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116-640: The first Ladies' Memorial Association (LMA) sprang up immediately after the end of the Civil War in Winchester, Virginia , which had suffered significantly during the war . Mary Dunbar Williams of Winchester organized a group of women to give proper burial to Confederate dead whose bodies were found in the countryside, and to decorate those graves annually. In the summer of 1865, the Winchester women appealed in newspapers for financial aid and soon money began pouring in for

232-573: A Council-Manager form of government. It is governed by the Common Council, an elected body within a ward system. The city is composed of four wards, each with 2 councilmen, with the city's mayor serving as the ninth representative and leader of the council. While the council began as a 13-member board, it transitioned from 13 to 9, beginning in 2006 and ending in 2008. Winchester Public Schools operates public schools, including John Handley High School . The most prominent highway serving Winchester

348-613: A civil rights activist and Pan-Africanist who also spoke out against Lost Cause memorials. In 1931, in the official magazine for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , The Crisis , he wrote that it "would be an inscription something like this: 'sacred to the memory of those who fought to Perpetuate Human Slavery'". On January 3, 1966, Sammy Younge Jr. was murdered in Tuskegee, Alabama , two years after

464-404: A cause, the cause of constitutional liberty (though God only knows what the sequel might have demonstrated). I think there is something of proper dignity in the word Cause; then The Lost Cause is an advertisement of something valuable that is gone; besides, the associations of the title are tender and reverential, there is a strain of mourning in it. How do you like it?" "Excellently well," replied

580-621: A counterfeit varnish of patriotism, so that the precipitators of rebellion might go down in history hand in hand with the defenders of the government, thus wiping out with their own hands their own stains. Memorial associations such as the United Confederate Veterans , the United Daughters of the Confederacy , and Ladies Memorial Associations integrated Lost Cause themes to help white Confederate-sympathizing Southerners cope with

696-721: A defense against a Northern threat to a Southern way of life and declares that this threat violated the states' rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States . The Lost Cause's assertion that any state had the right to secede was strongly denied in the North. Lost Cause arguments universally portray slavery as more benevolent than cruel . In its mythology and peculiarly Southern iconography, Confederate generals are characterized as morally flawless, deeply religious, and saintly or Christ-like. The term "Lost Cause" first appeared in

812-512: A full cartridge box, lightly filled haversack, rolled blanket, canteen and old slouch hat' that in the days gone by waved the measure of the yell of 'Johnny Reb.'--the fiercest war-cry that ever smote a foeman's ear." In Athens, Georgia , Laura Rutherford had headed a soldier's aid society. After the end of the Civil War, she converted that into a chapter of the LMA. When she died in 1888, her daughter, Mildred Lewis Rutherford became president for life of

928-469: A good portion of his young life in Winchester helping survey the Fairfax land grant for Thomas Fairfax, Sixth Lord Fairfax, as well as performing surveying work for Colonel Wood. In 1758 Wood added 158 lots to the west side of town. In 1759 Thomas Lord Fairfax contributed 173 more lots to the south and east. General Edward Braddock 's expeditionary march to Fort Duquesne crossed through this area in 1755 on

1044-492: A high level of popularity again during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s in reaction to growing public support for racial equality. Through actions such as building prominent Confederate monuments and writing history textbooks , Lost Cause organizations (including the United Daughters of the Confederacy and Sons of Confederate Veterans ) sought to ensure that Southern whites would know what they called

1160-569: A long-lasting literary and cultural phenomenon. The 1881 publication of The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government by ex-Confederate President Jefferson Davis , a two-volume defense of the Southern cause, provided another important text in the history of the Lost Cause. Davis blamed the enemy for "whatever of bloodshed, of devastation, or shock to republican government has resulted from

1276-572: A new record processing plant. Along with this plant they built several houses, bought a few small businesses and later built a tape production plant. The Winchester plant began construction in 1968 and production in 1969. The plant initially had a workforce of 250 people. This plant complemented the other existing manufacturing facilities of Capitol Records in Scranton, PA, Jacksonville, FL and Los Angeles, CA. In 1969 Capitol Records' Pressing Plant in Scranton began phasing out its vinyl manufacturing in favor of

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1392-429: A positive light: [T]he greatest efforts made by the defeated insurgents since the close of the war have been to promulgate the idea that the cause of liberty, justice, humanity, equality, and all the calendar of the virtues of freedmen, suffered violence and wrong when the effort for southern independence failed. This is, of course, intended as a species of political cant, whereby the crime of treason might be covered with

1508-729: A second aspect: "The reunion was exclusively a white man's phenomenon and the price of the reunion was the sacrifice of the African Americans." The historian Caroline Janney stated: Providing a sense of relief to white Southerners who feared being dishonored by defeat, the Lost Cause was largely accepted in the years following the war by white Americans who found it to be a useful tool in reconciling North and South. The Yale historian David W. Blight wrote: The Lost Cause became an integral part of national reconciliation by dint of sheer sentimentalism, by political argument, and by recurrent celebrations and rituals. For most white Southerners,

1624-477: A tire dump in the area containing over seven million tires burned for nine months, polluting nearby areas with lead and arsenic . The location was cleaned up as a Superfund project between 1983 and 2002. Winchester is located at 39°10′41″N 78°10′01″W  /  39.178°N 78.167°W  / 39.178; -78.167 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has

