41-599: Hastings River ( Birpai : Doongang ), an open and trained intermediate wave dominated barrier estuary , is located in the Northern Tablelands and Mid North Coast districts of New South Wales , Australia . Hastings River rises in the Great Dividing Range , southwest of Kemps Pinnacle, in the area surrounding Oxley Wild Rivers National Park and Werrikimbe National Park and flows generally south, southeast and east, joined by seven tributaries including
82-463: A description and word list. In 1929, American linguist Gerhardt Laves worked with Gathang speakers Charlie Briggs, Bill Dungie, Charlie Bugg, Jim Moy, Albert Lobban, Hannah Bugg, Susan Russell, Ted Lobban, and Mrs Russell. During the 1960s, Swedish linguist Nils Holmer made recordings of two Worimi elders , Eddie Lobban and Fred Bugg, and compiled a grammar of the Gathang language. For many years
123-495: A self-acting inclined plane railway (two loaded wagons going down hauled another two emptied ones up). They were then pushed by hand, assisted by gravity, along a graded wooden trestle. It crossed a sandy area, now occupied by Hunter Street and the Great Northern Railway, to a loading staith at which small ships could berth while coal was tipped into their holds. The AACo constructed a total of three gravitational railways:
164-753: A severe weather event affecting much of New South Wales. The Hastings River gives its name to the Hastings River wine region and to an endangered species of mammal , the Hastings River Mouse ( Pseudomys oralis ). Fishing opportunities on the Hastings River exist for freshwater bass and catfish in the upper reaches to estuarine species such as bream, flathead and luderick near the river mouth. Birpai language The Gathang language , also spelt Gadjang , Kattang , Kutthung , Gadhang , Gadang and previously known as Worimi (also spelt Warrimay),
205-560: Is a public-listed Australian company that, as of 2018, owns and operates feedlots and farms covering around seven million hectares (17 million acres) of land in Queensland and the Northern Territory , roughly one percent of Australia's land mass. As of July 2008 AACo had a staff of 500 and operated 24 cattle stations and two feedlots, consisting of over 565,000 beef cattle . Since 2022, more than half
246-562: Is an Australian Aboriginal language or group of dialects. The three known dialects are Birrbay , Guringay , and Warrimay , which are used by the Worimi , Guringay , and Birrbay peoples. It became dormant during the latter half of the 20th century, but has been revived as of the 21st century. After the colonisation of Australia , many of the hundreds of Aboriginal languages fell into disuse. The Worimi people comprised 18 clan groups ( ngurras ), all of whom spoke Gathang. The four ngurras of
287-462: Is generally aligned with the middle and lower reaches of the river. West of Port Macquarie, the Pacific Highway crosses the Hastings River. The Hastings River has been inhabited by Birpai Aboriginal people for thousands of years, who knew it as Doongang . The river was first charted by European explorers in 1818, after being sighted by John Oxley . He named the river the Hastings River for
328-463: The Peel River to the south of present-day Tamworth, New South Wales . The township of West Tamworth adjacent to the present city was the original company-owned business centre for the area. In 1856, Arthur Hodgson was appointed general superintendent of the company. The pioneering settlers of the area were ordered to leave and paid little from the company for their properties. Convicts soon became
369-541: The Port Stephens area moved to the settlement at Carrington to work at the Australian Agricultural Company , and over the years lost their language and culture as they learnt European ways. Many Worimi people were forced into missions and reserves . In 1887: E.M. Curr published the first word list of the Gathang language, which had been compiled by John Branch, and in 1900, W.J. Enright published
410-592: The Tobins , Forbes , Ellenborough , Pappinbarra and Thone rivers, before reaching its mouth , flowing into the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean , at Port Macquarie . The river descends 1,040 metres (3,410 ft) over its 180 kilometres (110 mi) course . The course of the river flows adjacent to the settlements Ellenborough , Long Flat , Beechwood , Wauchope and Port Macquarie. The Oxley Highway
