Misplaced Pages

#60939

87-702: Founded in 1956, the conference describes its charter as assisting its members to "collaboratively carry out their service of leadership to further the mission of the Gospel in today's world." The canonically -approved organization collaborates in the Catholic Church and in society to "influence systemic change, studying significant trends and issues within the church and society, utilizing our corporate voice in solidarity with people who experience any form of violence or oppression, and creating and offering resource materials on religious leadership skills." The conference serves as

174-553: A New Age approach for some time. In August 2014 the LCWR gave its yearly award to Elizabeth Johnson , a theologian who has written for general audiences. Her popular book on God was criticized by a committee of U.S. bishops. When Johnson slammed the Vatican investigation, saying "the waste of time on this investigation is unconscionable," the sisters in attendance gave her a standing ovation. The Vatican, on April 16, 2015, "unexpectedly ended"

261-510: A June 12, 2012, meeting with representatives of LCWR, Levada expressed his fear that the lack of response to Vatican concerns by the LCWR was becoming like a "dialogue of the deaf". He presented the possibility that if the LCWR did not accept the demanded reforms that they could be suppressed to make way for a new organization that would take up their duties and be more responsive to the Vatican. He rejected claims that Vatican actions were based on "unsubstantiated accusations", saying "In reality, this

348-452: A Vatican intervention had been necessary in this case. He said that their statements do not guarantee that the Vatican intervention will prove successful, but that they do demonstrate that the process was necessary. When the conclusion was announced in April 2015, Christopher Bellitto, a church historian at Kean University, noted, "Anything coming out of the Vatican this morning is nothing other than

435-424: A blessing to be appreciated and further encouraged." A delegation of American women religious met for almost an hour with Francis. "He met with them himself for almost an hour, and that's an extravagant amount of papal time," said Eileen Burke-Sullivan, a theologian, consultant and vice provost for mission and ministry at Creighton University, a Jesuit institution. "It's about as close to an apology, I would think, as

522-513: A few flowers, but they cannot hold back the springtime," a saying derived from her service in Chile during its military dictatorship. In 2013, the LCWR awarded Farrell its highest honor for leadership "through an exceptionally challenging time." On August 11, 2012, the LCWR postponed official reform of its statutes and by-laws; its leaders cited the need for further ecclesial dialogue with the Holy See about

609-465: A fig leaf because they can't say 'oops' in Latin." The New York Times said the closure allowed Francis to settle a confrontation started by his predecessor that "created an uproar among American Catholics," who energetically defended the nuns in the face of Vatican interference, signing petitions and sending letters to the Vatican. Father James Martin, who wrote frequently about the conflict as an editor of

696-461: A keynote address to LCWR members to be "truthful and fearless" with regards to the doctrinal assessment issued by the Vatican. Farrell said that "some larger movement in the church ... has landed on LCWR." In addition, Farrell distinguished between an expression of concern vs. an attempt to control. "Concern is based in love and invites unity. Control through fear and intimidation would be an abuse of power." In conclusion, Patricia noted, "They can crush

783-448: A place of equality in the Church?" The Holy See says "good works aren't the issue, its annual meetings" are the issue. "It doesn't make sense," Sartain reasoned about the speakers selected by the LCWR, "that a conference of Women Religious would want to give a platform to somebody who would espouse ideas antithetical to what the Church teaches." Following the admission by Pope Francis that

870-595: A resource both to its members and to the public who are seeking resources on leadership for religious life. In April 2015 the Vatican closed a controversial, multi-year investigation initiated in 2012 by Cardinal Gerhard Müller of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith . Archbishop J. Peter Sartain of Seattle was appointed to work with the conference. According to Associated Press ' Vatican correspondent, Nicole Winfield,

957-547: A right to continue." On April 8, 2008, William Levada , prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith under Pope Benedict XVI , met with LCWR leaders in Rome and communicated that the CDF will conduct a doctrinal assessment of the LCWR. The doctrinal assessment would evaluate three "major areas of concern": According to Laurie Goodstein, the controversial investigation, which

