock formed by inorganic precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals onto a surface following exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and groundwater. Calcrete, lake marls , and lake reefs are excluded from this definition, but both speleothems and tufa are included. Fresh travertines vary widely in their porosity , from about 10% to 70%. Ancient ones may have porosities as low as 2% due to crystallization of secondary calcite in
1577-485: Is frequently used in Italy and elsewhere as a building material . Similar (but softer and extremely porous) deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa . Travertine is a sedimentary rock formed by the chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals from fresh water, typically in springs, rivers, and lakes; that is, from surface and ground waters. In the broadest sense, travertine includes deposits in both hot and cold springs, including
1660-612: Is in Chicago , Cook County . All exits are unnumbered. Much of Chicago's shoreline is given over to public parks. The Drive, running through or alongside these parks, gives travelers views and access to these parks and their many amenities. In addition, the Chicago Lakefront Trail (abbreviated as LFT) is an 18-mile multi-use path that often runs in the parks near the Drive. It is popular with cyclists and joggers. From north to south,
1743-447: Is one of the most frequently used stones in modern architecture . It is commonly used for indoor home/business flooring, outdoor patio flooring, spa walls and ceilings, façades, and wall cladding . The lobby walls of the modernist Willis Tower (1970) (formerly Sears Tower) in Chicago are made of travertine. Architect Welton Becket frequently incorporated travertine into many of his projects. The Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center
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#17328453851421826-664: Is particularly rich in deposits, and so is Pliva , Trebižat , Buna , Bregava . Travertine has formed 16 natural dams in a valley in Croatia known as Plitvice Lakes National Park . Clinging to moss and rocks in the water, the travertine has built up over several millennia to form waterfalls up to 70 m (230 ft) in height. Also in Croatia the Krka , Zrmanja with Krupa tributary, and Kupa in Croatia and Slovenia, and Krka in Slovenia. In
1909-479: Is reached where dissolution of calcium carbonate is balanced by precipitation of calcium carbonate. If the groundwater moves into an environment with a lower concentration of carbon dioxide (as measured by its partial pressure , pCO 2 ), some of the carbon dioxide will escape into the environment, disturbing the equilibrium and allowing net precipitation of calcium carbonate to take place: The calcium carbonate most readily precipitates onto solid surfaces bathed by
1992-476: Is used for slower local traffic and is connected to the street grid. The local drive runs from downtown in Streeterville to LaSalle Drive, (becoming Cannon Drive). Then the inner drive reappears just south of Diversey Parkway, continuing north to Irving Park Road. The portion from Belmont to just south of Irving Park was previously named Sheridan Road (which can still be seen carved in stone in at least one vintage high-rise). The Outer Drive Bridge , also known as
2075-454: Is white, but often it is brown to yellow due to impurities. Travertine is found in hundreds of locations around the world. Only a sampling of notable occurrences is listed here. Travertine is found at Tivoli, 25 kilometers (16 mi) east of Rome, where the travertine has been quarried for at least 2,000 years. Tivoli travertine was deposited in a body 20 square kilometers (7.7 sq mi) in area and 60 meters (200 ft) thick along
2158-595: The Colosseum , the largest building in the world constructed mostly of travertine. In Italy, well-known travertine quarries exist in Tivoli and Guidonia Montecelio, where the most important quarries since Ancient Roman times can be found. The Tivoli quarries supplied the travertine from which Gian Lorenzo Bernini selected material from which to build the colonnade of St. Peter's Square in Rome ( colonnato di Piazza S. Pietro ) in 1656–1667. Michelangelo also chose travertine as
2241-568: The Edgewater neighborhood. Outer Drive , signed as DuSable Lake Shore Drive, is a limited-access road that runs north from Marquette Drive in Jackson Park to Hollywood Avenue in the Edgewater neighborhood. The outer drive limits the ability of pedestrians to access the lake directly from the street grid. Trucks are prohibited on Outer Drive except for a section between I-55 and 31st Street. The original Inner Drive , signed as Lake Shore Drive,
2324-578: The Link Bridge , is the official name of the bridge carrying the Lake Shore Drive portion of US 41 over the main branch of the Chicago River . It is designed as a bascule bridge , and is one of only two in the city to have an upper and lower deck, both dedicated to automobile traffic (the other being on Michigan Avenue ). The Wells Street Bridge and Lake Street Bridge also have two levels, but