451-567: The stratigraphy of the coastline. It is speculated that Leichhardt may have established the extent of the coal seams under Mitchell’s property. Mitchell claimed the construction of the tunnels was to allow access to Burwood Beach in order to build a salt works. It is further speculated that Mitchell actually sought to destroy the Australian Agricultural Company’s legal monopoly on coal mining. Prior to these events Mitchell had already approached Governor Gipps seeking: Mitchell
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#1732851174754492-560: The AACo owned the land between the Burwood estate and the Port of Newcastle the company refused to allow Mitchell to transport coal by rail across its land. Mitchell successfully lobbied the government again by having New South Wales' first Private Act of Parliament titled, Burwood and Newcastle Tramroad Act 1850 , passed, that specifically allowed Mitchell to carry coal through AACo lands. Also in 1850,
533-551: The Australian Agricultural Company officially opened Australia's first railway, located at the intersection of Brown & Church Streets, Newcastle, New South Wales . Privately owned and operated to service the A Pit coal mine, it was a cast-iron fishbelly rail on an inclined plane as a gravitational railway , described as follows: Once raised up the shaft, the coal was yarded or emptied into wagons; each of 1 t capacity. Loaded wagons were run in pairs down
574-655: The NSW Legislative Council created the Coal Inquiry and appointed a select committee to investigate the matter. Both Mitchell and Brown gave evidence; Mitchell in relation to his tunnel and Brown in relation to price cutting. Before the committee could issue any recommendations, the Australian Agricultural Company relinquished its monopoly. Mitchell proceeded to lease out the coal rights on the Burwood estate, with five mines being quickly established by J & A Brown, Donaldson, Alexander Brown, Nott and Morgan. Because
615-632: The centre of Newcastle. Further, it was feared that the company may have had control of the entire coal supply in the Colony had the Crown Law Officers responsible for the substitution of a grant for the lease not objected and an alternative agreed upon. Between 1835 and 1850, the AACo was involved in significant Australian historical law events relating to monopolistic coal mining and private railway access. In 1835 James Mitchell purchased approximately 360 ha (900 acres) of coastal land extending from
656-580: The city-state of Hamburg . It is one of Australia's oldest still-operating companies. Its headquarters are today in Brisbane and it has been listed (or relisted) on the Australian Stock Exchange since 2001. The colonial government was not able to manage coal production efficiently. On 3 May 1833 the company received land grants at Newcastle totaling 777 ha (1,920 acres) plus a 31-year monopoly on that town's coal traffic. The company became
697-461: The coal mining monopoly ended with the peal of the Metallic Ores Act as promised by Governor Gipps, allowing copper to be brought into NSW duty-free. After the monopoly ended, Mitchell established the copper smelter in 1851 until its closure in 1872. In 1913, salvaged bricks from the site were used to cap some of the old mines. Cattle grazing for the production of beef has long been a focus of
738-410: The companies largest type of employee, although those who had served a sentence, aborigines and indentured servants on seven-year contracts were also employed with the latter making up the bulk of initial employees. The AACo attempted to exploit convict labour to generate a profit. When the supply of convicts was facing potential limits in the mid-1830s, company directors attempted to source convicts from
779-567: The company ceased its coal-mining activities in the early 1920s, sold their assets therein, and moved on into the cattle industry. The AACo's coat-of-arms are affixed to two stone columns erected in Gordon Avenue, Hamilton (originally known as Pittown, Borehole or Happy Flat) – located on the corners Learmonth Park (Alexander Street and Gordon Avenue, and Jenner Parade and Gordon Avenue) – in an area once known as Newcastle's garden suburb. On 10 December 1831
820-943: The company to be allowed to select the location of the grant. Among the principal members of this company were the Attorney-General and the Solicitor-General of England, 28 members of Parliament, including Mr. Brougham, and Joseph Hume , the Governor, Deputy Governor and eight of the directors of the Bank of England ; the Chairman and Deputy-Chairman and five directors of the British East India Company , besides many other eminent bankers and merchants of England. There were 41 investors based in New South Wales which included some of