SECTION 10

#1732851803061

1044-438: A sacred science is called canonistics . The jurisprudence of canon law is the complex of legal principles and traditions within which canon law operates, while the philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law are the areas of philosophical, theological, and legal scholarship dedicated to providing a theoretical basis for canon law as a legal system and as true law. The term "canon law" ( ius canonicum )

1131-526: A viable future, the church would need to create reliable reporting mechanisms and refashion the church's overall leadership structure by involving laity and changing the entrenched culture with all power in the hands of the clergy. The statement expressed gratitude for the work of the International Union of Superiors General (UISG), the global Rome-based organization of the leaders of orders of Catholic sisters, in advocating for improved accountability of

1218-436: A view " to put together with order and clearness all the laws of the Church thus far issued, removing all those that would be recognized as abrogated or obsolete, adapting others to the necessities of the times, and enacting new ones in conformity with the present needs." It is sometimes referred to as the ius codicis ("law of the code") or, in comparison with all law before it, the ius novum ("new law"). From time to time,

1305-431: Is competent also for matters regarding hermits, consecrated virgins, and new forms of consecrated life. It has no territorial limits, although certain questions may be remanded to other Vatican Congregations. The Congregation also handles matters concerning associations of the faithful formed with the intention of becoming institutes of consecrated life or societies of apostolic life, and for Third Orders Seculars. In 1994,

1392-450: Is forced to compromise the integrity of its mission." Mary Hughes, past president of the LCWR, indicated the group wanted to remain canonically approved by the Holy See. Hughes noted that the group is a leadership support group, not a "theological society". In October 2012, when it was said in an interview that the LCWR did not speak out on abortion, contraception, and gay marriage, Florence Deacon responded that "Jesus welcomed sinners with

1479-554: Is necessary to have religious communities with a clear charismatic identity, assimilated and lived, capable of transmitting them to others and disposed to share them, religious communities with an intense spirituality and missionary enthusiasm for communicating the same spirit and the same evangelizing thrust; religious communities who know how to animate and encourage lay people to share the charism of their institute, according to their secular character and according to their different style of life, inviting them to discover new ways of making

1566-455: Is not a surprise," the demand for reforms are based on "what happens in their assemblies, what's on their website, what they do or don't do." Patricia Farrell, president of LCWR, and Janet Mock, executive director of LCWR, stated that the group would consider its response in an upcoming regional meeting and an August 2012 national assembly and would make no further comment on the issue. On August 10, 2012, Farrell, as former president of LCWR, gave

1653-589: Is the dicastery of the Roman Curia with competency over everything which concerns institutes of consecrated life ( orders and religious congregations , both of men and of women, as well as secular institutes ) and societies of apostolic life , regarding their government, discipline, studies, goods, rights, and privileges. On 26 May 1587, Pope Sixtus V founded the Sacred Congregation for Consultations About Regulars. In 1908 Pope Pius X changed its name to

1740-450: Is the positive law that emanates from the legislative power of the Catholic Church in its effort to govern its members in accordance with the Gospel of Jesus Christ . Fernando della Rocca used the term "ecclesiastical-positive law" in contradistinction to civil -positive law, in order to differentiate between the human legislators of church and state, all of which issue "positive law" in

1827-519: Is to God. What we obey is God and God's call to us as expressed in so many different sources, it's not just the teaching authority of the Church, although that is certainly a legitimate part of it." "We have never wanted the men to tell us what to do." She added that the motivation of the inquiry by men in the Vatican appeared to be motivated by their fears rather than the love and concern Sartain cited. Farrell commented: "I don't know, but it feels to me like fear. What would happen if women really were given