2407-717: The Sacré-Cœur Basilica in Paris , the Getty Center in Los Angeles , California, and Shell-Haus in Berlin . The travertine used in the Getty Center and Shell-Haus constructions was imported from Tivoli and Guidonia. Travertine is one of several natural stones that is used for paving patios and garden paths. It is sometimes known as travertine limestone or travertine marble; these are
2490-529: The international style as taught at the Bauhaus . Although the 860–880 buildings were the first high-rises to look like they were sheathed with a curtain wall , they in fact were not, because the windows were attached to the structure, not to the decorative-only mullions. It was van der Rohe's 900-910 North Lake Shore (aka Esplanade Apartments) just to the north that were the first high-rises to actually have an uninterrupted glass/aluminum curtain wall, although not
2573-529: The 1930s extension was mostly dirt, but the 1950s extension included rubble and debris from the destruction of homes razed for the construction of the Congress Expressway (now the Eisenhower Expressway ). Portions of the drive between Irving Park Road and Foster Avenue still contain the original concrete from the 1930s but have been paved over in 2009. Prior to the extension to Hollywood, traffic
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2656-515: The 1993 proposal was reintroduced by 4th Ward Alderman David Moore and co-sponsored by ten others. Due to renewed national political attention to race relations following the May 2020 murder of George Floyd and subsequent civil unrest , which also impacted Chicago, the plan gained traction. In December 2020, a hearing on the proposal was held, but the vote was delayed to April 2021 due as Mayor Lori Lightfoot sought alternatives to honor du Sable. The plan
2739-523: The 2010s and the 2020s, IDOT, CDOT, and the Chicago Park District worked on a project (dubbed "Redefine the Drive") to reconstruct a portion of Lake Shore Drive north of downtown, citing traffic congestion, deteriorating infrastructure, and safety issues. The project also sought to expand the lakefront as well as adding amenities to the lakefront (including the Lakefront Trail ) and straightening
2822-599: The Boost Mobile promotional single "Whole City Behind Us." The song "Lake Shore Drive" by Art Porter Jr. is also about the famous road. It is also mentioned in Fall Out Boy 's song, "Lake Effect Kid": "joke us, joke us 'till Lake Shore Drive comes back into focus." Lake Shore Drive is also featured in the 1999 Microsoft game Midtown Madness . In the Electronic Arts NASCAR video game series, 2005: Chase for
2905-452: The CO 2 escapes, allowing calcium carbonate to precipitate and build up stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems. Volcanic activity is the source of carbon dioxide in groundwater that emerges from hot springs. When the water reaches the mouth of the spring, it rapidly loses carbon dioxide to the open air and precipitates calcium carbonate around the spring mouth. Travertine formed this way
2988-509: The Chicago Park District spent $ 350,000 on plans for new marinas along Lake Shore Drive, including one at Devon-Granville, and in July 2005, Cong. Jan Schakowsky (IL-9) obtained federal funding reported variously as $ 800,000 and $ 1 million for a study of the possible extension of the Chicago North lakefront path; both of these developments fueled residents' suspicion of a secret city plan to extend
3071-519: The Cup , 06: Total Team Control , 07 , 08 , and 09 all include a fictional street course that uses part of the real-life Lake Shore Drive, along with a few side streets. In Chase for the Cup, it is referred to as Lakeshore Drive, and must be unlocked by using a cheat code. In the latter four games, it goes by Wal-Mart Raceway, and is available from the start. Travertine Travertine ( / ˈ t r æ v ər t iː n / TRAV -ər-teen )
3154-637: The Drive. The controversy remained an issue through the 2007 aldermanic election in the 49th Ward. In 2008, proposals by Friends of the Parks to extend the lakefront park system north, possibly through offshore manmade islands linked by bike paths, met with similar resident opposition. Despite statements by FOP that no extension of the Drive was contemplated, activists contended that the Park District "has plans already drawn up that clearly show Lake Shore Drive immediately east of" Edgewater and Rogers Park. Throughout
3237-512: The Italian travertino , a derivation of the Latin tiburtinus meaning 'of Tibur', now known as Tivoli , near Rome, Italy. The formation of travertine begins when groundwater ( H 2 O ) containing an elevated concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) comes in contact with limestone or other rock containing calcium carbonate ( CaCO 3 ). The dissolved carbon dioxide acts as