1740-585: A total area of 9.3 square miles (24 km ), virtually all land. It is in the Shenandoah Valley , located between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Allegheny Mountains , and is 15 miles north-northeast of the northern peak of Massanutten Mountain . I-81 passes through the city, along with US 50 , US 522 , US 17 , which ends in the city, and SR 7 , which also ends in the city. The city

1856-408: A veil. We have elevated the entire conflict to the realm where it is no longer explosive. It is a part of American legend, a part of American history, a part, if you will, of American romance. It moves men mightily, to this day, but it does not move them in the direction of picking up their guns and going at it again. We have had national peace since the war ended, and we will always have it, and I think

1972-549: Is Interstate 81 . I-81 extends northeast to southwest, connecting Winchester to eastern Tennessee , southwestern Virginia, eastern West Virginia , western Maryland and central Pennsylvania . Other highways passing through Winchester include U.S. Route 11 , U.S. Route 17 , U.S. Route 50 and U.S. Route 522 . These four highways follow city streets through downtown Winchester, with U.S. Route 17 coming to its northern terminus. Virginia State Route 7 also serves Winchester, terminating in downtown. Virginia State Route 37 bypasses

2088-589: Is 9/10ths of the law , built a home here (in present-day Clarke County) in 1748. In February 1752, the Virginia House of Burgesses granted the fourth city charter in Virginia to 'Winchester' as Frederick Town was renamed after Colonel Wood's birthplace in England. In 1754, Abraham Hollingsworth built the local residence called Abram's Delight, which served as the first local Quaker meeting house. George Washington spent

2204-627: Is a part of the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area . Winchester is home to Shenandoah University and the Museum of the Shenandoah Valley . Indigenous peoples lived along the waterways of present-day Virginia for thousands of years before European contact. Archeological , linguistic and anthropological studies have provided insights into their cultures. Though little is known of specific tribal movements before European contact,

2320-552: Is approximately 75 miles (121 km) to the west of Washington, D.C., 24 miles (39 km) south of Martinsburg, West Virginia , 25 miles (40 km) north of Front Royal , 118 miles (190 km) south of Harrisburg, PA and 180 miles (290 km) north of Roanoke . The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Winchester has depending on which isotherm

2436-502: Is made that the main factor was not qualitative inferiority in leadership or fighting ability but the massive quantitative superiority of the Yankee industrial machine. At the peak of troop strength in 1863, Union soldiers outnumbered Confederate soldiers by over two to one, and the Union had three times the bank deposits of the Confederacy. After the Civil War, white Southerners wanted to portray

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2552-650: Is used, either a humid continental climate or a humid subtropical climate , abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. The hardiness zone is 6b/7a. Winchester is one of the only cities in Virginia to have a humid continental climate. Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. Companies based in Winchester include American Woodmark , Trex , and Rubbermaid Commercial Products . Federal agencies with operations in Winchester include

2668-534: The Army of Northern Virginia . He laid the foundations for the future Geneva conventions regarding the treatment of medical doctors during warfare. Winchester served as a major center for Confederate medical operations, particularly after the Battle of Sharpsburg in 1862 and the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. Among those who took part in battles at Winchester were future U.S. presidents McKinley and Hayes , both as officers in

2784-660: The Federal Emergency Management Agency , the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and the United States Army Corps of Engineers . According to the City's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: Winchester was home to Capitol Records ' East Coast Pressing Plant. Capitol Records Distribution Corporation announced in 1968 the purchasing of land in Winchester, Va for

2900-481: The George Floyd protests , several Confederate monuments were defaced with graffiti. From 2020 to 2021 in Virginia, many Confederate monuments were removed from Monument Avenue . Lost Cause monuments continue to evoke conversations about racial injustice in the United States. They shift the memory of the Civil War away from themes of slavery and emancipation to states' rights with a romanticized version of slavery and

3016-640: The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), commanded all posts across the country to decorate Union graves with flowers on May 30. Thereafter, the April holiday became known as Confederate Memorial Day . The May 30 holiday was commonly known as both Decoration Day and Memorial Day. The GAR officially adopted the name Memorial Day at their 1882 encampment. Because they were women's organizations, and since women were generally considered to be non-political beings, Southerners soon saw

3132-567: The Shenandoah Valley area, considered a sacred common hunting ground, appears by the 17th century to have been controlled mostly by the local Iroquoian -speaking groups, including the Senedo and Sherando . The Algonquian -speaking Shawnee began to challenge the Iroquoians for the hunting grounds later in that century. The explorers Batts and Fallam in 1671 reported the Shawnee were contesting with

3248-672: The Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Shenandoah University is located in Winchester and has numerous male and female sports in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference. Winchester is also home to the Winchester Speedway, a 3/8-mile clay oval track, which plays host to a number of touring series, such as the World of Outlaws Late Model Series , and the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series . Winchester's follows

3364-516: The Southern United States into the 21st century. Historians have dismantled many parts of the Lost Cause mythos. Beyond forced unpaid labor and denial of freedom to leave the slaveholder, the treatment of slaves in the United States often included sexual abuse and rape , the denial of education, and punishments such as whippings . Slaves' families were often split up by the sale of one or more family members; when such events occurred,

3480-534: The Tuskegee Confederate Monument . The monument was defaced, including with the phrase " Black Power ". Protestors unsuccessfully tried to pull it down with a rope and chain. The grounds are owned by the United Daughters of the Confederacy. During the 1950s and 1960s, white supremacists erected Confederate monuments in opposition to the civil rights movement. On the night of August 20, 2018, at