SECTION 20

#1732851803061

1914-497: The CICLSAL announced it would conduct an apostolic visitation of U.S. women religious to examine their quality of life, ministries, vocation efforts, and financial status, which many saw as indictment against some of the less traditional communities within the LCWR by "seeking answers about 'the soundness of doctrine held and taught'." Mary Clare Millea , superior general of the Apostles of

2001-650: The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II . St. Raymond of Penyafort (1175–1275), a Spanish Dominican priest, is the patron saint of canonists, due to his important contributions to canon law in codifying the Decretales Gregorii IX . Other saintly patrons include St. Ivo of Chartres and the Jesuit St. Robert Bellarmine . The period of canonical history known as

2088-601: The Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament , but some elements of the Hebrew ( Old Testament ), Roman , Visigothic , Saxon , and Celtic legal traditions . As many as 36 collections of canon law are known to have been brought into existence before 1150. The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods:

2175-1002: The Apostolic See . As of 7 October 2023, the Prefect is Cardinal João Braz de Aviz ; the secretary is Sister Simona Brambilla , M.C. ; the two undersecretaries are Father Pier Luigi Nava, S.S.M. and Sister Carmen Ros Nortes , a member of the Sisters of Our Lady of Consolation. On 8 July 2019, in naming 21 new members to the Congregation, Pope Francis included women for the first time. all seven of them were superiors of their orders: Six are leaders of international religious orders, and one leads an institute of consecrated laywomen: Kathleen Appler , Yvonne Reungoat , Françoise Massy , Luigia Coccia , Simona Brambilla , Rita Calvo Sanz and Olga Krizova . Catherine Clifford, of Saint Paul University in Ottawa, said "The recent move of Pope Francis represents

2262-492: The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life (CICLSAL) in 1989. In 1992 the CICLSAL approved the establishment of the Council of Major Superiors of Women Religious (CMSWR), as an alternative superiors conference. The LCWR contains a "Vatican II reformed" membership while the CMSWR contains a "more traditional or conservative" membership. On October 7, 1979, Theresa Kane , former president of

2349-462: The Council of Trent to the promulgation of the 1917 Code of Canon Law which took legal effect in 1918. The start of the ius novissimum is not universally agreed upon, however. Edward N. Peters argues that the ius novissimum actually started with the Liber Extra of Gregory IX in 1234. The fourth period of canonical history is that of the present day, initiated by the promulgation of

2436-459: The Council of Trent (mid-12th century–16th century). The spurious conciliar canons and papal decrees were gathered together into collections, both unofficial and official. In the year 1000, there was no book that had attempted to summarize the whole body of canon law, to systematize it in whole or in part. The first truly systematic collection was assembled by the Camaldolese monk Gratian in

2523-621: The Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts issues authentic interpretations regarding the code. The pope occasionally amends the text of the codes. Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life Former dicasteries The Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life , formerly called Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life ( CICLSAL ; Latin : Congregatio pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae ),

2610-630: The hierarchical authorities of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church. It was the first modern Western legal system and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West, while the unique traditions of Eastern Catholic canon law govern the 23 Eastern Catholic particular churches sui iuris . Positive ecclesiastical laws, based directly or indirectly upon immutable divine law or natural law , derive formal authority in

2697-462: The ius antiquum ("ancient law") extends from the foundation of the Church to the time of Gratian (mid-12th century). This period can be further divided into three periods: the time of the apostles to the death of Pope Gelasius I (A.D. 496), the end of the 5th century to the spurious collection of the 9th century, and the last up to the time of Gratian (mid-12th century). In the Early Church ,

Leadership Conference of Women Religious - Misplaced Pages Continue

2784-622: The ius antiquum , the ius novum , the ius novissimum and the Codex Iuris Canonici . In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the ius vetus (all law before the 1917 Code ) and the ius novum (the law of the code, or ius codicis ). The Eastern Catholic canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches , which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification , resulting in

