52-683: The Lachlan River ( Wiradjuri : Kalari , Galiyarr ) is an intermittent river that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin , located in the Southern Tablelands , Central West , and Riverina regions of New South Wales , Australia . The Lachlan River is connected to the Murray–Darling basin only when both the Lachlan and Murrumbidgee Rivers are in flood. It
104-723: A basic grammar of the language and a sample range of sentence types." A revised edition, holding over 8,000 words, was published in 2010 and launched in Wagga Wagga, with the launch described by the member for Wagga Wagga to the New South Wales Parliament . A mobile app and web-based version based on the book is also available. A Grammar of Wiradjuri language was published in 2014. In most Pama-Nyungan languages, sounds represented by ‘k’ or ‘g’ are interchangeable. As are sounds ‘b’ and ‘p’. As well as ‘t’ and ‘d’. The phonemes /ə/ and /aː/ tend to be considered as belonging to
156-685: A few men to scout a route to the north-east. On Evans' return, the expedition crossed the river that Oxley would name the Castlereagh, went towards the Warrumbungle Mountains, which he named at the time 'Arbuthnot's Range' and easterly through the Gooriananwa Gap From here they moved forward to come upon the rich soil of the Liverpool Plains. On 26 August 1818 they climbed a hill and saw before them rich, fertile land (Peel River), near
208-522: A halt on that river at the Macquarie Marshes in a good season for the marshes as the Macquarie was in flood replenishing these vital wetlands. Oxley tried hard to proceed through them but couldn't do so. He returned to the encampment of the rest of his party now convinced that these westward flowing rivers terminated in an inland sea, and he had been on the swampy edge of it. Through Oxley, the theory of
260-459: A lovely infant of four years old, that fell into a well 100 feet deep, close under the Hyde Park Barrack wall, and was drowned before aid could be afforded; to which effect a Verdict was returned. The criminality of suffering a well to be so publicly exposed, calls forth appropriate indignation." In October 1821, Oxley married Emma Norton (1798–1885) at St Philip's Anglican Church . Emma was
312-504: A passenger Governor William Bligh , who had been deposed in the Rum Rebellion . When Bligh was deposed, Oxley denied he supported Macarthur but his letters showed that he was close to him. In 1810, Oxley returned to England. During this period, Oxley sought the positions of Naval Officer and Surveyor-General. He retired from the Navy in 1811 and was briefly in an engagement to Elizabeth Macarthur
364-474: A prospect of success" and that "perhaps a more miserable sterile Country was never traversed by man " . In 1823, Governor Brisbane sent Oxley north by boat in search of a site for an alternative penal settlement for the most difficult convicts. On this journey, he visited the Tweed River and valley and was deeply impressed, recording his impressions as follows: "A deep rich valley clothed with magnificent trees,
416-492: A short distance they then proceeded in a south-westerly direction through Ungarie and past Weethalle, intending to travel overland to the southern Australian coastline. By the end of May, the party found themselves in a dry scrubby country northeast of Yenda where they ascended several peaks in the Cocoparra National Park. Shortage of water and the death of two horses forced Oxley's return, passing near Rankins Springs to
468-531: A small hill and named it Mt Harris in honour of John Harris accompanying him. On the same day the mountains in the distance to the east (now known by their Aboriginal name, the Warrumbungles) were named Arbuthnot's Ranges for the Rt Hon C. Arbuthnot of H.M. Treasury. Mt Harris is 54 km N-NW of present-day Warren. They continued by boat and horses until they reached the Macquarie Marshes where it spread out through
520-572: A substantial town house in Sydney. Oxley was briefly a director of the Bank of New South Wales . He was one of five members of the original 1824 New South Wales Legislative Council , but was not reappointed when the council was reconstituted in 1825. Oxley had three daughters out of wedlock with two women, before he married a third woman. Two of these daughters were with Charlotte Thorpe and born before his inland expeditions: Jeanette b. 1813 who died in 1875 and
572-520: A two-year course in Wiradjuri language, heritage, and culture, focusing on language reclamation. This course, which commenced in 2014, was developed by Wiradjuri Elder, Dr Stan Grant Senior , as part of their Wiradjuri Language and Cultural Heritage Recovery Project. The process of reclaiming the language was greatly assisted by the publication in 2005 of A First Wiradjuri Dictionary by elder Stan Grant Senior and academic John Rudder . Rudder described