861-470: The company was to be permitted to select land in the interior of the colony, in lieu of an equivalent area at Port Stephens, but retaining mineral rights to the latter. After an inspection in 1833, the company decided on two new areas. These were the Warrah Estate of 101,010 ha (249,600 acres), west of Murrurundi , and Goonoo Goonoo estate of 126,787 ha (313,298 acres), along with the left bank of
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#1732851174754902-515: The company. The managing director of AACo. from 1974 to 1988 was Trevor Schmidt, whose family also owned Alroy Downs Station in the Northern Territory . In 2012 the company entered an agreement with the Bunuba Cattle Company where AACo would manage the operations and the Bunuba would receive an annual rent and training opportunities and have complete access to their lands. The Bunuba hold
943-438: The district in defiance of the monopoly. A mine near East Maitland operated by Mr James Brown undercut the AACo's price to supply coal to steamships at Morpeth which led to prosecution. The government’s legal advice after this case was that they would have to individually prosecute every illegal mine, which Governor FitzRoy believed the cost of the prosecutions should be paid for by the Australian Agricultural Company. In 1847,
984-413: The end of a word, a nasal may also be pronounced as its corresponding stop. (E.g. bakan~bakat - rock). Intervocalically, "b" may be pronounced as [v]. Some Gathang words are: There are many place names in New South Wales which have names ascribed to them in the Gathang language, including: Australian Agricultural Company The Australian Agricultural Company ( AACo ; ASX : AAC )
1025-406: The far side of Merewether ridge to Glenrock Lagoon and named the property the Burwood estate, which was later extended to 1,834 acres. Not long after Ludwig Leichhardt’s visit to the Burwood estate in 1842, Mitchell announced the planned commissioning of tramroad tunnels, Australia’s first two railway tunnels, through Burwood ridge (or bluff). While Leichhardt visited the Burwood estate he drew up
1066-695: The language appeared to be extinct , but revitalisation has been under way in the 21st century. In 2010, A Grammar and Dictionary of Gathang: The Language of the Birrbay, Guringay and Warrimay , by Amanda Lissarrague, was published, and the Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative started running classes in Taree , Forster , and Port Macquarie . The number of speakers soon grew, and classes were introduced at TAFEs , schools, and within family groups. As of 2014, there were 40 recorded speakers of
1107-401: The language was recorded by Enright. The description that follows was extracted from the updated phonology by Amanda Lissarague (2010). There is also the diphthong "ay", pronounced [aj]. Within the orthography , both voiceless and voiced stops are written, words begin with voiced stops only and only voiced stops may occur in consonant clusters or suffixes. There is some inconsistency in
1148-529: The language, and by 2018-2019 there were more than a thousand, after work had been done on reviving the language. Today, books, songs, dance, storytelling , and language workshops are all used to help revive and preserve the language, and it is being studied at PhD level. Gathang is closely related to Awabakal , in the Yuin–Kuric group of Pama–Nyungan . Gathang is the language name covering three dialects: Birrbay, Guringay, and Warrimay. The phonology of
1189-515: The largest exporter of coal from Newcastle for many decades. They also bought 518 ha (1,280 acres) of freehold and 1,267 ha (3,131 acres) of leasehold land on the South Maitland coalfields at Weston, near Kurri Kurri , where they built the Hebburn Colliery. Because of drought and depression during the 1840s mining created more profit than wool production did. By December 1903
1230-666: The leases to Leopold Downs and Fairfield Downs stations, located north of Fitzroy Crossing . Together the properties occupy an area of 4,046 square kilometres (1,562 sq mi) and have a maximum carrying capacity of 20,000 head of cattle. AACo. acquired two properties in the Northern Territory, Welltree and La Belle Stations , in 2013 from R. M. Williams Agricultural Holdings. The properties had been bought for A$ 27.1 million after R. M. Williams went into receivership . The company owns Anthony Lagoon , Austral Downs , Brunette Downs , Camfield and Delamere Station in