2871-493: The 11th century, commonly known as the Decretum Gratiani ("Gratian's Decree") but originally called The Concordance of Discordant Canons ( Concordantia Discordantium Canonum ). Before Gratian there was no "jurisprudence of canon law" (system of legal interpretation and principles). Gratian is the founder of canonical jurisprudence, which merits him the title "Father of Canon Law". Gratian also had an enormous influence on

2958-427: The 1917 Code of Canon Law on 27 May 1917. Benedict XV, in his bull of promulgation, refers to the motu proprio Arduum sane , which was issued by Pius X, March 17, 1904, and gave rise to the 1917 Code. In that memorable pronouncement the late Pontiff stated the reasons which prompted him as the supreme Pastor of souls, who has the care of all the churches, to provide for a new codification of ecclesiastic laws, with

3045-682: The CDF "investigation and oversight of US nuns." A Joint Final Report on the Doctrinal Assessment of the Leadership Conference of Women Religious (LCWR) by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) was issued on April 16, 2015, by the officers of LCWR and the bishop delegates. The joint report highlighted the following: It stated that the joint work between the CDF and the LCWF has "borne much fruit" and "The very fact of such substantive dialogue between bishops and religious has been

3132-400: The CDF in 2001 "to report on LCWR members' reception of Church teaching on the sacramental priesthood, the CDF document Dominus Iesus , and 'the problem of homosexuality'." The CDF looked at "the doctrinal content of various addresses" at the LCWR annual assemblies and decided "that the problems which had motivated its request in 2001" remained. On December 22, 2008, Franc Rodé , prefect of

3219-498: The Catholic Church is officially going to render." Laurie Goodstein of The New York Times said that Francis's handling of the matter appeared to reflect that "he is less interested in having the church police doctrinal boundaries than in demonstrating mercy and love for the poor and vulnerable – the very work that most of the women's religious orders under investigation have long been engaged in." Cardinal Franc Rode, who initiated

3306-510: The Catholic Church was struggling with the issue of sexual abuse and rape of nuns by male priests and bishops, the LCWR issued a statement calling for an overhaul of the male-led leadership structure of the Catholic Church. The statement expressed the organization's gratitude that Pope Francis "shed light on a reality that has been largely hidden from the public and we believe his honesty is an important and significant step forward." The LCWR said that in order to regain its moral credibility and have

3393-495: The Congregation for Religious. In 1967 Pope Paul VI changed its name to the Congregation for Religious and Secular Institutes. Pope Francis gave the Congregation its current name with the March 19, 2022 apostolic constitution Praedicate evangelium . The Congregation is responsible for everything which concerns religious orders and congregations, and societies of apostolic life regarding their government, discipline, studies, etc. It

3480-503: The Congregation noted: In some places it seems that religious community has lost its relevance in the eyes of women and men religious and is perhaps no longer an ideal to be pursued. ...In many countries, increased state programs in areas in which religious have traditionally been active—such as social service, education and health—together with the decrease in vocations, have resulted in a diminished presence of religious in works which used to be typically those of apostolic institutes. ...it

3567-570: The Holy See's Congregation of the Affairs of Religious requested that nuns in the U.S. form a national conference. In November of that year, the committee of nuns in the U.S. called a meeting in Chicago of general and provincial superiors of pontifical communities to consider the formation of a national conference. They voted unanimously to establish the Conference of Major Superiors of Women (CMSW) to "promote

Leadership Conference of Women Religious - Misplaced Pages Continue

3654-526: The Jesuit magazine America , said: "What you see with the sisters is true courage, which is being faithful to the church authority and also to who they are." On April 17, 2015, the editorial board of The New York Times editorialized that, "The Vatican's misguided investigation of American Catholic nuns seemed thoroughly steeped in chauvinism from its inception three years ago by the church's male-dominated bureaucracy. Rome's move against widely respected churchwomen

3741-560: The LCWR during 2009 and 2010. Documentation of the doctrinal assessment was submitted to the CDF in January, 2011. The CDF recommended reforming the LCWR; and Benedict XVI approved the decision. After the doctrinal assessment submitted its final report in December 2011, the CDF began reforming the LCWR. In April 2012, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) released the doctrinal assessment findings and delegated oversight of its reform of