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#1732852484396624-568: A year (for example from April 1944 to April 1945), which is a complete contrast to the Murray and Murrumbidgee which have not been known to cease to flow since European settlement. The river has flooded every seven years since 1887 at Forbes . The social-ecological systems of the Lachlan River and its catchment include its upper tablelands, mixed farming slopes, through to plains, rangelands, and then lower floodplains. More than 100,000 people live in
676-565: Is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup. It is the traditional language of the Wiradjuri people, an Aboriginal Australian people of New South Wales , Australia. Wiraiari and Jeithi may have been dialects. A revival is under way, with the language being taught in schools, TAFE college, and at Charles Sturt University . The Wiradjuri language has been taught in primary schools, secondary schools and at TAFE since before 2012 in
728-527: Is buried in the historic cemetery at South Head, and Frances b. 1815 who married William Waugh and is buried in Tenterfield . He had another daughter, Louisa b. 1821, with Elizabeth Marmon. This child drowned (aged 3) in early December 1824 in a well opposite Oxley's house in Macquarie Street, Sydney. The newspaper report was as follows: "An Inquest was held on Saturday last, on the body of Louisa Oxley,
780-623: Is perhaps best known for his two expeditions into the interior of New South Wales and his exploration of the Tweed River and the Brisbane River in what is now the state of Queensland . John Oxley was born in 1784 at Kirkham Abbey near Westow in Yorkshire , England, and baptised at Bulmer in St Martin's Church on 6 July 1784. He was the eldest of eight children of John and Arabella Oxley and
832-815: Is the only river in New South Wales with significant wetlands along its length, rather than just towards its end, including Lake Cowal -Wilbertroy, Lake Cargelligo and Lake Brewster , and nine wetlands of national significance. The river rises on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range in the Southern Tablelands district of New South Wales, formed by the confluence of Hannans Creek and Mutmutbilly Creek, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) east of Gunning , and 26 kilometres (16 mi) west of Goulburn . The river flows generally north-west, north, west and south-west, joined by thirty-seven tributaries including
884-607: The Bogan River and then across to the Wellington Valley on the upper waters of the Macquarie River , which they followed back to Bathurst (arriving on 29 August 1817). The Wellington Valley would later be made the site of a convict settlement mostly for convict 'specials'. Although disappointed by his Lachlan expedition, in not following the river all the way to its end, John Oxley took up Macquarie's next directive to explore
936-641: The Broad Gauge Act which encouraged the use of wagons with broad wheels instead of narrow-tired drays in order to cause less wear on public roads; this measure made him unpopular with the farmers and carriers in his electorate and he lost his seat. The younger son, Henry Oxley , also became a Member of the Legislative Assembly, representing the Electoral district of Camden between 1859 and 1860. Oxley suffered with illness throughout his service, caused by
988-678: The Crookwell , Abercrombie , Boorowa , and Belubula rivers before terminating near Oxley in the 500-square-kilometre (190 sq mi) Great Cumbung swamp that joins the Murrumbidgee River to the south and becomes part of the Lowbidgee Floodplain . The river descends 632 metres (2,073 ft) over its 1,440-kilometre (890 mi) course . The river is impounded by Wyangala Dam , near Cowra and Brewster Weir, located between Lake Cargelligo and Hillston ; and passes through
1040-642: The Eugowra / Trundle area and most of Eugowra's 400 residents were evacuated and some residents from Trundle. Other significant years of floods were: 1891, 1916, 1951, 1956, 1961, 1974, 1976, 1993, 1998, 2012, 2016 and 2021. The Lachlan River is mentioned in the Banjo Paterson poem Clancy of the Overflow as well as the folk song Streets of Forbes . Wiradjuri language Wiradjuri ( / w ə ˈ r æ dʒ ʊ r i / ; many other spellings, see Wiradjuri )
1092-645: The Kuurn Kopan Noot language in Victoria , is also recorded as being used in Wellington, New South Wales by local Wiradjuri people about a missionary there. Love Complex statements The following English words come from Wiradjuri: John Oxley John Joseph William Molesworth Oxley (1784 – 25 May 1828) was an English explorer and surveyor of Australia in the early period of British colonisation. He served as Surveyor General of New South Wales and