3320-551: The Outer Drive , the Drive , LSD or DLSD ) is a semi-limited access expressway that runs alongside the shoreline of Lake Michigan and its adjacent parkland and beaches in Chicago , Illinois . Except for the portion north of Foster Avenue (5200 North), the Drive is designated part of U.S. Highway 41 . A portion of the highway on the Outer Drive Bridge and its bridge approaches is multilevel . Between 1927 and 1946,
3403-449: The S-curve near Oak Street Beach. Organizations like Active Transportation Alliance emphasized the need to make the lakefront more welcoming to pedestrians and cyclists, suggesting that Lake Shore Drive be downsized. One proposal put forward in 2017 was to place the straightened S‑curve underground. In the fall of 2020, planners narrowed the lane configuration options down to 5: keep
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3486-580: The United States, the most well-known place for travertine formation is Yellowstone National Park , where the geothermal areas are rich in travertine deposits. Wyoming also has travertines in Hot Springs State Park in Thermopolis . Oklahoma has two parks dedicated to this natural wonder. Turner Falls , the tallest waterfall in Oklahoma, is a 77 feet (23 m) cascade of spring water flowing over
3569-556: The Valles caldera eruption and that the area is experiencing deposition that began 5,000 years ago. A new species of the extremophile green algae Scenedesmus was first isolated from the travertine of Soda Dam. In Iceland , the Hvanná river, located at the north flank of the Eyjafjallajökull , was heavily charged with CO 2 following the 2010 eruptions . Travertine precipitated along
3652-482: The architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , and dubbed the "Glass House" apartments. Construction was by the Chicago real estate developer Herbert Greenwald , and the Sumner S. Sollitt Company. The design principles were copied extensively and are now considered characteristic of the modern International Style as well as essential for the development of modern high-tech architecture . The towers were not entirely admired at
3735-475: The bridge South of the river. LSD came from the south on its current alignment, but continued straight at the curve north of Monroe Street, rising onto a viaduct. It intersected Randolph Street at grade and then continued north above the Illinois Central Railroad 's yard. At the river, it made a sharp turn to the right, and another sharp turn to the left onto the bridge. This reverse curve (actually
3818-617: The clock to remove the vehicles and clear the roadway, and Lake Shore Drive was reopened just before dawn on February 3, 2011. A thirty-year development plan estimated to cost $ 4 billion was approved by Chicago in September 2010, for the former site of the US Steel plant in South Chicago , which operated along the neighborhood's shoreline from 1880 to 1992, and which has undergone extensive demolition and environmental remediation since; included in
3901-578: The distorted lighting scheme with original translucent glass, replace the deteriorating travertine plaza , which connects the two towers, and exchange for stones with more historical precision. Residents are zoned to Chicago Public Schools . Residents are zoned to Ogden School and Wells Community Academy High School . [REDACTED] Media related to 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments at Wikimedia Commons Lake Shore Drive Lake Shore Drive (officially Jean Baptiste Pointe du Sable Lake Shore Drive ; also known as DuSable Lake Shore Drive ,
3984-539: The existing lanes except for the addition of queue jump lane , add a bus lane (the "Addition"), turn the left lane into a bus lane (the "Exchange"), turn the left lane into toll lane (the "Flex"), and turn two left lanes into toll lanes (the "Double Flex"). The Drive connects the following Chicago community areas from South to North: South Shore ; Woodlawn ; Hyde Park ; Kenwood ; Oakland ; Douglas ; Near South Side ; The Loop ; Near North Side ; Lincoln Park ; Lake View ; Uptown ; and Edgewater . The entire route
4067-462: The first African American to receive an architecture degree from the University of Kansas, and the second African American woman to receive an architecture license in the United States. This building, like many of his Chicago high-rise structures, caused controversy in the pure minimalist community due to its mullions . Mies is hailed as the father of " less is more "; however, 860–880 Lake Shore Drive
4150-436: The first with a curtain wall. Krueck and Sexton Architects of Chicago were commissioned to renovate the historical towers. Teaming up with them were the preservation architects, Harboe Architects and the forensic and structural analysis firm, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. They were directed to fix prior renovations which took away from the historical accuracy of the towers. Architects were assigned to restore