3828-428: The LCWR serves as a resource to its members and to others seeking information on leadership for religious life and living religious life. Its mission is to "promote a developing understanding and living of religious life by": The membership of the LCWR is composed of women who are the superiors, or leaders, of their respective congregations. In 2019, congregations led by LCWR members included 32,475 members "nearly 80% of

3915-448: The LCWR stated that the conference is "a public juridic person centered on Jesus Christ and faithful to the teachings of the Church," its publications "need a sound doctrinal foundation," and "when exploring contemporary issues, particularly those which, while not explicitly theological nevertheless touch upon faith and morals, LCWR expects speakers and presenters to have due regard for the Church's faith". According to its official website,

4002-408: The LCWR to Seattle Archbishop J. Peter Sartain . The CDF mandated reform of the LCWR to conform more closely to "the teachings and discipline of the Church." According to Cathy Lynn Grossman, the nuns "were stunned and dismayed" that the LCWR "was turned over to Sartain ... to revamp its management and programming." Sartain's CDF mandate as Delegate, for a period of up to five years, included: After

4089-428: The LCWR" and described "the need to remedy significant doctrinal problems associated with the group's activities and programs ... in areas including abortion , euthanasia , women's ordination and homosexuality." At the beginning of the investigation, the CDF delegated oversight of its doctrinal assessment to Leonard Paul Blair , bishop of Toledo . Blair submitted reports to the CDF and engaged in correspondence with

4176-592: The LCWR, issued a formal plea during Pope John Paul II 's Apostolic visit to the United States at the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception for "providing the possibility of women as persons being included in all ministries of the church." According to Franciscan Florence Deacon, someone doing the doctrinal assessment in 2012 may have been concerned with a statement made 35 years earlier in 1977 which

4263-672: The Sacred Heart of Jesus , was appointed as the Apostolic Visitator. LCWR said that the Holy See had not fully disclosed the reasons behind the investigation, nor its funding. Raymond Burke , then prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura , declared on a televised interview that "the question is now for conversion to the true nature of religious life" and if the LCWR "cannot be reformed, then it does not have

4350-426: The United States of America." The foundation also held that their efforts resulted in a situation where "women religious, and especially their leaders, stand in the eye of an ecclesiastical storm." In March 2013, CBS News broadcast a 60 Minutes critique of the doctrinal assessment, and interview of Farrell and Sartain. Sartain described his role as follows: "In the context of the Church, we're always going to have

4437-459: The aggressive bombast of Rome's initial announcement of the inquiry under Francis's predecessor, Benedict XVI." Phil Pullella, reporting from the Vatican, noted that while the nuns had made specific concessions, "Supporters said the nuns had helped the Church's image in America at a time when it was engulfed in scandal over sexual abuse of minors by priests. They were praised by many Roman Catholics and

SECTION 50

#1732851803061

4524-854: The approximately 38,000 women religious in the United States". In 2009 the average median age of women in final/perpetual vows in LCWR member congregations was 74 (compared to 60 in CMSWR member institutes). Among those who entered since 1994, 56% were over 30 by 2009. A 2009 survey by the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate showed that 78 percent of women who joined CMSWR organizations were under 30, compared to 35 percent of those who joined LCWR organizations. According to Mary Johnson, Patricia Wittberg, and Mary Gautier, in New Generations of Catholic Sisters (2014): Some commentators, for ideological purposes, attempt to create generalized typologies that mask

4611-520: The bishops were against that legislation, Deacon said that the doctrinal assessment "was started before that." After the June 2012 meeting with Levada, LCWR members "who say they have been unjustly criticised, returned to the US at the end of the talks to decide what to do next." Simone Campbell of Network , a Catholic social justice lobbying group, called the CDF reform of the LCWR a political "censure" and that she