1271-482: The orthography to choice of stop intervocalically. The dictionary/grammar written by Lissarrague prescribes voiceless stops intervocalically, but this is violated many times such as in magu - axe. The phonemes /p/ and /b/ may contrast, such as gaparr - baby, boy, and gabarr - head. This is unclear. There is some evidence of a merger of the dental and palatal stops/ nasals , with free variation existing in many words, such as djinggarr~dhinggarr - silver, grey. At
Hastings River - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-462: The pit was sending a fully loaded train away each day. By 1912, the output exceeded 2,500 long tons (2,540 t ) per day and a large overseas trade had developed from this mine. In May 1906 the company purchased a half-share in the Aberdare Junction to Cessnock railway for £40,000 which, already owning the other half, placed them in full ownership of the line. With the post-Great War slump,
1353-503: The property with flocks of Merino sheep. The wool produced by the company was to be exported to Great Britain to ensure a cheap reliable supply of British wool which at that time was being outpriced by German imports. However, it soon found that better land was available and, in 1830, a communication from the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor Darling notified the latter that
1394-474: The second was in 1837 to service B Pit and the third was in mid-1842 to service C Pit . The gravitational railway from B Pit connected with the 1831 railway. The gravitational railway from C Pit , which made use of the last of the government’s offer of cheap convict labour , feed onto an extended gravitational railway to reach the port. It is presumed that when the A Pit mine was exhausted in July 1846 its railway
1435-542: The shares of AACo have been owned by the Tavistock Group , the investment vehicle of Joe Lewis . The inquiry into the colony of New South Wales conducted by John Bigge from 1819 to 1823 recommended that large grants of land be given to "men of real capital" who would utilise significant levels of convict labour to maintain these estates. The inquiry was initiated by the Earl of Bathurst and John Macarthur to protect both
1476-539: The system of land grants to wealthy individuals and also the transportation system of cheap prison labour to the colony. As a result of the Bigge Inquiry, the Australian Agricultural Company (A.A.Co.) was formed by an Act of the British Parliament and incorporated by royal charter on 1 November 1824 for the cultivation and improvement of waste lands in the colony of New South Wales and other purposes, amongst which
1517-479: The then Governor-General of India , Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings . On 19 November 2002, two anglers found the dismembered body of murdered Sydney drug dealer, Terry Falconer. Investigations revealed that Falconer had died three days beforehand, after his corpse had been cut up and dumped in the Hastings River by Anthony Perish and his criminal gang associates. The River flooded in March 2021 during
1558-617: The wealthiest colonists such as the Macarthur family and Phillip Parker King . The initial million acres selected under the founding charter extended from Port Stephens , embracing the Karuah River valley, to the Gloucester flats, and included all of the coastal region north to the Manning River . The company commenced its operations in 1826 with its first manager Robert Dawson, who stocked
1599-410: Was directly transferred to form the C Pit railway, although no hard evidence can support this thought. On 10 December 2006 a plaque was unveiled on the southern shore of Newcastle Harbour celebrating this event. In 1828, 3 years after commencing their 31-year lease, the AACo was accorded a monopolistic position after the company received a grant of 810 ha (2,000 acres) of coal land in
1640-399: Was the production of fine merino wool for export to Great Britain. A group of about 400 well-connected British investors funded the company with a combined capital of one million pounds (made up of ten thousand shares of £100 each). A grant of one million acres (about 405,000 hectares) was obtained in the colony for agricultural development, subject to the performance of certain conditions, with
1681-423: Was unsuccessful with only his request to use coal as fuel in a copper smelter. Although Mitchell had no legal use of coal, the commissioned tunnel project commenced in 1846 with the cutting line being directly into a coal seam . Between 2 and 3 thousand tonnes of coal were extracted but unusable owing to the AACo's monopoly. While Mitchell’s operations were going on, a number of small illegal mines operated in