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#17328524843961144-665: The Lachlan River in May 1815. Now Macquarie wanted the Lachlan and Macquarie River explored thoroughly. Opening up of the new lands over the mountains had created enthusiasm for further discoveries about them and the Macquarie River. Mysteriously, the Macquarie and the Lachlan flowed westwards to the interior of the country and not easterly towards the coastline. Successively, in 1817 and 1818 Governor Macquarie appointed John Oxley in charge of two expeditions to investigate these rivers. On
1196-424: The 1817 Lachlan expedition, Oxley was to come across marshy country and conclude this inland area was uninhabitable. If he had pressed on for two more days he would have reached the Murrumbidgee River . Oxley reported that, in his opinion, the Lachlan flowed into an extensive series of swamps, "which were, perhaps, the margin of a great inland sea." Similarly, the Macquarie expedition the following year in 1818 came to
1248-683: The Australian inland sea was fed and perpetuated, In March 1817 John Oxley was instructed to take charge of an expedition to explore and survey the course of the Lachlan River . He left Sydney on 6 April 1817 with George Evans as second-in-command, and Allan Cunningham as a botanist. The previous year, Evans had accompanied Macquarie over the Blue Mountains to Bathurst on the celebratory completion of Cox's road, where Macquarie had directed him on an exploratory journey which resulted in Evans reaching and naming
1300-634: The Brisbane River and, travelling further up, then located the Bremer River . Oxley was a Protestant and subscribed to both the Anglican Church and Presbyterian Church where he was one of the congregation. Governor Lachlan Macquarie granted Oxley 600 acres (240 ha) near Camden in 1810, which he increased to 1,000 acres (400 ha) in 1815. Oxley named this property Kirkham after his birthplace and raised and bred sheep there. He also kept
1352-532: The Lachlan River west of Bathurst in May 1815. The party also included William Parr as a mineralogist and draftsman . Oxley's party reached Bathurst after a week, where they were briefly detained by bad weather. On 25 April 1817, they reached the Lachlan River Depot which had been prepared for them (with provisions and supplies) in advance by a separate party under the direction of William Cox. From here, they commenced following its course, with part of
1404-455: The Lachlan River. On 23 June the Lachlan River near Merrigal Bridge was reached: "we suddenly came upon the banks of the river… which we had quitted nearly five weeks before". They followed the course of the Lachlan River through Hillston and Booligal for a fortnight. The party encountered much-flooded country and reached a point five kilometres south-west of Booligal which was their last campsite. On 7 July Oxley proceeded another 16 km along
1456-532: The Lachlan catchment. It is estimated that 12% of the state's agricultural businesses are located from within the Lachlan River catchment. The Lachlan River is located in the traditional homelands of the Wiradjuri Aboriginal people. The Wiradjuri lived along the Macquarie , Lachlan and Murrumbidgee Rivers, in the area known as "the land of the three rivers". Acting-Surveyor George William Evans visited
1508-598: The Macquarie River. He departed from Bathurst on 28 May 1818 with an exploration party that comprised Deputy Surveyor General George Evans, Oxley's friend Dr John Harris, a botanist named Charles Frazer, and twelve convict men. The names of the twelve convict men were later recorded by Governor Macquarie in his diary, upon the party's eventual return to Sydney. "The following are their Names: William Warner, Patrick Byrne, James Blake, George Simpson, James Williams, John Williams, Francis Lloyd, Barnard Butler, Thomas Ellis, John Dwyer, Richard Watts, Henry Shippey." He also noted that
1560-482: The NSW coast and the site of present-day Port Macquarie. These European sightings delivered a real boost to the NSW colony. On 12 June 1818 Oxley was near the site that would become Dubbo. He wrote that he had passed that day 'over a very beautiful country, thinly wooded and apparently safe from the highest floods...'. they continued to follow the Macquarie River through land that became increasingly flat. On 27 June they spotted
1612-497: The beautiful uniformity of which was only interrupted by the turns and windings of the river, which here and there appeared like small lakes. The background was Mt. Warning. The view was altogether beautiful beyond description. The scenery here exceeded anything I have previously seen in Australia." As Surveyor General, Oxley made a close examination of the Tweed River and Port Curtis , and sources connected that investigation, principally