4698-799: The canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition. The canon law of the Catholic Church has all the ordinary elements of a mature legal system: laws, courts , lawyers , judges. The canon law of the Catholic Church is articulated in the legal code for the Latin Church as well as a code for the Eastern Catholic Churches. This canon law has principles of legal interpretation , and coercive penalties. It lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. Those who are versed and skilled in canon law, and professors of canon law, are called canonists (or colloquially, canon lawyers ). Canon law as

4785-538: The case is closed"). A common misconception, the Catholic Encyclopedia links this saying to St Augustine who actually said something quite different: " jam enim de hac causa duo concilia missa sunt ad sedem apostolicam; inde etiam rescripta venerunt; causa finita est " (which roughly translate to: "there are two councils, for now, this matter as brought to the Apostolic See, whence also letters are come to pass,

4872-500: The case of universal laws from promulgation by the supreme legislator—the supreme pontiff , who possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person, or by the College of Bishops acting in communion with the pope. In contrast, particular laws derive formal authority from promulgation by a legislator inferior to the supreme legislator, whether an ordinary or a delegated legislator. The actual subject material of

4959-449: The case was finished") in response to the heretical Pelagianism of the time. In the first millennium of the Latin Church , the canons of various ecumenical and local councils were supplemented with decretals of the popes ; these were gathered together into collections. The period of canonical history known as the Ius novum ("new law") or middle period covers the time from Gratian to

5046-511: The church for the abuse of nuns and sisters. Canon law (Catholic Church) Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

5133-439: The complexity of the religious reality, arguing that all new entrants go to traditionalist (CMSWR [Council of Major Superiors of Women Religious]) institutes and few or none go to LCWR [Leadership Conference of Women Religious] institutes. ... The reality of the situation is that almost an equal percentage of LCWR and CMSWR institutes have no one at all in formation at the present time (32 percent and 27 percent, respectively). One of

5220-480: The concern about being faithful to Christ. And all I can say to you ... is I don't have any doubt about the reason why the Holy Father has asked me to do this, which is his genuine love and concern for religious women." On the other hand, Farrell noted that there is disagreement over the meaning of vows of obedience for nuns: "Well I think there is one of the areas of misunderstanding and difference. Our first obedience

5307-439: The congregations. Other religious institutes are called congregations . Their members make simple vows; women are called sisters. A secular institute is an organization of consecrated individuals who, unlike members of a religious institute who live in community, live in the world, and work for the sanctification of the world from within. Institutes may also be classified as a "clerical" or "lay institute" depending on whether

SECTION 60

#1732851803061

5394-432: The continuance of the LCWR as an official canonical entity of the Catholic Church. According to Cathy Lynn Grossman, reporting for USA Today, "The assembly instructed the LCWR officers to conduct their conversation with Archbishop Sartain from a stance of deep prayer that values mutual respect, careful listening, and open dialogue. The officers will proceed with these discussions as long as possible, but will reconsider if LCWR

5481-647: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life Institutes of consecrated life are canonically erected institutes in the Roman Catholic Church whose members profess the evangelical counsels by vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience. There are two types: Religious institutes are characterized by

5568-478: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life The canon law of the Catholic Church (from Latin ius canonicum ) is "how the Church organizes and governs herself". It is the system of laws and ecclesiastical legal principles made and enforced by

5655-614: The first canons were decreed by bishops united in " Ecumenical " councils (the Emperor summoning all of the known world's bishops to attend with at least the acknowledgement of the Bishop of Rome ) or "local" councils (bishops of a region or territory). Over time, these canons were supplemented with decretals of the Bishops of Rome, which were responses to doubts or problems according to the maxim, " Roma locuta est, causa finita est " ("Rome has spoken,