3596-643: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in North Carolina, hundreds of protestors gathered at " Silent Sam ", a one-hundred-year-old Confederate Monument and demanded its removal. By 9:30 p.m., students pulled down the statue with a rope. The gathering was supported by the actions of a previous student named Maya Little, when in April, Little protested the monument by pouring blood and paint on it. Some residents in North Carolina believe Confederate monuments have connections to white supremacy. In 2020, during

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3712-709: The "overwhelming resources and numbers" that the Confederate army had fought against. In a letter to Early, Lee requested information about enemy strengths from May 1864 to April 1865, the period in which his army was engaged against Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant (the Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg ). Lee wrote, "My only object is to transmit, if possible, the truth to posterity, and do justice to our brave Soldiers." In another letter, Lee wanted all "statistics as regards numbers, destruction of private property by

3828-407: The "true" narrative of the Civil War and would therefore continue to support white supremacist policies such as Jim Crow laws . White supremacy is a central feature of the Lost Cause narrative. They say that history is written by the victors, but the Civil War has been the rare exception. Perhaps the need for the country to stay together made it necessary for the North to sit silently and accept

3944-578: The African, and was in the interest of human improvement; and which, by the law of the land, protected the negro in life and limb, and in many personal rights, and, by the practice of the system, bestowed upon him a sum of individual indulgences, which made him altogether the most striking type in the world of cheerfulness and contentment. Pollard in The Lost Cause and its sequel The Lost Cause Regained drew inspiration from John Milton 's Paradise Lost with

4060-596: The Anglican Frederick Parish (for purposes of tax collection). Colonel James Wood , an immigrant from Winchester , England, was the first court clerk and had been a surveyor for Orange County, Virginia . He contracted for his own home Glen Burnie homstead around 1737, and it may have been used for early government business. Wood laid out 26 half-acre (2,000 m ) lots in 1744. The County Court held its first session on November 11, 1743, where James Wood served until 1760. Lord Fairfax, understanding that possession

4176-708: The CSA's cultural and martial superiority to the North, relying on nationalistic narratives of the fanciful Southern Cavalier descended from the English Royalists or the Norman knights of William the Conqueror . Lost Cause rhetoric idealized the South as a land of "grace and gentility" where planter aristocrats were indulgent of their cheerful slaves and its manhood had great courage. Whites and blacks are portrayed as joined in support of

4292-662: The Carolinas in the early 18th century) finally ceded their nominal claim to the Shenandoah Valley at the Treaty of Lancaster (1744), arranged by British officials. The treaty also established the right of colonists to use the Indian Road through the valley, later known as the Great Wagon Road . The father of Shawnee chief Cornstalk had his own court at Shawnee Springs , near today's Cross Junction, Virginia , until 1754. In 1753, on

4408-454: The Civil War". He identified a typical image in postwar fiction: a materialistic, rich Yankee man marrying an impoverished spiritual Southern bride as a symbol of happy national reunion. Examining films and visual art, Gallagher identified the theme of "white people North and South [who] extol the American virtues both sides manifested during the war, to exalt the restored nation that emerged from

4524-464: The Civil War. The defeat of the Confederacy devastated many white Southerners economically, emotionally, and psychologically. Before the war, many believed that their rich military tradition would avail them in the forthcoming conflict. Many sought consolation in attributing their loss to factors beyond their control, such as physical size and overwhelming brute force. The University of Virginia professor Gary W. Gallagher wrote: The architects of

4640-402: The Civil War. This narrative denies or minimizes the explanatory statements and constitutions published by the seceding states—for example, the wartime writings and speeches of CSA Vice President Alexander Stephens and especially his Cornerstone Speech . Lost Cause historians instead favor the more moderate postwar views of Confederate leaders. The Lost Cause argument stresses secession as

4756-641: The Confederacy The Lost Cause of the Confederacy (or simply the Lost Cause ) is an American pseudohistorical and historical negationist myth that claims the cause of the Confederate States during the American Civil War was just, heroic, and not centered on slavery . First enunciated in 1866, it has continued to influence racism , gender roles , and religious attitudes in

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4872-412: The Confederate tradition and reinforcing the political and social hierarchy they believed in. ... these women accomplished what their overtly political men could not. Remaining above the political fray yet skillfully navigating difficult political situations, they repeatedly gained state support in establishing their version of history as the official public memory." The promotion of public commemoration and

4988-530: The Federal troops, &c." because he intended to demonstrate the discrepancy in strength between the two armies and believed it would "be difficult to get the world to understand the odds against which we fought". Referring to newspaper accounts that accused him of culpability in the loss, he wrote, "I have not thought proper to notice, or even to correct misrepresentations of my words & acts. We shall have to be patient, & suffer for awhile at least.... At present

5104-451: The Iroquoians for control of the valley and were losing. During the later Beaver Wars , the powerful Iroquois Confederacy from New York (particularly Seneca from the western part of the territory) subjugated all tribes in the frontier region west of the Fall Line . By the time Anglo-European settlers arrived in the Shenandoah Valley around 1729, the Shawnee were the principal occupants in