4233-459: The groundwater, eventually building up thick deposits of travertine. Because of the role of CO 2 in dissolving and transporting calcium carbonate, it is sometimes described as the carrier CO 2 or simply as the carrier. The most important sources of elevated carbon dioxide concentration in groundwater are soil and volcanic activity. Water passing through soil picks up carbon dioxide from plant roots and decaying organic matter . This CO 2
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#17328453851424316-419: The intersection of Jeffery Drive and Marquette Drive. After 57th Street, Lake Shore Drive becomes an expressway. Exits to Hyde Park Boulevard and 53rd Street are only accessible for southbound traffic. The interchange design at 47th Street is unusual as traffic would exit or enter on the left side of northbound Lake Shore Drive instead of on the right side. South of McCormick Place , Lake Shore Drive meets I-55 at
4399-547: The lake with the city's lakefront neighborhoods. The southern portion of Lake Shore Drive begins at the intersection of Ewing Avenue (US 41), Harbor Avenue, and Mackinaw Avenue. Lake Shore Drive runs through the former South Works steel plant as a four-lane divided highway, effectively bypassing the built-up area in South Chicago . Lake Shore Drive ends at the intersection of 79th Street and South Shore Drive; US 41 continues north through South Shore via South Shore Drive. The main section of Lake Shore Drive begins at
4482-481: The lower deck facilitates local traffic. After intersecting with Chicago Avenue, Lake Shore Drive travels in a sharp reverse curve at Oak Street Beach before returning to controlled-access once again. In Uptown , three diamond interchanges are spaced 1 ⁄ 4 mile (0.40 km) apart. US 41 leaves Lake Shore Drive at an interchange with Foster Avenue. The expressway continues north, serving Bryn Mawr Avenue, before ending at Hollywood Avenue/Sheridan Road in
4565-623: The material for the external ribs of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica . Travertine from Tivoli was used in the sculpting of the majority of the Trevi Fountain in Rome during the Baroque period. Travertine regained popularity as a building material in the Middle Ages. The central German town of Bad Langensalza has an extant medieval old town built almost entirely of local travertine. Twentieth century buildings using travertine extensively include
4648-450: The name change, with a majority of white residents critical of the plan and a majority of non-white residents in support. This divide was reflected in the Council vote: the ordinance received predominantly non-white aldermanic support, while two-thirds of the aldermen in opposition were white. By contrast to the 2010s southern extension, the extension of Lake Shore Drive to the north has been
4731-402: The neutral gray curtains that were uniform throughout the buildings; no other curtains or blinds were permitted lest they mar the external appearance. Since Mies was a master of minimalist composition, his principle was " less is more " as it is demonstrated in his self-proclaimed "skin and bones" architecture . The structural engineer for the project was Georgia Louise Harris Brown , who was
4814-513: The northbound lane ran on the east side of Soldier Field while the southbound lane ran on the west side. On March 20, 2003, some 15,000 anti-war protesters marched along Lake Shore Drive the day after the United States invasion of Iraq , stopping all traffic for several hours. The spontaneous direct action occurred after the original protest route through downtown Chicago, as planned by the Chicago Coalition Against War & Racism,
4897-450: The original pore spaces, while some of the fresh aragonite travertine at Mammoth Hot Springs in Wyoming has a porosity greater than 80%. A porosity of about 50% is typical for cold spring travertine while hot spring travertines have a mean porosity of about 26%. Speleothems have low porosities of less than 15%. Travertine forms distinctive landforms: The word 'travertine' is derived from
4980-421: The parks are Lincoln Park , Grant Park , Burnham Park and Jackson Park . In the 20th century, the tiny neighborhoods near Lake Shore Drive came to be occupied by exclusive high-rise apartments, condominiums and co-op buildings. To the political columnist Mike Royko , Lake Shore Drive was goo-goo territory, a land occupied by Chicago's wealthy "good-government" types. Royko sometimes used Lake Shore Drive as
5063-407: The plan was an extension of Lake Shore Drive through the property. This extension opened at 9 am October 27, 2013. As early as 1993, a proposal to rename Lake Shore Drive in honor of du Sable was backed by former Aldermen Toni Preckwinkle (4th Ward) and Madeline Haithcock (2nd Ward). However, this plan was rejected by former Mayor Richard M. Daley , who cited its high cost. In October 2019,