5742-471: The first ecumenical council, Nicaea I , was held, kanon started to obtain the restricted juridical denotation of a law promulgated by a synod or ecumenical council , as well as that of an individual bishop. The term source or fountain of canon law ( fons iuris canonici ) may be taken in a twofold sense: a) as the formal cause of the existence of a law, and in this sense of the fontes essendi ( Latin : "sources of being") of canon law or lawgivers; b) as

5829-514: The history of natural law in his transmission of the ancient doctrines of natural law to Scholasticism . Canon law greatly increased from 1140 to 1234. After that, it slowed down, except for the laws of local councils (an area of canon law in need of scholarship), and secular laws supplemented. In 1234 Pope Gregory IX promulgated the first official collection of canons , called the Decretalia Gregorii Noni or Liber Extra . This

5916-534: The idea that they would be drawn to change their lives." According to Deacon, the LCWR opposed the Bush tax cuts because the Gospel encourages Catholics to create a world in which everyone has what they need so they can live as full human beings and develop their faith. To the suggestion that the CDF doctrinal assessment may have occurred because the sisters supported the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act while

6003-402: The investigation "embittered many American Catholics against what they perceive as heavy-handed tactics by Rome." While Pope Francis , elected after the investigation began, reaffirmed it and the organization's members were ordered to review their statutes and reassess their plans and programs, the Holy See in its conclusion praised the nuns' work. The joint final report of both the Vatican and

6090-587: The investigation, had been replaced by Cardinal Joao Braz de Aviz of Brazil. Sharon Holland said "We learned that what we hold in common is much greater than any of our differences." Müller said that the Vatican is certain that the LCWR is "fostering a vision of religious life that is centered on the Person of Jesus Christ and is rooted in the Tradition of the Church." Phil Lawler of catholicculture.org said that while Catholics should be able to take these things for granted,

6177-463: The material channel through which laws are handed down and made known, and in this sense the sources are styled fontes cognoscendi ( Latin : "sources of knowing"), or depositaries, like sources of history. The Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules (" canons ") said to have been adopted by

6264-536: The media for their work with the poor and sick." In November 2012, the Haag Foundation awarded the LCWR with the 2013 Herbert Haag Prize in "recognition of its extensive efforts in helping the poor, the marginalized, and people in difficult circumstances" and "their careful reflection of the signs of the times in the spirit of the Second Vatican Council , making the nuns a pillar of the Catholic Church in

6351-480: The members exercise Holy Orders.(can. 588.2, and (can. 588.3). A society of apostolic life is a group of men or women within the Catholic Church who have come together for a specific purpose and live fraternally. Both Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life need the written approval of a bishop to operate within his diocese, although a diocesan bishop can establish an institute of consecrated life or society in his own territory, after consulting

6438-540: The most striking findings regarding new entrants is that almost equal numbers of women have been attracted to institutes in both conferences in recent years. This did not continue to hold true, however; by 2016, according to the Global Sisters Report, CMSWR grew in total numbers to nearly 6,000, while the LCWR continued to shrink at an accelerated rate; in addition, the CMSWR's number of novices and postulants continued to grow, standing at 900 in 2016. In April 1956

6525-464: The normal sense. Examples of ecclesiastical positive law are fasting during the liturgical season of Lent , and religious workers (monks, nuns, etc.) requiring permission from their superiors to publish a book. The word "canon" comes from the Greek kanon , which in its original usage denoted a straight rod, was later used for a measuring stick, and eventually came to mean a rule or norm. In 325, when

6612-467: The public profession of vows, communal life , and a degree of separation from the world. Some Institutes are called Orders . These are Institutes in which, for historical reasons or because of their character or nature, solemn vows are made by at least some of the members. All members of these orders are called regulars (because they are governed by a Rule (i.e. regula )), and if they are women they are called nuns ("moniales"). The orders are older than

6699-687: The same charism and mission operative. On 21 November 2014, Pope Francis declared a "Year of Consecrated Life" to begin on 30 November 2014, the First Sunday of Advent and continue to the Feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple , 2 February 2016. The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and for Societies of Apostolic Life planned a number of initiatives to facilitate encounters between members of different expressions of consecrated and fraternal life in