5220-589: The LMA raised $ 10,000 for the Confederate Memorial Monument on the grounds of the Alabama State Capitol, designed by Alexander Doyle and erected in 1898. Monuments built by LMAs (on cemeteries) often included sculptures symbolizing Johnny Reb , such as in Petersburg, Virginia : "the statue of the soldier is of bronze, a Confederate soldier, six foot high, 'accountred as a private of infantry,

5336-423: The Lost Cause "facilitated the reunification of the North and the South". He quotes historian Gaines M. Foster, who wrote that "signs of respect from former foes and northern publishers made acceptance of reunion easier. By the mid-eighties, most southerners had decided to build a future within a reunited nation. A few remained irreconcilable, but their influence in southern society declined rapidly." Nolan mentioned

5452-461: The Lost Cause acted from various motives. They collectively sought to justify their own actions and allow themselves and other former Confederates to find something positive in all-encompassing failure. They also wanted to provide their children and future generations of white Southerners with a "correct" narrative of the war. Yale University history professor Rollin G. Osterweis summarizes the content that pervaded Lost Cause writings: The Legend of

5568-431: The Lost Cause began as mostly a literary expression of the despair of a bitter, defeated people over a lost identity . It was a landscape dotted with figures drawn mainly out of the past: the chivalric planter; the magnolia-scented Southern belle ; the good, gray Confederate veteran, once a knight of the field and saddle; and obliging old Uncle Remus . All these, while quickly enveloped in a golden haze, became very real to

5684-404: The Lost Cause evolved into a language of vindication and renewal, as well as an array of practices and public monuments through which they could solidify both their Southern pride and their Americanness. In exploring the literature of reconciliation, the historian William Tynes Cowa wrote, "The cult of the Lost Cause was part of a larger cultural project: the reconciliation of North and South after

5800-440: The Lost Cause mythology embraced by the South after the Civil War to the "lost cause" of the ideals held by such Northern intellectuals as Ralph Waldo Emerson , Herman Melville , Henry Adams , and Henry James , who had strived to establish an American humanism free of mythologizing and were disillusioned that the Union victory was followed by the materialism of Gilded Age America. American historian Alan T. Nolan states that

5916-474: The Lost Cause, like the memory itself, remains contested. The white South, most agree, dedicated enormous effort to celebrating the leaders and common soldiers of the Confederacy, emphasizing that they had preserved their and the South's honor. However, it was the articles written by General Jubal A. Early in the 1870s for the Southern Historical Society that firmly established the Lost Cause as

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6032-503: The Montgomery LMA indicates that these organizations were part of a broader movement: it built on the work of individuals and "Ladies Aid Organizations" done during the war, and was given extra impetus by the formation (by gentlemen of the city) of a historical society (toward the end of 1865) and the news from other states ( Mississippi ) and cities ( Selma ) of the formation of women's associations in early 1866. After an emotional plea in

6148-939: The Potomac River Valley. For instance, in 1861, Stonewall Jackson removed 56 locomotives and over 300 railroad cars, along with miles of track, from the B&;O Railroad. His attack closed down the B&O's main line for ten months. Much of the effort to transport this equipment by horse and carriage centered in Winchester. During the war, Winchester was occupied by the Union Army for four major periods: by Major General Nathaniel Banks (March ? May 12 to 25, 1862, and June 4 to September 2, 1862), Major General Robert Milroy (December 24, 1862, to June 15, 1863), Major General Philip Sheridan (September 19, 1864, to February 27, 1865), and Major General Winfield Scott Hancock (February 27, 1865, to June 27, 1865). Major General Sheridan raided up

6264-519: The Quakers purchased several tracts on Apple-pie Ridge from the natives, who did not disturb those settlements. The first German settler appears to have been Jost Hite in 1732, who brought ten other families, including some Scots-Irish. Though Virginia was an Anglican colony, Governor William Gooch had a tolerant policy on religion. The availability of land grants brought in many religious families, who were often given 50-acre (200,000 m ) plots through

6380-637: The Shenandoah Valley in 1861, Jackson's Valley Campaign of 1862, the Gettysburg Campaign of 1863, and the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Including minor cavalry raids and patrols, and occasional reconnaissances, historians claim that Winchester changed hands as many as 72 times and 13 times in one day. Battles raged along Main Street at points in the war. Union General Sheridan and Stonewall Jackson located their headquarters just one block apart at times. At

6496-561: The Siege of Boston. He led the 96 men of "Morgan's Sharpshooters" from Winchester on July 14, 1775, and marched to Boston in 21 days. Morgan, Wood, and others also performed duties in holding captured prisoners of war , particularly Hessian soldiers . Hessian soldiers were known to walk to the high ridge north and west of town, where they could purchase and eat apple pies made by the Quakers. The ridge became affectionately known as Apple Pie Ridge. The Ridge Road built before 1751 leading north from town

6612-433: The South positively by erecting Confederate monuments to memorialize Confederate generals in support of the false narrative that Confederates had fought the war to preserve states' rights and not slavery. African Americans such as 19th-century civil rights activist Frederick Douglass opposed the erection of Confederate memorials. In 1870, Douglass wrote: "Monuments to the 'lost cause' will prove monuments of folly [...] in

6728-456: The South's benevolent and gracious civilization, superior to that of the North. The Confederate soldier is romanticized as steadfast, dashing, and heroic. Lost Cause doctrine holds that secession is a right granted by the Constitution; therefore, those who defend it are not traitors. Southern military leaders are depicted in Lost Cause hagiography as virtual saints, with Robert E. Lee occupying