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#17328453851425146-493: The porous, spongy rock known as tufa , and also the cave features known as speleothems (which include stalactites and stalagmites ). Calcrete , which is calcium minerals deposited as a horizon in the soil profile , is not considered a form of travertine. Travertine is often defined in a more narrow sense as dense rock, sometimes massive but more commonly banded or with a fibrous internal structure, deposited in hot springs. In this more narrow sense, travertine
5229-591: The present-day feeder ramp, connecting to present-day Bishop Ford Freeway. An I-494 proposal was also considered around the same time for the Crosstown Expressway . In 1966, the I-494 designation was relocated to the Crosstown Expressway. At the same time, further extensions and upgrades on the freeway were canceled. When Wacker Drive was extended east to LSD in the 1970s, its upper level ended at LSD at
5312-463: The river. Travertine is often used as a building material . It typically lacks planes of weakness, and its high porosity makes it light in weight for its strength, gives it good thermal and acoustic insulating properties, and makes it relatively easy to work. Dense travertine makes excellent decorative stone when polished. The Romans mined deposits of travertine for building temples, monuments, aqueducts, bath complexes, and amphitheaters such as
5395-512: The roadway's southern portion from the Chicago River to 57th Street was signed as Leif Ericson Drive after the Norse explorer . It was also nicknamed Field Boulevard . The entire route was resigned as Lake Shore Drive in 1946, and its scenic views of the waterfront, beaches, parks, towers and high-rises have become symbolic of Chicago . On June 25, 2021, the Chicago City Council approved
5478-450: The same stone, although travertine is classified properly as a type of limestone, not marble . The stone is characterised by pitted holes and troughs in its surface. Although these troughs occur naturally, they suggest signs of considerable wear and tear over time. It can be polished to a smooth, shiny finish, and comes in a variety of colors from grey to coral-red. Travertine is available in tile sizes for floor installations. Travertine
5561-546: The southbound side opened in November 1986. A new lower level was built, using the lower level of the bridge, and providing access to the new Wacker Drive and the roads on the north side of the river. The old road south of Randolph became the Richard and Annette Bloch Cancer Survivors Garden : the east–west part was reconstructed as part of Wacker Drive (which was being rebuilt at the time). The rest, between Randolph and Wacker,
5644-472: The subject of controversy in recent years. In 2004, a private foundation solicited plans, and the Chicago Park District considered a feasibility study, to extend Lake Shore Drive farther north through Rogers Park and into Evanston . Residents protested against cutting neighborhoods off from the lake, and Rogers Park and Edgewater voters rejected the extension in a referendum placed on the ballot by citizen initiative in November 2004. However, in spring 2005,
5727-411: The surface, it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to precipitate calcium carbonate: While water carbonated by volcanic activity is usually associated with hot springs, such water occasionally cools to near ambient temperature before emerging at the surface. Likewise, water carbonated by passage through soil will occasionally have circulated to sufficient depths that it is quite warm when it reemerges at
5810-544: The surface, through thermal decomposition of organic matter, or by reactions of quartz or other silica minerals with carbonate minerals . Precipitation may be enhanced by factors leading to a reduction in pCO 2 , for example increased air-water interactions at waterfalls may be important, as may photosynthesis. Rarely, travertine may form from highly alkaline water containing dissolved calcium hydroxide ( Ca + 2 + 2OH ) produced during serpentinization of ultramafic rock. When this alkaline water reaches
5893-463: The surface. Water carbonated by volcanic activity will nonetheless tend to have a higher content of dissolved calcium bicarbonate and will generally be more enriched in the heavier C isotope . Both of the major calcium carbonate minerals, calcite and aragonite , are found in hot spring travertines; aragonite is preferentially precipitated when temperatures are high, while calcite dominates when temperatures are lower. When pure and fine, travertine
5976-577: The surrounding "Hill Country" to the south is built on limestone. The area has many travertine formations, such as those found at Gorman Falls within Colorado Bend State Park . Hanging Lake in Glenwood Canyon in Colorado was formed by travertine dams across a spring-fed stream. Travertine beds in the area are as much as 40 feet (12 m) thick. Rifle Falls State Park in Colorado features