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1664-578: The coast by sea to the Shoalhaven . Meehan went overland, starting from the Minnamurra River and meeting Oxley at the Shoalhaven. Oxley's report of good soils in the area increased interest in agricultural settlement around Gerringong and the Shoalhaven. Oxley's report of the western shore of Jervis Bay , was far less favourable. He stated, " We saw no place on which even a Cabbage might be planted with
1716-461: The convict settlement, which became Moreton Bay, and later the city of Brisbane . A monument was built at North Quay in 1924 to commemorate the site of his landing in Brisbane. He then travelled further north to explore Port Curtis (the site of Gladstone ) and continued to explore the region, which is now known as South East Queensland . In 1824 Oxley, accompanied by Allan Cunningham returned to
1768-422: The dictionary: "The Wiradjuri Dictionary has three main sections in just over 400 B5 pages. The first two sections, English to Wiradjuri, and Wiradjuri to English, have about 5,000 entries each. The third sections lists Names of Things grouped in categories such as animals, birds, plants, climate, body parts, colours. In addition to those main sections the dictionary contains an introduction to accurate pronunciation,
1820-639: The first five men listed had also been with Oxley on the previous year's 1817 exploratory journey to the Lachlan. They also took boats with them and nearly two dozen horses. The party would get upriver to the Macquarie Marshes, turn north-east to the Warrumbungle mountains crossing the Castlereagh River in the process, view the rich Liverpool Plains, come across the Peel River and the Hastings River to reach
1872-407: The flooded river and recorded that "it was with infinite regret and pain that I was forced to conclude, that the interior of this vast country is a marsh and uninhabitable". Oxley resolved to turn back and after resting for two days the exploring party began to retrace their steps along the Lachlan River. They left the Lachlan at Kiacatoo up-stream of the present site of Lake Cargelligo and crossed to
1924-639: The following year in charge of the Estramina . He returned to England in 1807 and from there he was appointed first lieutenant of HMS Porpoise , a British sloop of war that was stationed at NSW. To take up this appointment he sailed out again to NSW on the Speke as part of the Transport Board . He arrived in November 1808 with £800 of freight transport . In 1809 Porpoise visited Van Diemen's Land, carrying as
1976-649: The following year. In 1812, Oxley travelled to Sydney as Surveyor-General of the Minstrel . Oxley's appointment was at the time of Lachlan Macquarie 's Governorship. Macquarie encouraged exploration – he had sent George Evans to confirm the exploratory work of Wentworth, Blaxland and Lawson over the Blue Mountains, instigated the building of the road over the Blue Mountains in 1814–1815, and had travelled to Bathurst immediately William Cox had completed it. From there he had sent George Evans on an expedition of exploration up
2028-773: The highest flood level at Forbes was in June 1952 when the river peaked at 10.8 metres (35 ft) at the Forbes Iron Bridge. More than 900 families were evacuated, with many rescued from roof-tops by boat and helicopter. During the flood in August 1990, 132 houses in Forbes were affected by flood with their yards or their floors covered by water. Floods in 1992 did not reach the same levels at Forbes as in 1990, however, Lachlan Valley farmers lost about 30 percent of their lucerne crops just before harvest. At least 500 sheep were drowned on properties in
2080-553: The manuscript journal kept by Oxley, and the published Narrative of John Uniack, who accompanied Oxley. Oxley sailed northwards from the Tweed Area in the Mermaid . Rounding Moreton Island, he came across two escaped convicts who had been living with the Aboriginal people there. With their assistance, he was shown, and named, the Brisbane River . He recommend this place for the site of
2132-485: The name Fish River was dropped. The explorer and naturalist, James H B Shaw, was one of the first Europeans to write about the birds and habitat along the Lachlan River. His article appeared in the Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1870 – 1907), Saturday 7 March 1885, page 28, 29 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71024608 In 1870 the river peaked at 15.9 metres (52 ft) at Cowra. Since 1887,
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2184-656: The present site of Tamworth . Continuing further east they crossed the Great Dividing Range passing by the Apsley Falls on 13 September 1818 which Oxley named the Bathurst Falls. He described it as "one of the most magnificent waterfalls we have seen". Upon reaching the Hastings River the exploring party followed it to its mouth, discovering that it flowed into the sea at a spot which Oxley named Port Macquarie . In his diary of 27 November 1818, Governor Macquarie listed