6786-506: The spiritual welfare" of the country's women religious, "insure increasing effectiveness of their apostolate," and "foster closer fraternal cooperation with all religious of the United States, the hierarchy, the clergy, and Catholic associations." Its Statutes were approved by the Sacred Congregation for Religious in 1962. The name was changed in 1971 to the Leadership Conference of Women Religious . Its revised Statutes were approved by

6873-617: The universities by papal letters at the beginning of each collection, and these texts became textbooks for aspiring canon lawyers. In 1582 a compilation was made of the Decretum, Extra, the Sext, the Clementines, and the Extravagantes (that is, the decretals of the popes from Pope John XXII to Pope Sixtus IV ). The third canonical period, known as the ius novissimum ("newest law"), stretches from

6960-661: The various Churches. Pope Francis addressed the Congregation in January 2017 on the theme of "Fidelity and perseverance" saying, "it is clear that one must first let oneself be evangelised in order to engage in evangelisation." Jus novum ( c.  1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c.  1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of

7047-454: Was "concerned that Catholic sisters below the decision-making level are caught in the bigger picture of Vatican politics. We're sort of the soccer ball here. My most optimistic self had hoped that CDF report would never be mentioned again but in light of the broader politics, I think it was overly optimistic of me." Citing the group's choice of futurist Barbara Marx Hubbard as the 2012 keynote speaker, Father Mitch Pacwa said that LCWR has had

7134-852: Was followed by the Liber Sextus (1298) of Boniface VIII , the Clementines (1317) of Clement V , the Extravagantes Joannis XXII and the Extravagantes Communes , all of which followed the same structure as the Liber Extra . All these collections, with the Decretum Gratiani , are together referred to as the Corpus Iuris Canonici . After the completion of the Corpus Iuris Canonici , subsequent papal legislation

7221-505: Was in favor of women's ordination, which the LCWR had never withdrawn. On August 2, 2007, Laurie Brink during her keynote address quoted another sister's comment that stated, "I was rooted in the story of Jesus, and it remains at my core, but I've also moved beyond Jesus," going on to explain that religious traditions outside the Christian fold may also have something to teach us, and are deserving of respect. LCWR representatives were asked by

7308-578: Was only regularly used from the twelfth century onwards. The term ius ecclesiasticum , by contrast, referred to the secular law, whether imperial, royal, or feudal, that dealt with relations between the state and the Catholic Church. The term corpus iuris canonici was used to denote canon law as legal system beginning in the thirteenth century. Other terms sometimes used synonymously with ius canonicum include ius sacrum , ius ecclesiasticum , ius divinum , and ius pontificium , as well as sacri canones (sacred canons). Ecclesiastical positive law

7395-554: Was published in periodic volumes called Bullaria . In the thirteenth century, the Roman Church began to collect and organize its canon law, which after a millennium of development had become a complex and difficult system of interpretation and cross-referencing. The official collections were the Liber Extra (1234) of Pope Gregory IX , the Liber Sextus (1298) of Boniface VIII and the Clementines (1317), prepared for Clement V but published by John XXII . These were addressed to

7482-448: Was puzzling and provocative in an era of scandal by male priests committing child rape and being repeatedly shielded by their male superiors. ... There was no mistaking the message that the reforming spirit of Francis's fresh broom had poked sharply into another corner of the Vatican. The extraordinary effort to have the Vatican take control of the sisters' main communal voice – the Leadership Conference of Women Religious – ended with none of

7569-400: Was viewed by many U.S. Catholics as a "vexing and unjust inquisition of the sisters who ran the church's schools, hospitals and charities," was quietly closed in 2015 after a delegation from the conference met with Pope Francis. From 2009 to 2012 the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) conducted a doctrinal assessment of the LCWR. In April 2012, the CDF "announced a major reform of

#60939