6844-408: The South's conception of the conflict. In any case, for most of the past 150 years, the South's version of the war and Reconstruction has held sway in our schools, our literature and, since the dawn of feature films, our movies. The movement that took The Lost Cause for its name had multiple origins, but its unifying contention was that slavery was not the primary cause , or even a cause at all, of

6960-459: The Southern side, originated with the present writer [Pollard]. Shortly after the war he prepared to write a history of it. He offered the work he designed to a New York publisher, who thought well of it, but objected to the title, "History of the War," etc. The work thus entitled might be confounded with some other inferior memoirs of the war which the writer had already composed, mere annals," First Year of

7076-567: The UDC was founded in 1894. Winchester, Virginia Winchester is the northwesternmost independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia , United States . It is the county seat of Frederick County , although the two are separate jurisdictions. As of the 2020 census , the city's population was 28,120. It is the principal city of the Winchester metropolitan area with a population of just over 145,000 extending into West Virginia , which

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7192-695: The Union IX Corps . The United States assigned military presence to Winchester and other parts of the South during Reconstruction after the war. Winchester was part of the First Military District , commanded by Major General John Schofield . This period lasted until January 26, 1870. Winchester was the first city south of the Potomac River to install electric light . In 1917 the Winchester and Western Railroad connected Winchester with Rock Enon Springs , moving both vacationers and supplies to

7308-478: The Union victory to greater numbers and greater industrial wealth, while they portray the Confederate side of the conflict as being more righteous and having greater military skill. Modern historians overwhelmingly disagree with these characterizations, noting that the central cause of the war was slavery. The Lost Cause reached a high level of popularity at the turn of the 20th century, when proponents memorialized Confederate veterans who were dying off. It reached

7424-416: The War," etc. "Could not some title be found more unique and captivating, and not quite so heavy?" The writer promised to think of such a title. The next day he presented himself to the publisher and said, "I have thought of a name for the work I design: it is The Lost Cause . You see the bulk of the people in the South were persuaded that we really contended for something that had the dignity and importance of

7540-416: The Winchester cemetery. Alabamians, following an appeal by a Montgomery newspaper, were significant contributors, and Stonewall Cemetery, Winchester , (named for Stonewall Jackson ) was opened in 1866. Within a year, according to Caroline Janney, seventy such organizations had been founded throughout the South. Another early cemetery was established by the LMA of Wake County, North Carolina . The history of

7656-764: The Winchester plant. Winchester is the location of the annual Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival , which has existed since 1924. It is usually held during the first weekend in May. The festival includes a carnival, firework show, parades, several dances and parties, and a coronation where the Apple Blossom Queen is crowned. Local school systems and many businesses close the Friday of Apple Blossom weekend. Winchester has more than 20 different "artistic" apples that are made of various materials including wood, rubber pipe, plaster, and paint. These apples were created in 2005 by occupants of

7772-446: The area of the Shenandoah Valley that developed into Winchester. During the first decade of white settlement, the valley was also a conduit and battleground in a bloody intertribal war between the Seneca and allied Algonquian-speaking Lenape from the north, and their distant traditional enemies, the Siouan Catawba based in the Carolinas. The Iroquois Six Nations (the Tuscarora people had joined them by 1722 after losing battles in

7888-439: The benefit of these organizations, which were able to propagate the Lost Cause of the Confederacy without being treasonous to the US government. Women in the LMAs, according to Janney, "expand[ed] on two trends that had developed during the war: the creation of an organized womanhood among southern white women and a sense of white southern solidarity among ex-Confederates." LMAs, along with other women's organizations, also aided in

8004-665: The care for and repatriation of Confederate veterans. The movement for which they provided the first impetus is referred to as the "Confederate Memorial movement". The popularity of these organizations was helped by what was perceived as a lack of respect on the US government's part for Southern dead. Starting in 1866, scouts were sent out from the North to retrieve Union soldiers' bodies for burial in United States National Cemetery , from which Confederate soldiers were excluded. Other cities soon followed Winchester's example and many chapters are still active, such as in Montgomery (founded 1866) and Fredericksburg, Virginia (1870). In May 1900,

8120-446: The chapter. In early 1866, the Soldiers' Aid Society of Columbus, Ga . reorganized themselves into the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus. They elected Evelyn Carter as president; Margaret Ware, first Vice President; Mrs J. A. McAllister, second Vice President; Martha Patten, Treasurer and Mary Ann Williams as corresponding secretary. Mrs. Williams wrote a letter urging Southern women to come together on April 26, 1866, to decorate

8236-435: The city and were placed at a specific location at the artists' request after being auctioned off. For example, a bright red apple with a large stethoscope attached to it was placed beside a much-used entrance to the Winchester Medical Center. Winchester is home to the Winchester Royals , which is part of the Valley Baseball League , a National Collegiate Athletic Association -sanctioned collegiate summer baseball league in

8352-478: The city to the west. Winchester Transit provides weekday transit for the city of Winchester. Winchester Regional Airport provides general aviation and air taxi service to the area. Winchester's first sister city, Winchester , England, is where the Virginia town gets its name. During the Eisenhower administration, Winchester also formalized a sister city relationship with Ambato, Ecuador . Lost Cause of