2236-540: The reeds and Oxley was unable to locate the course of the river any further downstream. He wrote: "But if an opinion may be permitted to be hazarded from actual appearances, mine is decidedly in favour of our being in the immediate vicinity of an inland sea, or lake, most probably a shoal one, and gradually filling up by numerous depositions from the high lands, left by waters which flow into it." From here he retraced steps to Mt Harris, NW of present-day Warren, and camped from early July while he sent George Evans forward with
2288-404: The river in 1815, naming it the Lachlan River after Lachlan Macquarie , the governor of the colony of New South Wales. The Lachlan River was substantially explored by John Oxley in 1817. In the early days of colonial New South Wales, the southern part of the Lachlan was known as Fish River . It was only after further exploration that it was realised that these two rivers were the same river and
2340-456: The same pair (refer to the orthography table below). The Aboriginal inhabitants of the Wagga Wagga region were the Wiradjuri people and the term wagga wagga , with a central open vowel /aː/, means 'dances and celebrations', and has also been translated as 'reeling like a drunken man'. The Wiradjuri word wagan means 'crow', which can be pluralised by reduplication . Until 2019, it
2392-418: The stores being conveyed in boats. As the exploring party travelled westward the country surrounding the rising river was found to be increasingly inundated. On 12 May, west of the present township of Forbes, they found their progress impeded by an extensive marsh. They travelled down a northern branch of the river to Mount Mulguthery where they were forced to return up the river. After retracing their route for
2444-449: The towns of Breadalbane , Reids Flat , Wyangala , Cowra , Gooloogong , Forbes , Euabalong , Condobolin , Lake Cargelligo, Hillston, Booligal , and Oxley . The annual flow of the Lachlan is erratic. Annual flows have ranged from less than 1,000 megalitres (35 × 10 ^ cu ft) in 1944 to as much as 10,900 megalitres (380 × 10 ^ cu ft) in 1950. In dry years, the Lachlan can have periods of zero flow of over
2496-519: The towns of Parkes and Forbes . It is taught at Condobolin . Northern Wiradjuri schools such as Peak Hill, Dubbo , Narromine, Wellington, Gilgandra, Trangie, and Geurie by AECG language and culture educators. All lessons include both Indigenous and non- Indigenous Australians . As of 2017 the language was also being taught in Young , having a positive impact on the number of pupils self-identifying as Aboriginal. Charles Sturt University also offers
2548-585: The twelve men who accompanied Oxley and Evans on this expedition (see above). He wrote: "I inspected and spoke to the 12 Men who Accompanied Mr. Oxley on his last Expedition – and in his own presence returned them my thanks for their steady good and obedient Conduct on the Expedition; and being all Convicts I have promised to give them Conditional Pardons as a reward for their good behaviour." Oxley and Assistant Surveyor-General James Meehan led two separate but concurrent expeditions, in late 1819. Oxley proceeded down
2600-499: The youngest sister of the solicitor James Norton and had followed him out to New South Wales from Sussex after he had established himself as an attorney in the colony. Oxley and Emma Norton had a daughter and two sons. The elder, John Norton Oxley became a Member of the Legislative Assembly, representing the Western Division of Camden , in the first Parliament after the establishment of responsible government in 1856. He sponsored
2652-698: Was a Protestant . In 1799 (aged 15), he entered the Royal Navy as a midshipman on the Venerable (1784) . He travelled to Australia in October 1802 as master's mate of the naval vessel Buffalo , which carried out coastal surveying (including the survey of Western Port ), and this first stay in the Colonies would last for five years. In 1805, Oxley became acting lieutenant of the Buffalo and traveled to Van Diemen's Land
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#17328524843962704-513: Was claimed by the Wagga Wagga council and others that Wagga Wagga translates to “the place of many crows”. However, as Uncle Stan Grant Snr has stated, " Wagga Wagga does sound a bit like Waggon Waggon , but it’s not quite the same. If you say “ Wagan Wagan ,” you’re saying 'many crows'. And Wagga Wagga means dance celebrations… But the fact is, it’s my language, our language, and it’s got nothing to do with crows whatsoever.". The term Ngamadidj ('ghost', or 'white people'), used in
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