6059-497: The time they were built, yet they went on to be the prototype for steel and glass skyscrapers worldwide. Initially, it was difficult to acquire financing for the project, turned down by lenders like Baird & Warner , who considered the design scheme to be too extreme. 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments embody a Modernistic tone with their verticality, grids of steel and glass curtain walls (a hallmark of Mies' skyscrapers), and complete lack of ornamentation . Tenants had to accept
6142-556: The title characters are seen taking Lake Shore Drive in the opposite compass direction to that which their origin point and destination would require. In television, Lake Shore Drive is seen in AT&;T's / "The New Cingular's" "Weight" ad with the ad's protagonist driving south along Lake Shore Drive towards the John Hancock Building . The opening credits of the late 1980s and early 1990s sitcom Married... with Children features
6225-501: The upper level is for elevated train traffic into the Loop . The Link Bridge was constructed in 1937. At the time of its construction, it was considered to be both the widest and longest bascule bridge in the world. Lake Shore Drive's origins date back to Potter Palmer , who coerced the city to build the street adjacent to his lakefront property to enhance its value. Palmer built his " castle " at 1350 N. Lake Shore Drive in 1882. The drive
6308-526: The west curve (the lower level dead-ended underneath). A new development at the northeast corner of the Randolph Street intersection resulted in an extension of Randolph across LSD. Construction began in 1982 on a realignment of LSD south of the river (along with a reconstruction north of the river). A whole new alignment was built, greatly smoothing the S-curve. The northbound side opened in October 1985, and
6391-494: Was also amended to reduce the price tag, only renaming the Outer Drive from Hollywood Avenue to 67th Street. In late April 2021, this amended plan was reported favorably out of committee. A full Council vote was expected to take place in late May, but this was delayed further to late June due to Lightfoot's opposition. In late June, the proposal was passed by the City Council, 33-15. Polls indicated racial polarization around
6474-659: Was blocked by law enforcement. Approximately 900 marchers were arrested and a City Council investigation was held before all charges were dropped. During the Groundhog Day Blizzard , Lake Shore Drive had to be closed because of the large amount of snow present on the roadway. The city estimated 900 vehicles became stuck on Lake Shore Drive, with the Associated Press reporting approximately 1,500 vehicles stuck. Hundreds of motorists had become stranded on Lake Shore Drive, some for as long as 12 hours. Crews worked around
6557-472: Was funneled onto Foster, then north onto Sheridan Road, which still remains a wide 4-lane street to this day, though most traffic doesn't rejoin Sheridan until LSD ends at Hollywood Avenue now. Sheridan Road south of Foster narrows to 2 lanes of traffic with street parking on each side as well. In the 1950s and 1960s, Illinois and Cook County presented plans for an Interstate 494 to run along part of LSD. I-494
6640-619: Was initially planned to run from the Chicago Skyway at Stony Island Avenue to the Kennedy Expressway at the Ohio Street feeder ramp. The freeway would travel along Stony Island Avenue, Lake Shore Drive, and Ohio Street, bisecting Jackson Park in the process. Later, it was planned to connect south towards the currently-named Bishop Ford Freeway. The extension of a proposed freeway would have continued south along Stony Island Avenue, including
6723-523: Was kept for several years as Field Boulevard but was demolished in 1994. Only some old street lighting, sidewalks & fire hydrants remain, marking the former route. Current plans are for new upper-level streets in the area as part of the Lakeshore East development. On November 10, 1996, new northbound lanes opened next to the original southbound lanes at Soldier Field , eliminating the original wide median from 1943. Prior to this 1996 reconstruction,
6806-585: Was never used until LSD was rebuilt in 1986. At the time the bridge was built, it was the longest and widest bascule bridge in the world. The Lake Shore Drive (Outer Drive) and Link Bridge Photograph Album, c1937, documents the bridge's construction. The album is held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago . North of the river, LSD intersected Ohio Street at grade, and then passed over Grand Avenue and Illinois Street on its way to
6889-482: Was originally intended for leisurely strolls for the wealthy in their carriages, but as the auto age dawned it took on a different role completely. In 1937, the double-decker Link Bridge (officially the Outer Drive Bridge) over the Chicago River opened, along with viaducts over rail yards and other industrial areas connecting to both ends of it. The lower level was intended for a railroad connection, but it
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