8468-422: The conflict, and to mute the role of African Americans". Historian and journalist Bruce Catton argued that the myth or legend helped achieve national reconciliation between North and South. He concluded that "the legend of the lost cause has served the entire country very well", and he went on to say: The things that were done during the Civil War have not been forgotten, of course, but we now see them through

8584-558: The different memorial associations of all the Southern states had their first national meeting, in Louisville, Kentucky , where officers for a national organization were chosen. Their historian, Margaret Cary Green Davis, outlined the goals of the association thusly: To future generations of the people of the South and to the sons and daughters of the women of the Confederacy, who first banded themselves together in memorial work, may this Confederation carry its messages and legacy of devotion to

8700-420: The discussion of the moral question of slavery. But we may suggest a doubt here whether that odious term "slavery", which has been so long imposed, by the exaggeration of Northern writers, upon the judgement and sympathies of the world, is properly applied to that system of servitude in the South, which was really the mildest in the world; which did not rest on acts of debasement and disenfranchisement, but elevated

8816-584: The establishment of a Confederate memory by organizations such as the LMAs took place in a world in which the now-public presence of African Americans caused great anxiety, suggesting, according to some scholars, a "more purposeful strategy of racism". While much credit is usually given to the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) for "transform[ing] military defeat into a political and cultural victory, where states' rights and white supremacy remained intact", authors such as Janney have argued that LMAs did so long before

8932-684: The eve of the French and Indian War ( Seven Years' War ), messengers came to the Shawnee from tribes further west, inviting them to leave the Valley and cross the Alleghenies , which they did the following year. The Shawnee settled for some years in the Ohio Country before being forced by the US government under Indian Removal in the 1830s to remove to Indian Territory . French Jesuit expeditions may have first entered

9048-513: The failure of Lieutenant General James Longstreet . Stories of happy slaves and benevolent slave owners became propaganda to defend slavery and to explain Southern slavery to Northerners. The United Daughters of the Confederacy had a Faithful Slave Memorial Committee and erected the Heyward Shepherd monument in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia . In explaining Confederate defeat, an assertion

9164-531: The family members in question usually never saw or heard from one another again. Lost Cause proponents ignore these realities, presenting slavery as a positive good and denying that alleviation of the conditions of slavery was the central cause of the American Civil War . Instead, Lost Cause proponents frame the war as a defense of states' rights and of the Southern agrarian economy against supposed Northern aggression . Lost Cause proponents attribute

9280-720: The graves of Confederate soldiers with flowers. The letter was printed in newspapers across the south. In The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America , Bellware and Gardiner showed just how widely the letter was published. The ladies responded and the Memorial Day holiday in the United States was inaugurated. It takes its name from the Ladies Memorial Associations that organized the observances. Two years later, on May 5, 1868, John A. Logan , Commander-in-Chief of

9396-446: The intention of portraying the pre-war South as a "paradise" that was lost in its defeat. The Lost Cause legend includes the assertion that slavery was not the main dispute between the North and the South and was not the cause of secession. The myth claims that it was merely a matter of time before the South would have given up slavery by its own choice and that it was the trouble-making abolitionists who manufactured disagreement between

9512-524: The land in Virginia between the Rappahannock and the Potomac rivers", an old grant from King Charles II which overlapped and included Frederick County. It took some time for land titles to be cleared among early settlers. By 1738 these settlements became known as Frederick Town . The county of Frederick was carved out of Orange County. The first government was created, consisting of a County Court as well as

9628-488: The late 1720s, Governor William Gooch promoted settlement by issuing large land grants. Robert "King" Carter , manager of the Lord Fairfax proprietorship, acquired 200,000 acres (810 km ). This combination of events directly precipitated an inrush of settlers from Pennsylvania and New York, made up of a blend of Quakers and German and Scots-Irish homesteaders, many of them new immigrants. The Scots-Irish comprised

9744-411: The many changes during the era, most significantly Reconstruction . The institutions have lasted to the present, and descendants of Confederate soldiers continue to attend their meetings. In 1879, John McElroy published Andersonville : A Story of Rebel Military Prisons , which strongly criticized the Confederate treatment of prisoners and implied in the preface that the mythology of the Confederacy

9860-471: The memories of a wicked rebellion which they must necessarily perpetuate [...] It is a needless record of stupidity and wrong." On May 30, 1871, during the national celebration of Memorial Day at the tomb of the unknown soldier in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, Douglass delivered a speech about slavery as the meaning and cause of the Civil War. He said: "We are sometimes asked, in

9976-548: The memory of a Cause and the heroes who fought for it, the Deathless Dead of the Southern Confederacy. While LMAs provided an opportunity for Southern white women to express their dedication to the Lost Cause and at the same time allowed those women to organize in ways did not threaten the male establishment, they also helped resurrect Southern masculinity, according to LeeAnn Whites: the men who had been forced to give up

10092-609: The most numerous group of immigrants from the British Isles before the American Revolutionary War . The settlement of Winchester began as early as 1729, when Quakers such as Abraham Hollingsworth migrated up (south) the Great Valley along the long-traveled Indian Path (later called the Great Wagon Road by the colonists) from Pennsylvania. He and others began to homestead on old Shawnee campgrounds. Tradition holds that

10208-415: The name of patriotism, to forget the merits of this fearful struggle, and to remember, with equal admiration, those who struck at the nation's life, and those who struck to save it—those who fought for slavery, and those who fought for liberty and justice. I am no minister of malice. [...] I would not repel the repentant, but may [...] my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, if I forget the difference between

10324-511: The new Winchester plant. Records pressed here include the Talking Heads ' Remain in Light , Dead Boys ' Young, Loud and Snotty , and Yoko Ono 's Fly (Yoko Ono album) . Capitol Records announced in late 1987 that it would end tape duplicating production in the US, in favor of offshore manufacturing, including in Winchester by early 1988, putting more than 500 employees out of work when they closed

10440-579: The next, led to long-term stifling of the Quaker population. Winchester became a gateway to Quaker settlements further west; by the mid-19th century, the Quaker population was a small minority here. During the war in 1758, at the age of 26, Colonel George Washington was elected to represent Frederick County to the House of Burgesses . Daniel Morgan later served as a ranger protecting the borderlands of Virginia against Indian raids, returning to Winchester in 1759. Following

10556-523: The north end of the lower Shenandoah Valley, Winchester was a base of operations for major Confederate invasions into the Northern United States. At times the attacks threatened the capital of Washington, D.C. The town served as a central point for troops conducting major raids against the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , Chesapeake and Ohio Canal , and turnpike and telegraph paths along those routes and

10672-742: The paper, "the women of Montgomery, in answer to this call, filled the sacred halls of the old Court Street Methodist Church on that beautiful Monday morning on the sixteenth day of April, eighteen-hundred and sixty-six!" In Kentucky, the Cynthiana Confederate Monument Association raised the funds for designing and installing the Confederate Monument in Cynthiana in 1869. It was the first Confederate monument of over sixty American Civil War monuments in Kentucky . In Montgomery,

10788-413: The parties to that [...] bloody conflict." John Mitchell Jr. was an African American newspaper editor, politician, banker, and civil rights activist in the 19th and early 20th centuries from Richmond, Virginia, who advocated against the erection of a Robert E. Lee monument there. He tried to block its funding but was stopped by a white conservative majority. In Richmond, Virginia , on May 29, 1890, it

10904-724: The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which had made segregation of public places illegal. He stopped to use a public bathroom at a gas station, and the white store owner, Marvin Segrest, told him to use the segregated bathroom. He refused and told Segrest the Civil Rights Act made segregated facilities illegal. They argued, and Segrest shot Younge in the head. Segrest was not found guilty in court, which caused Black students in Tuskegee, Alabama, to express their frustrations in protest at

11020-506: The people of the South, who found the symbols useful in the reconstituting of their shattered civilization. They perpetuated the ideals of the Old South and brought a sense of comfort to the New . Louisiana State University history professor Gaines Foster wrote in 2013: Scholars have reached a fair amount of agreement about the role the Lost Cause played in those years, although the scholarship on

11136-481: The preeminent place as a Christ-like figure. Lost Cause advocates try to rationalize the Confederate military defeat with the assertion that the South had not actually been defeated; rather, it had been unfairly overcome by the massive manpower and resources of the deceitful Yankees. Contradictorily, they also maintain that the South would have won the war if it had prevailed in the Battle of Gettysburg , and that it lost because of Stonewall Jackson 's death in 1863 and

11252-406: The public mind is not prepared to receive the truth." All of these themes were made prominent by Early and the Lost Cause writers in the 19th century and continued to play an important role throughout the 20th. In a November 1868 report, U.S. Army general George Henry Thomas , a Virginian who had fought for the Union in the war, noted efforts made by former Confederates to paint the Confederacy in

11368-408: The publisher; "it is just the thing." The title proved an instant success, and has since become monumental. The words "The Lost Cause" have been incorporated into the common popular language of the South; and the universality of their reception implies a significance that is itself interesting. Pollard promoted many of the themes of the Lost Cause such as the claim that states' rights were the cause of

11484-499: The regions. Enslaved African Americans were characterized as faithful and happy. Confederate President Jefferson Davis wrote about the place of the South's enslaved African Americans in his The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (1881): [The negroe soldiers'] servile instincts rendered them contented with their lot, and their patient toil blessed the land of their abode with unmeasured riches. Their strong local and personal attachment secured faithful service ... Never

11600-463: The resort that is now Camp Rock Enon with far greater speed. Winchester is the location of the bi-annual N-SSA national competition, keeping the tradition of Civil War era firearms alive. A three-block section of downtown Loudoun Street was closed to vehicular traffic in the 1970s and is a popular pedestrian area featuring many boutiques and cafés. The street was repaved with brick and landscaped in 2013. Apple Blossom Mall opened in 1982. In 1983,

11716-619: The site of numerous battles during the American Civil War , as the Confederate and Union armies strove to control that portion of the Shenandoah Valley . Seven major battlefields are in the original Frederick County: Within the city of Winchester: Near the city of Winchester: Winchester was a key strategic position for the Confederate States Army during the war. It was an important operational objective in Gen Joseph E. Johnston 's and Col Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's defense of

11832-687: The sponsorship of fellow-religious grant purchasers and speculators. As a result, the Winchester area became home to some of the oldest Presbyterian , Quaker , Lutheran and Anglican churches in the valley. The first Lutheran worship was established by Rev. John Casper Stoever Jr. , and Alexander Ross established Hopewell Meeting for the Quakers. By 1736, Scots-Irish built the Opequon Presbyterian Church in Kernstown . A legal fight erupted in 1735 when Thomas Fairfax, Sixth Lord Fairfax came to Virginia to claim his land grant. It included "all

11948-674: The title of an 1866 book by the Virginian journalist Edward A. Pollard , The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates . According to Pollard the term was created at the request of his publisher in New York City, who feared that Pollard's original title would not be catchy enough to sell books. Pollard later wrote in Appleton's Journal , This titular description of our late war [The Lost Cause], which has become so popular on

12064-481: The traditional Southern male prerogatives of "slaveownership and regional dominance" could now "reconstruct" and "valorize themselves by honoring the greater sacrifice of the Confederate Dead." Thus, their function was therapeutic in respect to the psychological trauma suffered as a result of the Confederacy's loss; at the same time, while "ostensibly apolitical", they acted on public policy by "advancing and refining

12180-522: The truth being told of them. In 1907, Hunter Holmes McGuire , physician of Confederate general Stonewall Jackson , published in a book papers sponsored by the Grand Camp of Confederate Veterans of Virginia, supporting the Lost Cause tenets that "slavery [was] not the cause of the war" and that "the North [was] the aggressor in bringing on the war". The book quickly sold out and required a second edition. The German historian Wolfgang Schivelbusch compared

12296-463: The valley as early as 1606, as the explorer Samuel de Champlain made a crude map of the area in 1632. The first confirmed exploration of the northern valley was by the explorer John Lederer , who viewed the region from the current Fauquier and Warren County line on August 26, 1670. In 1705 the Swiss explorer Louise Michel and in 1716 Governor Alexander Spotswood did more extensive mapping and surveying. In

12412-517: The valley from Winchester, where his forces destroyed "2,000 barns filled with grain and implements, not to mention other outbuildings, 70 mills filled with wheat and flour" and "numerous head of livestock," to lessen the area's ability to supply the Confederates. Numerous local men served with the Confederate Army, mostly as troops. Hunter McGuire was Chief Surgeon of the Second "Jackson's" Corps of

12528-445: The war and that Southerners were forced to defend themselves against Northern aggression. He dismissed the role of slavery in starting the war and understated the cruelty of American slavery, even promoting it as a way of improving the lives of Africans. Pollard's revisionist history continues to have an effect on how slavery and the Civil War are taught in the United States. For example, in 1866 Pollard wrote: We shall not enter upon

12644-490: The war". He charged that the Yankees fought "with a ferocity that disregarded all the laws of civilized warfare". The book remained in print and often served to justify the Southern position and to distance it from slavery. Early's original inspiration for his views may have come from Confederate General Robert E. Lee . When Lee published his farewell order to the Army of Northern Virginia , he consoled his soldiers by speaking of

12760-697: The war, from 1763 to 1774 Daniel Morgan served in Captain Ashby's company and defended Virginia against Pontiac's Rebellion and Shawnee Indians in the Ohio valley (that part now in West Virginia ). During the Revolutionary War, the Virginia House of Burgesses chose local resident and French and Indian War veteran Daniel Morgan to raise a company of militia to support General George Washington's efforts during

12876-477: The way to Fort Cumberland . Knowing the area well from work as a surveyor, George Washington accompanied General Braddock as his aide-de-camp. Resident Daniel Morgan joined Braddock's Army as a wagoner on its march to Pennsylvania. In 1756, on land granted by James Wood, Colonel George Washington designed and began constructing Fort Loudoun , which ultimately covered 0.955 acres (3,860 m ) in present-day downtown Winchester on North Loudoun Street. Fort Loudoun

12992-610: Was occupied and manned with guns until the start of the American Revolutionary War . During this era, a jail was built in Winchester. It occasionally held Quakers from many parts of Virginia who protested the French and Indian War and refused to pay taxes to the Anglican parish. While their cousins in Pennsylvania dominated politics there, Virginia was an Anglican colony and did not tolerate pacifism well. The strong Quaker tradition of pacifism against strong Virginia support for this war and

13108-473: Was renamed Apple Pie Ridge Road . The local farmers found booming business in feeding the Virginia Militia and fledgling volunteer American army. Following the war, the town's first newspapers, The Gazette and The Centinel , were established. Daniel Morgan continued his public service, being elected to one term in the U.S. House of Representatives (1797–1799). Winchester and the surrounding area were

13224-419: Was there happier dependence of labor and capital on each other. The tempter came, like the serpent of Eden, and decoyed them with the magic word of "freedom" ... He put arms in their hands, and trained their humble but emotional natures to deeds of violence and bloodshed, and sent them out to devastate their benefactors. Lost Cause advocates point to a perceived chivalric tradition of the South as evidence for

13340-458: Was unveiled during a celebration and he covered the event in the Richmond Planet . He wrote: "This glorification of States Rights Doctrine—the right of secession, and the honoring of men who represented that cause [...] fosters in the Republic, the spirit of Rebellion and will ultimately result in the handing down to generations unborn a legacy of treason and blood." W. E. B. Du Bois was

13456-533: Was well established, and that criticism of the otherwise-lionized Confederates was met with disdain: I know that what is contained herein will be bitterly denied. I am prepared for this. In my boyhood I witnessed the savagery of the Slavery agitation – in my youth I felt the fierceness of the hatred directed against all those who stood by the Nation. I know that hell hath no fury like the vindictiveness of those who are hurt by

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